Quiz 6 LVN

At what age range does toilet training usually occur?

-18 to 24 months.

How should solid foods be introduced into a child's diet?

-4 to 6 months.

At what age should a child be able to sit on his own? What is a typical heart rate for an average 2 month old?

-7months able to sit up steady w/o support & able to crawl -At 2 months the average heart rate is 120 beats per minute.

Describe how cognitive development occurs in children.

-According to Piaget, children in school years move into concrete operational phase. During this phase thoughts become increasingly logical and coherent so the child is able to classify, sort and organize facts which still being incapable of generalizing or dealing with abstractions. -At school age 6-12: The school age child experiences gradual and subtle growth changes while learning new social and cognitive skills. Developmental tasks: Develops sense of belonging with family and peers Develops work habits and learns to organize, set, and reach goals; evaluate work and accept criticism Learns competence in reading, writing and calculations, grammar and communication Refines fine-motor and gross-motor coordination

What physical abilities does a 2-month-old have?

-At 2 months, the infant is able to hold the head up while in prone position.

Describe the importance of bonding for a newborn.

-Bonding is important due to early development in infants. In this developmental stage infants learn to either trust significant others.

In what type of pattern does a baby's muscular development progress?

-Cephalocaudal, which is the growth of and development that proceeds from head toward the feet.

How would the development of food allergies be addressed for an infant?

-Certain foods are generally accepted as best avoided in the first 6 months of life. These foods include citrus fruits, egg whites, and wheat flour, all of which are frequently identified as allergy-producing substances. - Infants who are breastfed are at lower risk of developing food allergies.

The number of words in a sentence corresponds to what as a child develops language skills?

-Corresponds to the chronological age of the child

Describe musculoskeletal changes in the older adult. What increases the risk for falls?

-Mineral salts move from bones to blood, making bones more porous; tendons, ligaments less elastic; increase in joint stiffness with less range of motion; varying degrees of increase of flexion at wrists, hips, knees, producing less joint mobility, agility, and endurance; thinning of vertebral disks. Postural changes and loss of sight increase fall risks.

What should a family do when a toddler is learning to feed himself?

-Observe and assist as needed

What activity might the nurse provide to promote the Growth and development for an infant who has a cast from hip dysplasia?

-Involvement in activities to stimulate the child. Family teaching that the child should be included in activities and around other children in same age group.

What is metabolic Acidosis and metabolic alkalosis? When might they occur and what would you do

-Occurs when the kidneys fail to regulate the bicarbonate concentration in the blood. Metabolic Acidosis causes: • Starvation • Dehydration • Diabetic ketoacidosis • Lactic acidosis • Renal failure • Shock • Severe diarrhea Metabolic Alkalosis causes: • Excessive vomiting • Prolonged gastric suctioning • Electrolyte disturbance • Cushings disease • Drugs • Hyperaldosteronism -The lungs will respond in an attempt to correct the imbalance.

Describe the physical condition of young adults.

-Optimal level of functioning for the body. Most body functions are fully developed. Muscular strength, energy and endurance are at their peak. -Heredity plays a part on physical appearance and diet plays a role during this development stage.

List each stage of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development with examples. What is object permanency?

1. Sensorimotor- Birth to 2yrs 2. Preoperative Thought- 2 to 6yrs 3. Concrete Operational Thought- 7 to 11yrs 4. Formal Operational Thought- 12+yrs The understanding that objects continue to exist when they are hidden from view. Child begins to remember & imagine experiences. Develops during the sensorimotor stage Birth- 2yrs

What are the stages of family development? Describe each.

1.) Engagement or Commitment Stage- When couple acknowledges themselves. Considering marriage. Wedding plans. Support from family and friends. Housing, work, furnishings are items on the agenda requiring discussion. 2.) Establishment Stage-Wedding up until birth of first child. Important task is adjustment from single/independent to married/interdependent. Establishing relationships with couples family. Success at marriage satisfies Erickson's task of intimacy 3.) Expectant Stage-Begins with conception and continues through pregnancy. Most important decision is that of starting a family 4.) Parenthood Stage-Begins a birth or adoption of first child. Transition to this stage is a major event. Lack of time becomes a problem. 5.) Disengagement Stage of Parenthood-When grown children depart from home. The role of parenting changes during this phase of the life cycle. Departure of children does not end the role of parenting. Couples or single parents need to redefine personal roles. 6.) Senescence Stage-Last stage of life cycle. Requires individual to cope with large range of changes. For older adult, family unit continues to be a major source of satisfaction.

How much folic acid should a woman considering pregnancy take?

400mcg.

What does Fluid Volume deficit mean, what are S/S of this

A shortage in fluid volume or amount that is below normal amounts -weight decreases -decreased urine output -dry mucous membranes -BP: decreases (less volume, less pressure) -Pulse: Increased THREADY, WEAK(heart is trying to pump what little fluid is left) -Resp: increased HYPOXIA -CVP: decreased(less volume, less pressure) -Cool extremities(vasoconstrict on blood vessels to vital organs)

Leading cause of death for young adults?

Accidents are the leading cause of disability and death. Injuries usually occur from work, vehicles, and sports accidents.

What might be some appropriate activities for school age child that may be hospitalized?

Activities that are with those of their age group and activities that are stimulating and match what other children their age would experience.

Distinguish between parallel play, solitary plan, and cooperative play.

And which age groups go with what type of play Solitary observed in Infancy (1-12mos) child plays alone & doesn't interact or need other children to play. Parallel observed in Toddler (1-3yrs) child plays alongside of but not with other children Cooperative observed in Preschool (3-5yrs) child begins to share, take turn, & interact with other children. "role play" Competitive observed in School Aged (6-12yrs) child becomes involved with competitive or team sports

What are the four types of family patterns? Describe each.

Autocratic Family parents attempt to control children with rigid rules & expectations Patriarchal Family Adult male assumes dominant role Matriarchal Family Adult female assumes dominant role Democratic Family Adult members function equally encourage joint decision making & recognizes & supports the uniqueness of each individual member

Homeostasis in the adult: how much total fluid intake (including foods) should occur each day? How much water should an adult drink each day?

Average adult fluid intake is approximately 2200 to 2700 mL/day. -Oral intake is approximately 1100 to 1400mL/day Solid foods contribute approximately 800 to 1000 mL/day Fluid produced from cellular metabolism provides approximately 300 mL/day

What are the primary and secondary sex characteristics for 6th grade boys and girls (Multiple response)

Boys: Broader shoulders, narrower hips, and larger limbs. Voices changes occur. Girls: Start of menstrual cycle (period), voice changes, narrower waists, larger breasts wider hips and lower center of gravity. Sexual interests increase markedly in vigor and intensity and are focused on members of the opposite sex.

How does the rate of development vary among children?

Growth and development proceed at a highly individualized rate that varies from person to person. Two people can not be expected to react the same manner to the same stimuli.

The blueprint for all inherited traits is found where?

In Chromosomes- Threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell that function in the transmission of genetic information.

Identify challenges of young adulthood.

Conflicting demands of intimacy, competitiveness, and distance.

How much does the weight of a baby change from birth to one year?

Infants are expected to gain 1.5lb per/mos. for the first 5 mos. by 4-6mos birth weight doubles by 1yr birth weight triples

What makes up the extracellular fluid ? What is the interstitial fluid?

It is composed of fluid outside the cell. it contains large amounts of oxygen, carbon-dioxide, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, sodium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate. Interstitial fluid: is the plasma within the cells. This fluid contains serum, protein, and other substances necessary to sustain life

What are good food choices for toddlers?

Daily diet should consist of: -One serving from meat group -Two or more servings from vegetable groups -At least two servings of fruit, cereals, and breads. -Two cups of food from dairy group per day Avoid foods that have high risks for choking such as: hotdogs, grapes, carrots, and small candies.

What is diffusion?

Diffusion- natural tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

What does Fluid Volume excess mean, what are the S/S?

Fluid Excess-the kidneys react by excreting more dilute urine, thus ridding the body of excess fluid and conserving electrolytes. S/S: Distended veins-The neck and peripheral veins are full of fluid and bulging. Peripheral edema (3rd spacing)-vessels can't hold anymore so they leak. CVP (central venous pressure) Elevated: number rises the more volume because the increased pressure. Lung sounds-wet Polyuria-kidneys try to compensate and help you diures Pulse-Increased: heart wants all the fluid going forward. If it goes backwards into the lungs you get Pulmonary Edema. Weight-Increased: any acute gain or loss is fluid.

What are the nine types of families? Describe each

Nuclear- • Consists of married man and woman and their children • Lives in independent household Extended- • Consists of nuclear plus additional family members living in same household • Provides sharing of responsibilities Single-parent- • Occurs by divorce, death, separation, abandonment, or choice • More common in recent years • Typically, one adult performs role of two people Blended (reconstituted)- • Occurs when adults from previous marriages remarry and combine children within new household. Social contract and cohabitation- • Made up of man and woman living together without legal commitment but sharing roles and responsibilities. Homosexual- • Involves homosexual partners living together with shared responsibilities. Adoptive- • Consists of usually traditional nuclear family members, husband, wife, and adoptive child. Grandfamilies- • Children living in households headed by their grandparents • Biological parents may or may not be involved in childs care Foster- • Responsible for care, supervision, and nurturing of children in their charge

What is osmosis?

Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

What fluid should a patient receiving home oxygen therapy, drink, to best reduce the thickness of lung secretions?

Overall fluid intake should be increased if tolerated. Water and clear fluids should be received during oxygen therapy.

What is respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

Respiratory Acidosis- any condition that impairs normal ventilation and prevents the respiratory system from eliminating the appropriate amount of carbon dioxide Respiratory alkalosis-occurs when the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood are not balanced.

Identify developmental tasks for each age group.

Stage: Developmental Task: 1. Infancy - Birth to 1- (Basic Trust vs Mistrust) 2. Toddler- 1 to 3- (Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt) 3. Preschool- 4 to 6- (Initiative vs Guilt) 4. School Age- 7 to 11- (Industry vs Inferiority) 5. Adolescence- 12 to 19- (Identity vs Role Confusion) 6. Young Adulthood- 20 to 44- (Intimacy vs Isolation) 7. Middle Adulthood- 45 to 65- (Generativity vs Stagnation) 8. Late Adulthood- 65+- (Ego Integrity vs Despair)

All electrolytes are measured against what component? What element on the periodic table?

The chemical activity of an electrolyte is compared with the chemical activity of Hydrogen. (H) on periodic table.

Home health & the older adult: how to decrease fall risk

The key to fall prevention is knowledge and recognition of and attention to the factors that contribute to accidents and injury. • Minimize clutter and excess furniture in rooms and hallways • Remove scatter rugs • Use handrails on stairs • Install grab bars in showers and bathrooms • Use nightlights • Getup slowly from lying position • Use caution when going from light rooms to dark rooms and visa versa • Use dispensing aids for medications • Wear proper fitting shoes and clothing • Allow enough time; do not rush or hurry

Describe each of Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development.

Trust vs mistrust (age birth-1year)- infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers and the world based on whether or not their needs are met Autonomy vs shame and doubt (age 1-3)- toddlers start to assert their sense of independence. If caregivers encourage this self-sufficiency the toddler will learn to be independent versus feelings of shame and doubt initiative vs guilt (age 3-6)- preschoolers learn to intiate activities and develop self-confidence and a sense of social responsibility. If not they feel irresponsible, anxious, and guilty industry vs inferiority (age 6-12)- elementary school aged children who succeed in learning new, productive life skills, develop a sense of pride and competence. Those who fail to develop these skills feel inadequate and unproductive (inferior) Identity vs role confusion (age 12-20)- adolescents develop a coherent and stable self-definition(identity) by exploring many roles and deciding who or what they want to be in terms of career, attitudes, etc. Failure to resolve this identity crisis may lead to apathy, withdrawal and role confusion intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood)- young adults form lasting meaningful relationships which help them to develop a sense of connectedness and intimacy with others. If not, they become psychologically isolated generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood)- the challenges for middle aged adults is to be nurturant of the younger generation. Failing to meet this challenge leads to self-indulgence and a sense of stagnation ego integrity vs despair (late adulthood) during this stage, older adults reflect on their past. If this reflection reveals a life well-spent the person experiences self acceptance and satisfaction. If not they experience regret and despair

Presbycusis.

a defect in vision in advancing age that involves loss of accommodation or the recession of the near point caused by loss elasticity of the crystalline lens and the ensuing change in close vision.

Ageism.

a form of discrimination and prejudice against the older adult.

Describe the developmental tasks of young adulthood.

• Achieves independence, both financial and social • Maximizes personal worth and identity • Develops meaningful and satisfying social relationships • Assumes responsibilities and independent decision making • Learns to balance personal needs and societal expectations • Accepts self and others • Distinguishes physical attraction from love and permanent commitment. • Decides on marriage, career, and children

What are the 3 buffer systems of the body?

• Bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffering system • Intracellular protein buffers • Phosphate buffers in the bone

Describe the physical characteristics of middle age. (Multiple response)

• Bone mass decreases (higher risk of osteoporosis) • Compression of spinal vertebrae and hardening of collagen fibers • Decrease in muscle fibers • Redistribution in body weight gives the body a different shape • Changes in skin due to decrease in elastic fibers and slight loss of subcutaneous tissue give skin a looser and wrinkled appearance • Hair becomes grey and changes color • Scalp hair becomes thinner • Changes in estrogen and testosterone lead to decrease in sex drive

What are the symptoms of menopause?

• Irregular menstrual periods • Flow changes • Excess fluid retention • Breast tenderness • Hot flashes • Palpitations • Night sweats • Irritability or mood swings