Quiz 3 Review

What are chaetae? What is their function? Which group of annelids lacks them?

Bristles for movement (traction) and Hirudinea don't have them

For what trait are the Chelicerata named? What is the primary function of that trait?

Chelicerae which are used for eating and defense

What are the names of the 3 major subphyla of arthropods and what are some examples of each? You can easily distinguish among the subphyla with antennae and with their characteristic appendages. Be able to give the name and function of the characteristic appendage (e.g. chelicerae for Chelicerata) and the number of antennae present in each subphylum.

Chelicerata (spider) - no antennae & have chelicerae, Insecta (ant) - one pair antennae & have mandibles, Crustacea (lobster) - two pairs antennae & have mandibles

How does the roundworm gets its name?

Coelom is under a lot of pressure so they're round

Describe the general body plan of annelida

- Segmentation! - Chaetae - Some with clitellum - Mouth & anus

Describe the four important body structures of the phylum Mollusca

- Shell - External protective covering (reduced or none in certain organisms) - Mantle - Produces the shell - Radula - Tongue-like feeding structure - Foot - Used for locomotion

What are four characteristics of the body plan of a mollusk. What is the function of each?

- Shell - Protection - Mantle - Makes shell - Foot - Locomotion - Radula - Tongue-like feeding structure

Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes, what does it mean to be a deuterostome?

Anus developed before mouth

One reason that insects are thought to be successful (diverse) is that they can fly. What are some advantages of being able to fly?

Escaping predators, dispersal, & better chances of finding resources.

What are the three classes of Mollusca we discussed?

Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda

Give an example of habituation

Going from a small quiet town to a busy city and trying sleep at night

Be able to define the term keystone species and to describe why Pisaster sea stars are a keystone species along the coast of the Pacific Northwest.

Great impact on community even if not abundant, because of prey

Use the graph to explain one reason why female wolf spiders often eat their mates? Be able to read and interpret the graph.

If they do, their offspring have a better chance of survival after a month rather than if they don't

Where do juveniles Trichinella worms live? How do they change the cell that they enter to grow and ensure their long-term survival?

In muscle tissue of multiple animals such as humans, pigs, and rats. They grow and make a little capsule that uses capillaries for food and such. Then move on to intestines as adults. Force a capillary network around the larvae

What do sea urchins eat? How has their population explosion and their diet affected the kelp forests in the Pacific Ocean?

Kelp They overeat which ruins habitats

How do female clams ensure that their parasitic larvae get to an appropriate fish host?

Mantle looks like host's prey and when they take a bite, they get the larvae on them

What characteristic of octopus led to strong natural selection for high intelligence? What other defense mechanisms do octopus possess?

No shell so they need to be smart but also have camouflage & ink

What is segmentation and what are its benefits?

When the body is separated into repeated similar chunks & it's beneficial since they can be injured and survive and have precise locomotion.

What is the water vascular system? What are the functions of the tube feet?

"blood" system, tube feet are used for locomotion & gas exchange Water fills canals (vessels kinda) and tube feet. Used to move and breathe Water vascular system for movement and moving oxygen (just like our vascular system but water instead of blood and also beneficial for movement)

Describe the polychaetes

- Carnivorous or suspension feeders - Includes organisms such as the sea mouse, clam worms, and christmas tree worms - Certain polychaetes live at hydrothermal vents (Riftia) and have a symbiotic relationship with the chemoautotrophic prokaryotes

What are the three subphyla of arthropods?

- Chelicerata - spiders and such which have chelicerae & no antennae - Insecta - mandibles with one pair on antennae, LARGE ASS GROUP, invented flying (only invertebrates that can fly), wings are chitinous - Crustacea - lobsters, crabs, and more, molting is DANGEROUS FOR THEM AAA

Quickly describe Cephalopoda

- "head foot" - Octopus, nautilus, squid, etc. - predators! (tentacles and beak-like jaw) - Loss or reduced shell so developed high intelligence, camouflage, and ink

What is important about the echinoidea?

- "spiny form" - Sea urchins which destroy kelp forests when over populated - This is important because their numbers need to be kept low so the biodiversity in the area can be maintained

Quickly describe Gastropoda

- "stomach foot" - Snails, slugs, sea slugs, etc. - Includes the only terrestrial mollusks

Quickly describe Bivalvia

- "two shells" - Suspension feeders - Includes the most endangered species (unionidae) - Clams, mussels, oysters, etc.

Describe the general body plan of echinodermata

- Five-part radial symmetry (as ADULTS) - Water vascular system --> locomotion & gas exchange - Endoskeleton even tho it doesn't look like it. Thin tissue layer over skeleton

Describe the general body plan of the nematodes

- Fluid in coelom is under high pressure which makes them round - Complete digestive system - Cuticle exoskeleton, tough but not flexible

What are the names of the 3 classes of Mollusca discussed in lecture? Be able to give examples of each.

- Gastropoda (snail) - Bivalvia (clam) - Cephalopoda (squid)

Know the 4 types of learning we discussed and be able to differentiate among examples of each. Which of the four is a way that octopus learn*?

- Habituation (getting used to something) - Spatial (learning where things are basically) -Classical Conditioning (learn to do a specific behavior in response to something based on previous experience) * - Imprinting (quickly learning to recognize)

Describe the basic body plan of arthopoda

- Kind of segmented - grouped in different fundamental parts (head, thorax, etc) - Cuticle exoskeleton of chitin & protein - Jointed appendages - thin cuticle @ joints - Open circulatory system - hemocoel not always in vessels

What are the two types of clitellata?

- Oligochaetes (few bristles): decomposers - Hirudinea (leeches): No bristles, parasites (most endo, some ecto), and some are still used in medicine!

What are the two main classes of the phylum Annelida?

- Polychaeta (many bristles) - Clitellata (with a clitellum)

Besides the water vascular system (including tube feet), what are the other features of the body plan of an echinoderm?

5-part radial symmetry, endoskeleton, spiny skin (endoskeleton lightly covered by tissue)

What is a clitellum?

A band on clitellata that secretes the cocoon

What is a keystone species?

A species that has a great impact on the community, even if they are not abundant, because of what their prey are.

Why is having a true segmented body plan beneficial?

Allows for precise locomotion in addition to making injuries less fatal since each piece is basically the same

What morphological trait do insects and crustaceans share? (hint, it is found on the head)

Antennae (insects have one pair while crustaceans have two)

What phylum can also be called the jointed feet?

Arthropoda!

What are the names of the 3 classes of echinoderms that we addressed and what are some examples of each?

Asteroidea (sea star), echinoidea (sea urchins), holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

What are the three classes of echinodermata?

Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea

What hosts are required for freshwater clams (unionids) to develop from larvae into adults? Where on the hosts do the larvae live?

Certain fish's gills

On the slide about learning by Octopus vulgaris, be able to explain the graph. What does the graph indicate about how Octopus vulgaris learns?

Classical conditioning (took doing it wrong and being punished to learn to do it right)

What do sea cucumbers eat? What ecological role do they play in oceans?

Dead organic material, primary decomposer (recycle nutrients)

How do decomposer food chains and food webs differ from grazer food chains and food webs?

Decomposers eat dead organic material instead of living

What do sea cucumbers eat?

Detritus which means they're hella important

Give an example of classical conditioning

Dwight asking for an altoid every time the computer beeps

True or False: Mollusca consists of primarily freshwater organisms

False: Mollusca is mostly a marine group with some freshwater and terrestrial

What is suspension feeding?

Filtering food out of the water

Imprinting!

GOOSE

What is an open circulatory system?

Hemocoel ("blood") doesn't flow exclusively through vessels, can still be pumped around tho.

What group of animals first invented flight?

Insects

How does segmentation differ between the annelids and the arthropods?

It's not true segmentation, more like "segmentation." The segments are not uniform, segments grouped to form "structures"

What does the term Ecydysozoa mean? Why do Ecdysozoans need to molt? What two major phyla of animals we discussed are Ecydysozoans? Which Ecdysozoans are most abundant? Which are most diverse?

Molting animals Exoskeleton doesn't grow with them so in order to keep growing, they'll have to molt Nematoda & Arthropoda Nematoda Arthropoda

What are ecdysozoa?

Molting animals like the nematodes and arthropods

What do sea stars eat and how do they eat them?

Mussels and such and they evert their stomachs into the shells which then digest in there.

Do all cephalopods have shells?

No, some have true shells, but some have reduced inner "shells" or just no shell at all like octopi

Are all mollusks similar in form?

No, this is a very diverse group ranging from snails to clams to a nautilus to octopi (very different general body structures)

Is the animal wrapped around the medical staff likely a snake?

Not necessarily, could be the guinea worm!

What are primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers?

PP - Autotrophs (either chemo or photo) PC - Organisms that eat the autotrophs (chemo) SC - Organisms that eat the PC (chemo) TC - Organisms that eat the SC (chemo)

To which class of annelids do hydrothermal vent worms (Riftia) belong? Which type of nutritional mode is used by their symbiotic prokaryotes?

Polychaeta and their symbiotes are chemoautotrophs

Give an example of an animal that has pretty good spatial "learning?"

Pigeons (really good at finding their way around)

What are the names of the 2 major classes of Annelida? Be able to provide examples of each and examples of the two distinct groups of Clitellata.

Polychaeta (Riftia) and Clitellata (oligochaetes-earthworms? or hirudinea-leeches)

Sea cucumbers have really reduced endoskeletons and are thus have evolved other defenses against predators. What are they?

Release Cuverian tubules, sticky and kinda toxic which distracts the predator so they can wiggle away. Eviscerate - release their guts and respiratory tree as a distraction, problem because they can't eat for like five months so yikes

What are the Holothuroidea?

Sea cucumbers

What are the four characteristics of the arthropod body plan?

Segmented, cuticle, jointed appendages, & open circulatory system

What does echinodermata "mean?"

Spiny skin

What are the Asteroidea?

Star form organisms - sea stars - thrive in human-disturbed areas since their prey vibe there - Evert stomach into prey to digest

Why is molting so dangerous?

The animal is left exposed because they no longer have the protective shell and some organisms struggle with the process and may die during it. The way they are protected is with their exoskeleton & have to shed it so they're soft when they molt. They use the skeleton to move so their ability to move is reduced so can't escape predation

Which part of squid and octopi is the "foot?"

The arms/tentacles

Why do sea stars benefit from human-made structures in the ocean?

Their prey likes to vibe on it

Why are the piaster sea stars important?

They are keystone species and they eat mussels which will overpopulate without them and eat everything else - hungry bitches

What is the largest intracellular parasite? How do you catch it? Can you cure it?

Trichinella spiralis, caught by undercooked meat (from organisms that ate the parasite) and there's no cure

What disease has no cure, is caused by a parasite with lots of hosts which is often found in meat?

Trichinosis - Trichinella spiralis (largest intracellular parasite)

What is the most endangered group of animals in North America?

Uniondae

What were medicinal leeches used for in the past? What are they used for today?

Used for sucking out bad stuff but now are used for reducing swelling and black eyes I think.