Quiz 5-8 Anthropology
Soul/Hinduism and Buddhism
Hindu- belief that there is an immortal, eternal soul that is born again and again in different bodies (reincarnation) distinct personality remains unchanged Buddhist: Concepts of the soul, reincarnation, and karma differ in important ways. Buddhists do not believe in an immortal soul or a conscious personality that continues on. What is referred to as a soul, Buddhism conceives of as a combination of 5 mental and physical aggregates; 1.) Physical body 2.) Feelings 3.) Understandings 4.) Will 5.) Consciousness
Laws Of Sympathy: 1.) Laws Of similarity a.) Imitative Magic 2.) Law of Contagion a.) Contagious Magic
Laws Of Sympathy: Magic that depends on the apparent association or agreement between things. 1.) Laws Of similarity: Things that are alike are the same. All things alike are the same. Gives rise to homeopathic or imitative magic. a.) Imitative magic: Magic that is based on the Law of Similarity 2.) Law of Contagion: Things that were once in contact continue to be in contact after the physical connection is severed. Contagious magic. a.) Contagious Magic: Magic that is based on the Law of Contagion, utilizing things that once were in physical contact with an individual.
Sorcerers
Magician who specializes in antisocial, evil magic.
Mummification
Technique of preserving a dead body involving drying and preservatives.
The Native American Church/Peyotism
The late 19th century was a difficult time for the Native Americans. The tribes were losing land, their traditional lifestyles were disappearing, disease has decimated many native communities and the official policy of the U.S. government was to destroy Native American culture and to assimilate the populations into the general culture. Religion became one method of coping with the stress, and out of chaos developed a series of religious movements know by anthropologists as relativistic movements. Some of these early movements involved the use of hallucinogenic cactus peyote. It has a long history of use among the Huichol.
Yoruba ancestors
Type one: Family ancestors: - Individuals who leg noteworthy lives while alive (family) Type two: Deified ancestors: - Those with great powers and are worshiped at shrines throughout religion. In fact, such ancestors may be thought of as gods with human origins.
Omens
A fortuitous happening or condition that provides information.
Shaman
A part-time religious specialist who receives his or her power directly from the spirit world and acquires status and the ability to do things through personal communication with the supernatural.
Purgatory
A place for souls who die with lesser faults for which there has been no repentance or for which the penalty is not wholly paid during the lifetime.
Mediums
A practitioner who intentionally communicates with the supernatural to find information.
Neo-pagan
A revival of pre-Christian religious practice.
Spirit Possession
A supernatural power, usually in the form of spirits or gods, enters the person's body.
Possession
An altered state of consciousness that is interpreted as a deity taking control of a person's body.
Stigmata
Bodily wounds or pain considered by Christians to be visible signs of participation in the sufferings of Christ.
Entoptic Phenomena
Visual effects that have their origin in physical changes within the eye. Lecture notes: How we perceive. Per book: There are 3 stages: 1.) Geometric visual images are seen. Example forms painted on cave walls. 2.) Individual attempts to make sense of these phenomena and interprets them in cultural terms. 3.) Deep trance Page 109
Magic
Ways in which a person can compel the supernatural to behave in certain ways.
1.) Defining a Shaman 2.) Becoming a Shaman 3.) The Shamanic Roles and Rituals
1.) Defining a Shaman: A part time religious specialist with special skills for dealing with the spirit world; may help his community by healing, by divination, and by directing supernatural powers against enemies. 2.) Becoming a Shaman: Because shaman receive their power and authority directly from a supernatural entity, shamans frequently are chosen by spirits to become a shaman. The spirits will commonly call to the future shaman during a particularly difficult time of their lives, including periods of stress, illness, accident, possession, or near-death experiences. 3.) The Shamanic Roles and Rituals: The shaman may contact the supernatural by traditional, methods that fit our definition of ritual. The ritual is only a means for contacting and establishing a relationship with a supernatural entity; it is not an end in itself. The success of a shaman lies not in her ability to memorize and perform rituals, but in her ability to successfully establish contact and some measure of control over the supernatural. pages 120-121
Inspirational and Non-inspirational forms of divination
1.) Inspirational forms of divination: Involve some type of spiritual experience such as direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession. This form of divination is sometimes referred to as natural or emotive divination. 2.) Non-inspirational forms of divination: Non-inspirational or artificial forms are more magical ways of doing divination and include the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices. (The term oracle usually refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspirational or non-inspirational forms. Examples are the poision oracle of the Azande, a contemporary toy called the Magic 8 ball.
What are the two classes of ancestors?
168-172
Zombie in American Culture
176-177 read and know well.
Film of ethnocide/Wade Davis/ted.com/auyauasca
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Reincarnation
A belief in a immoral, eternal soul that is born again and again in different bodies.
Clowns as doctors
Clowns distract patients during painful procedures and also interact with families and staff. Linda Miller Van Blekom points out that both clowns and shamans mediate between order and chaos, sacred and profane, natural and supernatural, and that clowns with healing functions are known from other cultures., particulartly in Native American cultures. She notes several simplarities between shamans and clown doctors. For example, both wear unusual costumes and both are viewed with some ambivalence. page:125
Ancestors
Deceased family member who has a continued existence and the potential to impact the lives of his or her living descendants. Lecture notes: One possible fate for a soul is that it becomes part of the group or supernatural beings that are important to the living.
Oneiromancy
Divination by the interpretations of dreams.
Cleromancy
Divination by the way of lots such as the rolling of a die or the drawing of straws.
Necromancy
Divination through contact with ancestors or the dead.
Prophecy
Divination through the communication of a prophet.
Palmistry
Divination through the reading of the line of the palm of the hand.
Phrenonology
Divination through the study of the shape and structure of the head.
Roman Catholic aspects of the soul
Doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church states that after death the destiny of each soul is determined by God, based primarily on the person's behavior during life. The main issue is the presence of sin, which is defined as moral evil. People who are free of sin and are perfectly pure will go to heaven, where they will be with God and will experience perfect happiness. Although God is considered to be omnipresent, Heaven is considered to be His home; in general it is conceived of as being in the sky.
Exposure
Exposure is a way to dispose of a body. The body is exposed to the elements or to be consumed by animals. Page 181
Fortuitous and Deliberate forms of divination
Fortuitous form of divination: Happens without conscious effort on the part of the individual. Deliberate forms of divination: Someone sets out to do, (tarot cards)
Okinawan Priestess
Indigenous religion of Okinawa is based on animism and shamanism but is heavily influenced by Shinto, Buddhism, and Taoism. Okinawan religion sees the world as inhabited by a myriad of supernatural beings referred to as KAMI. By placating and pleasing the KAMI through ritual, misfortune can be avoided and blessings gained. Okinawa is the only known society in which women lead a mainstream, official politically funded religion that is practiced by both sexes. The tow main specialists are priestesses, KAMINCHU and shaman like practitioners called YUTA. 128
Altered States of Consciousness
Interacting with the supernatural world, an individual may have mental experiences that transcend ordinary experiences, such as a trance. Any mental state that differs from a normal mental state. Examples: meditation, distortion of perception, dreams, between sleep/waking, sleep paralysis, sickness, fatigue, pain, adrenaline, massage, exercise (runners high).
Rastafarians
Member of an Afro-Caribbean religion that has its roots in Christianity but venerates the former emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, as the messiah. The believe that people of African decent are the Israelite reincarnated and generally focus on issues of race relations. One of their key beliefs is in the coming repatriation of black in the Americas to Africa. Lecture notes: They call weed Ganja, wisdom weed, holy herb.
The Day of the Dead
Much like Halloween, the Day of the Dead is associated with cultural contact. This time the influence come from the Aztec culture. The Aztecs set aside a month (which corresponds to the end of July to early August in our calendar) to honor the dead. The festivities were overseen by Mictchacihuatl "Lady of the Dead". Page 185
Sacred Pain
Pain may be seen as purifying, as with the ascetics and monks who cause themselves pain of the flesh in this life to avoid greater torment of the soul in the next life. Pain may be seen as transformative or as a source of supernatural power, for example: pain purifies and it used to achieve exorcism.
Empirical
Perceived through our senses.
Determining Death (Box 8.2/170)
Read and know well.
Healers
Religious specialist who concentrates on healing.
Diviner
Religious specialist who specializes in the purpose of divination.
Wiccan Magic
Revival of pre-christian religious practices. Wiccans see their magical knowledge and rituals as a continuation of thousands of years of folk magic. Magic consists of stated goal, the manipulation of specific objects and the observation of special conditions, such as place and time. real magic is the movement of energy. The magician builds up this energy within self and it is released at the right time.
Prophet
Someone who communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community, acting as an intermediary between the people and the gods.
Ghost
Soul of an individual after death that remains in the vicinity of the community.
Herbalist
Specialist in the use of plant and other material in healing.
Egungun
Spirits who have traveled from land of the dead to visit the living.
Magic in the Trobriand Islands
The Trobriand Islanders who live off the western cost of New Guinea, distinguish between 3 types of knowledge: 1.) Knowledge of things in the everyday world, which is shared by all or a large group of adult member of society. This is what a child learns from his or her parents and may be appropriate to one or the other gender. Example: Boys learn to garden, girls learn how to weave mats. 2.) Second form of knowledge is specialized and is shared with a limited number of individuals. This includes expert knowledge that is necessary for task specialization, such as sailing or woodcarving. This form also includes knowledge of particular magical rituals that tend to be learned by many members of the society. 3.) The highest level includes knowledge of the most complex and valued technological skills, such as canoe buildings, as well as knowledge of myths, songs, and dances. These skills are important to the community and a person who has such skill is called tokabitan, "man with knowledge". page:142
Fasting
The act of abstaining from eating food and drinking liquids over a period of time.
Astrology
The belief that all of the stars and planets, as well as the sun and moon, influence the destiny of people and that reading the sky can be used as a divination technique.
Karma
The effect of a person's behavior during the series of phases of the person's existence. Karma is seen as determining the person's destiny.
Four Noble Truths/Suffering/Eightfold Path
The four noble truths state that life is imperfect and inevitably involves suffering. This suffering originates in our desires but will cease if all desires cease. The way to do this and to achieve release from the cycle is to follow the Eightfold Path, which consists of right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right meditation. A person who does this can achieve Nirvana.
Soul
The noncorporeal, spiritual component of an individual.
The Sun Dance of the Cheyenne
The sun dance is a major communal religious ritual practices by many tribal groups in the North American Plains culture area, including the Arapaho, Blackfeet, Crow, Kiowa, Sioux and Cheyenne. Each group has its own particular variations, but there are certain elements common across the different cultures. The sun dance takes place near the summer solstice and represents the theme of renewal. Page 113
Endocannibalism (Endocannibalism anthropophagers)
The term endocannibalism refers to the eating of one's own people, and the term anthropophagers refers to the eating of human bodies.
Altered States in the Upper Paleolithic Art
The time when the first homo sapiens arrived and replaced the Neanderthals. A time for new technologies and the development of atristic traditions. Perhaps the most famous art from this era is that of cave paintings which are found primarily in France and Spain. David Lewis-William believes that the art was part of a religious experience and are graphic representations of experiences of altered states of consciousness, either created while in or immediately after coming out of an altered state.
What is the films name/where did it take place?
White Zombie, took place in Haiti.
Spell
Words that are spoken in a magic ritual.
