quiz review

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of a.) Disease treatment b.) Primary prevention. c.) Secondary prevention. d.) Tertiary prevention.

b

A disease that is native to a particular region is called a.) Epidemic. b.) Endemic. c.) Pandemic. d.) Ethnographic.

b

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of a.) Primary prevention. b.) Secondary prevention. c.) Tertiary prevention. d.) Disease treatment.

b

An increase in organ size and function due to increased workload is termed a.) Atrophy. b.) Hypertrophy. c.) Metaplasia. d.) Inflammation.

b

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of a.) Primary prevention. b.) Secondary prevention. c.) Tertiary prevention. d.) Disease treatment.

b

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular a.) Atrophy. b.) Death. c.) Proliferation. d.) Mutation.

b

Cancer is often the result of activation of ____ to ____ and the inactivation of ____ genes. a.) Oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, proto-oncogenes b.) Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes c.) Oncogenes, proto-oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes d.) Proto-suppressor genes, suppressors, oncogenes

b

Diarrhea and other lower intestinal fluid losses will contribute to a.) Metabolic alkalosis. b.) Metabolic acidosis. c.) Respiratory acidosis. d.) Mixed acid-base disorders.

b

Hypernatremia may be caused by a.) Decreased aldosterone secretion b.) Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion. c.) Compulsive water drinking. d.) Excessive dietary potassium.

b

Proto-oncogenes a.) Are the same as oncogenes. b.) Are normal cellular genes that promote growth. c.) Lead to abnormal tumor suppressor genes d.) Result from severe mutational events.

b

The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is a.) Three-fourths. b.) Two-thirds. c.) One-half. d.) One-third

b

The most common tumor suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is a.) Rb. b.) P53. c.) DCC. d.) APC.

b

The primary role of genes is to a.) Code for reproduction b.) Direct the synthesis of proteins. c.) Determine differentiation. d.) Determine cellular apoptosis.

b

The resting membrane potential in nerve and skeletal muscle is determined primarily by a.) Extracellular sodium ion concentration. b.) The ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions. c.) Activation of voltage-gated sodium channels. d.) Activity of energy-dependent membrane pumps.

b

Tobacco smoking is associated with cancers of all of the following EXCEPT: a.) Lung. b.) Skin. c.) Bladder. d.) Kidney.

b

Triplet codes of three bases are the genetic codes used in transmitting genetic information necessary for a.) Chromatin formation b.) Protein synthesis c.) Enzyme activation d.) Nucleotide bonding

b

Which laboratory finding is most common in a client who has lung cancer? a.) Decreased melanin concentration b.) Increased concentration of urine c.) Increased sodium concentration in the serum d.) Decreased concentration of serum calcium

b

Which type of cancer is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV)? a.) Breast cancer b.) Cervical cancer c.) Ovarian cancer d.) Prostate cancer

b

A point mutation a.) Results from the addition or loss of one or more bases. b.) Is due to the translocation of a chromosomal segment. c.) Always produces significant dysfunction. d.) Involves the substitution of a single base pair.

d

After assessing a client, a nurse finds that the client has a growth of cancer cells in the bladder, rectum, and other parts of the body. Which stage of cervical cancer should the nurse expect in the client? a.) Stage I b.) Stage II c.) Stage III d.) Stage IV

d

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will a.) Selectively kill tumor cells. b.) Stimulate immune cells to fight the cancer. c.) Have minimal side effects. d.) Kill rapidly dividing cells.

d

Coagulative necrosis is caused by a.) Dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation. b.) Trauma or pancreatitis. c.) Lung tissue damage. d.) Interrupted blood supply.

d

Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have a.) Receptors for neurotransmitters. b.) Tight junctions. c.) Ligand-gated channels. d.) Voltage-gated channels.

d

Functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following, except a.) Separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid. b.) Regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environment. c.) Sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid. d.) Thermal insulation. e.) Structural support.

d

In transcription, the nucleotide sequence CAT in DNA would specify _______________ in mRNA. a.) TAC b.) GAU c.) CAT d.) GUA

d

Ion channels open and close in response to all the following except a.) Mechanical pressure. b.) Ligand binding. c.) Voltage changes. d.) Temperature changes.

d

Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is evidenced by a.) Decreased carbon dioxide. b.) Elevated carbon dioxide. c.) Decreased bicarbonate ion concentration. d.) Elevated bicarbonate ion concentration.

d

The primary factor associated with risk of Down syndrome is a.) Family history of heritable diseases. b.) Exposure to TORCH syndrome organisms. c.) Maternal alcohol intake. d.) Maternal age.

d

What is likely to lead to hyponatremia? a.) Insufficient ADH secretion b.) Excess aldosterone secretion c.) Administration of intravenous normal saline d.) Frequent nasogastric tube irrigation with water

d

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except a.) Necrosis. b.) Metaplasia. c.) Atrophy. d.) Hyperplasia.

a

An increase in the resting membrane potential (hyperpolarized) is associated with a.) Hypokalemia. b.) Hyperkalemia. c.) Hypocalcemia. d.) Hypercalcemia.

a

Decreased neuromuscular excitability is often the result of a.) Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia. b.) Hypomagnesemia and hyperkalemia. c.) Hypocalcemia and hypokalemia. d.) Hypernatremia and hypomagnesemia.

a

During the transcription process, RNA a.) Polymerase attaches to DNA b.) Exon sequences are reversed c.) Delivers activated amino acids d.) Reverses redundant base pairs

a

Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to form a.) 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate. b.) 30 ATP. c.) Oxygen. d.) CO2 and H2O.

a

Huntington disease primarily affects the _____ system. a.) Neurologic b.) Muscular c.) Gastrointestinal d.) Endocrine

a

Males are more likely than females to be affected by ________ disorders. a.) X-linked b.) Autosomal-dominant c.) Autosomal-recessive d.) Chromosomal nondisjunction

a

Metaplasia is a.) The replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. b.) The transformation of a cell type to malignancy. c.) An irreversible cellular adaptation. d.) The disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements.

a

Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include a.) Decreased urine output. b.) Increased skin turgor. c.) Increased blood pressure. d.) Decreased heart rate.

a

The body compensates for metabolic alkalosis by a.) Hypoventilation. b.) Decreasing arterial carbon dioxide. c.) Increasing bicarbonate ion excretion. d.) Hyperventilation.

a

The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions. a.) Sodium b.) Phosphate c.) Magnesium d.) Potassium

a

The finding of ketones in the blood suggests that a person may have a.) Metabolic acidosis. b.) Metabolic alkalosis. c.) Respiratory acidosis. d.) Respiratory alkalosis.

a

The genetic code consists of groups of three nucleotides called a.) Codons b.) Introns c.) Anticodons d.) Triplets

a

A computerized tomography (CT) scan report of a client shows a 2 cm-tumor in the left breast and no signs of metastatic lesions in other parts of the body. Upon physical assessment, a nurse finds the presence of metastatic lymph nodes. How should the nurse document this condition in the medical record of the client according to the TNM classification? a.) T0, Nx, M1 b.) Tx, N1, M1 c.) T1, N1, M0 d.) None of the above

c

A fetus is most vulnerable to environmental teratogens during a.) Birth b.) Conception. c.) The first trimester. d.) The last trimester.

c

An increase in extracellular potassium ion from 4.0 to 6.0 mEq/L would a.) Hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential. b.) Make it more difficult to reach threshold and produce an action potential. c.) Hypopolarize the resting membrane potential d.) Alter the threshold potential.

c

Cystic fibrosis is a single gene disorder that primarily affects a.) Brain and heart. b.) Kidney and adrenals. c.) Lungs and pancreas. d.) Liver and intestine.

c

If a male child inherits an X-linked disorder from his heterozygous carrier mother, a.) His sons will be carriers b.) His father has the disorder c.) Some of his sisters will be carriers d.) His daughters will have the disorder

c

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. a.) Coagulative b.) Caseous c.) Liquefactive d.) Fat

c

Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of a.) Electrolytes. b.) Molecules that will dissociate when placed into water. c.) Hydrophobic compounds d.) Hydrophilic compounds.

c

Repolarization of a neuron after a depolarizing action potential is due to a.) Activation of the Na+-K+ pump. b.) Influx of calcium. c.) Efflux of potassium. d.) Influx of sodium.

c

Results of biochemical tests indicate an infant has phenylketonuria (PKU). The parents ask what PKU means. Correct responses would include all the following except PKU a.) Is an enzyme deficiency resulting in the inability to metabolize phenylalanine. b.) Is an inborn error of metabolism. c.) Results from a chromosome abnormality called nondisjunction. d.) Is transmitted as an autosomal recessive disorder.

c

Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the a.) Ribosomes. b.) Rough ER. c.) Smooth ER. d.) Golgi apparatus.

c

The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure. a.) Capillary hydrostatic b.) Interstitial osmotic c.) Capillary osmotic d.) Interstitial hydrostatic

c

The prevalence of disease depends upon a.) The incidence rate b.) The duration of the illness c.) Both the incidence rate and the duration of the illness d.) Neither the incidence rate nor the duration of the illness

c

A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop a.) Hypokalemia. b.) Hyperkalemia. c.) Hypocalcemia. d.) Hypercalcemia.

d

A person with acute hypoxemia may hyperventilate and develop a.) Metabolic acidosis. b.) Metabolic alkalosis. c.) Respiratory acidosis. d.) Respiratory alkalosis.

d

Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins? a.) Bind to ligands b.) Regulate the passage of water and small solutes c.) Act as carrier molecules for various solutes d.) Act as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membrane e.) Serve as cell nutrients

e