Quiz Questions Exam 2

According to the attribution-helplessness theory, which kind of thought would be most likely to lead, over time, to learned helplessness and depression? "This particular problem has me completely stumped." "I can never figure out what to do in these situations." "There is no way they will ever give an inch on this." "Usually I feel more confident. Today I just didn't."

"I can never figure out what to do in these situations."

Around the world, ___ deaths occur by suicide per year

1 million

Suicide is the ___ most common cause of death in the United States

10th

If a person experiences _____ or more episodes of shifting between mania and depression within a one-year period, his or her disorder would be classified as rapid cycling.

4

According to research, what percent of people with unipolar depression recover?

85%

According to current estimates, the suicide rate in the United States is highest among which ethnicity? - African Americans - Hispanic Americans - American Indians - Asian Americans

American Indians

Unlike unipolar depression, bipolar disorders appear to be best explained by focusing largely on: sociocultural factors. cognitive factors. Biological factors psychodynamic factors.

Biological

According to Shneidman, people who believe that their self-inflicted deaths will not mean the end of their existence are called ___

Death ignorers

Earnest Hemingway was a physically strong, proud man who developed great concerns about his failing body. Depressed about his progressive illness, he intentionally ended his life. Shneidman would classify Hemingway as a :

Death initiator

Which statement is NOT true regarding suicide in the elderly? Elderly people are less likely to be clinically depressed. Elderly people are typically more determined to die than are members of younger age groups. Elderly people give fewer warning signs before attempting suicide. A common trigger for suicide in the elderly is loss of a spouse.

Elderly people are less likely to be clinically depressed.

A clinician is treating a client with bipolar disorder. What should the clinician be aware of when considering the use of mood stabilizers? Mood stabilizers have no effect on depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers are effective as the sole treatment for bipolar disorder, significantly reducing manic episodes and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers frequently result in longer, but less intense depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers help people with bipolar depression overcome their depressive episodes, although to a lesser degree than they help with their manic episodes.

Mood stabilizers help people with bipolar depression overcome their depressive episodes, although to a lesser degree than they help with their manic episodes.

A young girl has been hospitalized due to a serious illness. Later, it's found that her mother had been giving her higher than normal doses of medication and contaminating her feeding tube. This is an example of: Munchausen syndrome. Briquet's syndrome. multiple personality disorder. Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

Thomas Joiner would say that people with ___ believe that their existence is a source of trouble and inconvenience for their family, friends, and even society

Perceived Burdensomeness

Some theorists believe that improper transport of _____ may cause neurons to fire too easily, resulting in mania. norepinephrine cortisol sodium ions calcium ions

Sodium ions

By what mechanism do tricyclics relieve unipolar depression? They inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. They slow the reuptake of serotonin or norepinephrine in neural synapses. They restrict the ability of cortisol to interfere with neurotransmitter activity. They improve connectivity between neurons by increasing the production of glutamate.

They slow the reuptake of serotonin or norepinephrine in neural synapses.

Which statement regarding peripartum depression is FALSE? The hormonal changes that accompany birth trigger this depression. A woman with a family history of mood disorders is at greater risk for developing peripartum depression. Antidepressant medication has been found to be one effective treatment for peripartum depression. Women with peripartum depression experience either immobility or excessive activity along with traditional symptoms of depression.

Women with peripartum depression experience either immobility or excessive activity along with traditional symptoms of depression.

which of the following suicides would not be expected to contribute to the social contagion effect? - a disliked celebrity - a family member - a friend - a spouse

a disliked celebrity

Which individual is LEAST likely to suffer from factitious disorder? a man who works at a hospital as a nurse anesthetist a woman who works as a technician in a dental laboratory a man who was recently hospitalized after a cycling accident a woman who as a child was successfully treated for leukemia

a man who was recently hospitalized after a cycling accident

Rosita swings between periods of bottomless depressions and high-flying enthusiasm. She never hits the middle. Her physician is MOST likely to recommend treatment with: - ECT - a mood stabilizing drug - imipramine - tranquilizers

a mood stabilizing drug

Structural abnormalities noted in people with bipolar depression include: an enlarged basal ganglia. greater amounts of gray matter in the brain. a smaller-than-normal hippocampus. a larger-than-normal hypothalamus.

a smaller-than-normal hippocampus.

If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical characteristics, certain cognitive characteristics, and certain life stressors, then we will have evidence that: -a single factor causes depression -different factors cause depression -an interaction between factors cause depression -different factors are related to the cause, course, and treatment of depression

an interaction between factors cause depression

Brody no longer enjoys his usual hobbies, talking to his friends, or even playing with his dog. In fact, Brody didn't even care when he learned that he was up for a promotion at work. This BEST describes someone with: - fatalism - anhedonia - automatic thinking - dysregulation

anhedonia

"Men are just as likely as women to experience depression. Men just express it differently and then clinicians end up diagnosing it less often in them." What theory of depression does this statement reflect? life stress hormone artifact lack-of-control

artifact

Focusing on the addition of positive activities to the life of a patient with depression is a behavioral technique known as: - behavioral contingency management - behavioral cognition - behavioral activation - behavioral confrontation

behavioral activation

Death ignorers primarily differ from other categories of people who attempt suicide in that they: - employ more lethal means - intend to end their lives with their action - believe death will not end their existence - think they are merely speeding up an ongoing process

believe death will not end their existence

a young man commits suicide. His father and uncle committed suicide at about his age as well. Which explanation most easily explains the young man's suicide? - psychodynamic - sociocultural - biological - immediate trigger explanation

biological

Sawyer had been up for 72 hours during which he went on a painting spree. After finishing a few canvas paintings, he was driven to do something even bigger and better, so he painted a mural on his bedroom wall. Eventually Sawyer's energy level began to drop. At some point, he lost all motivation and began staying in bed for most of the day. Sawyer would MOST likely be diagnosed with: unipolar depression. bipolar I disorder. bipolar II disorder. cyclothymic disorder.

bipolar I disorder.

When he is depressed, Lee has a hard time following conversations and forgets much of what was talked about. This is an example of what type of depression symptom? cognitive emotional motivational physical

cognitive

a disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms is called: - hypomanic-depressive disorder - dysthymic disorder - cyclothymic disorder - manic-depressive disorder

cyclothymic disorder

of the following disorders, psychotherapy plays a more central role in: - bipolar I - bipolar II - rapid cycling bipolar disorder - cyclothymic disorder

cyclothymic disorder

When too many _____ are produced by the body in response to stress, this leads to chronic inflammation, which can contribute to heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses. natural killer cells lymphocytes cytokines antigens

cytokines

Members of the Heaven's Gate religious cult committed suicide to "ascend" to another level beyond human existence. According to Shneidman, these individuals were: death seekers. death initiators. death ignorers. death darers.

death ignorers.

What kind of depression is unipolar? - depression that occurs without mania - depression that stems from a single event in someones life - depression that only includes extreme sadness as a symptom - depression that occurs due to the lengthy absence of sunlight during winter

depression that occurs without periods of mania

Which is NOT a long-term stressor particularly common among those who attempt suicide? - serious illness - occupational stress - divorce - an abusive environment

divorce

One possible reason for the low suicide rate among elderly African Americans is that: - for them, old age brings with it a sense of accomplishment - among African Americans, the elderly are held in high esteem - serotonin levels are naturally higher in this population than in others - they are exposed to few of the life stressors other groups experience

for them, old age brings with it a sense of accomplishment

Ketamine-based drugs alleviate the symptoms of depression by increasing the activity of which neurotransmitter? - epinephrine - dopamine - glutamate - serotonin

glutamate

What evidence is there that the HPA axis plays a causal role in unipolar depression -people with depression tend to be behaviorally under responsive to most stressors -a depression related circuit in the brain has been found to connect to the HPA axis - in people with depression, stress is observed to lead to excessive release of cortisol - the production of Glutamate is known to be reduced during a normal stress response

in people with depression, stress is observed to lead to excessive release of cortisol

Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder share all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: problematic emotional extremes periods of severely or mildly depressive episodes significant distress or impairment inappropriate rises in mood

inappropriate rises in mood

In the United States, suicide rates are highest among the middle-aged. This fact: - is due to the way suicides are reported - is a recent phenomenon and not yet well understood - has been known for a long time, but the reasons are still not clear - is a recent development, largely explained by economic factors

is a recent phenomenon and not yet well understood

Which is NOT a theory that has been offered to explain the relatively high rates of depression in women compared with men? artifact theory rumination theory body dissatisfaction explanation learned helplessness theory

learned helplessness theory

A risk factor for development of a psychophysiological disorder is: living in poverty. being employed in a white-collar field. having more than one child. living in a rural area.

living in poverty.

Aaron Beck believes that _____ contribute(s) to the development of depression. symbolic loss internal conflicts maladaptive attitudes reduction in positive rewards

maladaptive attitudes

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their own power, is a characteristic of: mania dysthymia depression cyclothymia

mania

Which symptom pair denotes a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder? dysthymic symptoms and mania hypomania and depression mania and depression dysthymic symptoms and hypomania

mania and depression

One of the dangers of a diagnosis of conversion disorder is that the patient: will then seek only psychodynamic therapy. may have a genuine medical problem. may view all future physical symptoms as a symptom of this disorder. will most likely seek a second medical opinion

may have a genuine medical problem.

A clinically depressed individual who has been threatening suicide finally shows diminishing of depressive symptoms. This person's risk of committing suicide: - has increased dramatically; almost no one who is depressed commits suicide until he or she is recovering - may have increased, because the person may have the energy to act on the suicidal impulse - probably has decreased, although a slight risk remains - has decreased substantiality; almost no one who is depressed commits suicide once recovery is underway

may have increased, because the person may have the energy to act on the suicidal impulse

What mental disorders have been found to contribute to the greatest number of suicides? - mood disorders - sexual disorders - personality disorders - psychophysiological disorders

mood disorders

Cognitive behavioral theorists explain depression in terms of a person's: - negative interpretation of events - symbolic losses - decrease in positive activities - ethnic background

negative interpretation of events

Individuals with illness anxiety disorder typically receive the kinds of treatment that are applied to _____ disorder. obsessive-compulsive bipolar major depressive substance abuse

obsessive-compulsive

Which is NOT a way of categorizing unipolar depression? as peripartum as melancholic as catatonic as rapid cycling

rapid cycling

Which would NOT be considered a useful goal of adjunctive psychotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder? emphasizing the importance of continuing to take medications improving social skills and relationships that are affected by bipolar episodes preventing patients from attempting suicide reintroducing clients who have depression to pleasurable events and activities

reintroducing clients who have depression to pleasurable events and activities

a person taking antidepressant medication is starting to gain weight and reports decreasing interest in sexual activity. These changes are MOST common among people thaking which kind of antidepressant medication? - MAO inhibitors - tricyclics - second generation antidepressants - vagus nerve stimulators

second generation antidepressants

recent research on biological factors in suicide has linked it to low levels of the neurotransmitter ___ in the brain

serotonin

Compared with fraternal twins or other siblings, identical twins of persons with a bipolar disorder are _____ likely to develop bipolar disorder. significantly more somewhat more somewhat less significantly less

significantly more

according to DSM5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT: - distractibility - inflated self-esteem - decreased need for sleep - suicidal ideation

suicidal ideation

Freud used the concept of _____ in which a person unconsciously interprets negative experiences as the loss of a loved one in order to explain the relationship between loss and depression. projection object relations symbolic loss delusion

symbolic loss

How are the interpersonal theory of suicide and the sociocultural view of suicide different? - only the sociocultural view focuses on a sense of belonging - the interpersonal theory describes perceived burdensomeness as a factor in suicide - the interpersonal theory states that serotonin deficits contribute to suicide - the sociocultural view explains why some people who face particular societal pressures attempt suicide while the majority do not

the interpersonal theory describes perceived burdensomeness as a factor in suicide

Suicide rates in the weeks after Kurt Cobain's suicide held steady, contrary to the modeling effect seen with other celebrity suicides. The text notes that a possible reason for this was: - his age at time of death - manner of which he killed himself, gunshot to the head - area where he lived, which had a lower suicide rate than the national average - the media coverage of the event, which included "Don't do it!" message

the media coverage of the event, which included "Don't do it!" message

During disease epidemics, the rate of clinical depression in stricken communities rises sharply among both adults and children. This is best explained using: the cognitive-behavioral model. the psychodynamic model. the sociocultural model. the biological model.

the sociocultural model.

Why do many people think that estimates of the rates of suicide are inaccurate? - insurance companies pay extra life insurance in cases of suicide - many reported suicides are probably really accidents - the stigma associated with suicide makes people hesitant to report it - suicide isn't a DSM category

the stigma associated with suicide makes people hesitant to report it

Despite American Indians having the overall highest suicide rate, why might the suicide rate among elderly American Indians be low? - genetic factors - religious fervor - growth beyond the rage of youth - the value culture places on the elderly

the value culture places on the elderly

researchers have concluded that in people suffering from depression, the neurotransmitter reuptake mechanisms are: -too vigorous for both serotonin and norepinephrine -insufficiently active for both serotonin and norepinephrine - too vigorous for serotonin and insufficiently for norepinephrine -too vigorous for norepinephrine and insufficiently for norepinephrine

too vigorous for both serotonin and norepinephrine

a person suspected of having unipolar depression has a smaller than normal hippocampus, although it produces a normal number of new neurons. this is: - normal - unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a smaller than normal sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons - unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a normal sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons - very unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a normal sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a normal number of new neurons

unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a smaller than normal sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons

Which statement is TRUE regarding war veterans risk of suicide once they return home? - war veterans are about twice as likely as nonveterans to commit suicide - war veterans are no more likely than nonveterans to commit suicide - war veterans are a little less likely than nonveterans to commit suicide - family members of war veterans, not the veterans themsleves, are at higher risk

war veterans are about twice as likely as nonveterans to commit suicide

which statement BEST reflects the gender differences seen in unipolar depression -men and boys are 2x as likely as women and girls to have unipolar depression -men are at at least 2x as likely as women to have unipolar, but girls are twice as likely as boys to develop unipolar depression -women are at at least 2x as likely as men to have unipolar, but boys are twice as likely as girls to develop unipolar depression -women are at at least 2x as likely as men to have unipolar, but prevalence among girls and boys is similar

women are at at least 2x as likely as men to have unipolar, but prevalence among girls and boys is similar