Quiz 2 (biology)

nucleotide building blocks for DNA are...

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

Diffusion

An example would be a bottle of perfume spilled in the corner of a large lecture hall, the students sitting near that corner of the room would very quickly smell the perfume. Over time, the students sitting in the far corner of the room would smell the perfume.

pathogen

B cells and T cells

Prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

quorum sensing

Disease-causing bacteria in a human begin to multiply rapidly when they sense that their numbers are high enough to overpower an immune response.

inflamitory

The body innately responds to tissue damage by mounting an immediate and coordinated sequence of events

Cell

The smallest and more basic unit of life

Why do prokaryotes reproduce faster than eukaryotes?

They don't have as much DNA

Phagocytosis

When a white blood cell engulfs an entire bacterial cell by surrounding it with plasma membrane and bringing it into the cell in a vesicle (Cell Eating)

Phagocytosis

White blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens in a nonspecific manner

DNA

a segment that codesfor a distinct genetic characteristic is called a gene.

The primary role of the immune system's first line of defense is to

act as a barrier to prevent entry of pathogens

After receiving a vaccine a person begins to produce antibodies. what kind of response is this?

active

Antigens are any various nonself markers found on pathogens that mark them for destruction by ______________.

antibodies

Prokaryotes are single-celled, with a single loop of DNA, no membrane-enclosed organelles, and __________ reproduction.

asexual

What do platelets do?

at the site of a wound they combine with proteins in our blood to form blood clots.

Once a hormone enters the____________, it is broken down after it has performed its function on the _________ cells.

bloodstream, target

How are hormones distributed through the body?

body fluids. that are produced by specialized cells and act on target cells

Heterotrophic bacteria and archaeans that are ____________ are important in nutrient cycling.

decomposers

A component of our immune system's first line of defense is the acidic environment in the _____

digestive system

The hormone-producing tissues of animals make up...

endocrine

In a human cell, nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by__________.

enzymes

prokaryotes that are observed swimming most likely have a....

flagellum

Archeans

found in extreme conditions other organisms can't live in.

circulatory system

he mechanism most hormones travel through the organism.

memory cell

include B cells and T cells that remain in the body for long periods of time after the first exposure to a pathogen

The most immediate response seen in a vertebrate when a pathogen invades is an

innate response

When you go the gym and work out to build muscle, you are using

metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism

passive transport

molecules across a selectively permeable membrane does not require the use of cellular energy.

active transport

molecules across a selectively permeable membrane requires the input of energy from the cell

Prokaryotes can convert ____________ gas in the air into a form that plants can use through a process called nitrogen fixation.

nitrogen

passive immunity

occurs when an individual receives antibodies made by someone else.

active immunity

occurs when an individual's immune system responds to a pathogen and produces antibodies in response

Prokaryotes that are observed attaching onto nonliving surfaces most likely possess _______.

pili

DNA contains information used to construct __________.

protein

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are organized for different combinations to code for _______ needing to accomplish everything the cell does.

proteins

Citizen Science

public participation for collecting data

Catabolic reactions _________ energy by breaking down complex molecules.

release

binary fission

reproduction of prokaryotes

Pili

short, hairlike protein structures on the surface of some bacteria

cell theory

states every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells.

Nuclear envelope

the boundary that surrounds the contents of the nucleus

target cells

the cells with which a hormone interacts

what survives in extremely hot temperatures where nothing else can live?

thermophiles

virus

typically a piece of genetic material encased in proteins, viruses are small, noncellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell such as those of plants, animals, fungi, protozoans, or bacteria.

autophototrophs

use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and sunlight for energy

Osmosis

water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated (it moves along the water concentration gradient)