Quizbowl Winter Wonderland

Battle of Bosworth Field

Richard III died at at this final battle of the War of the Roses.

Third Crusade

Richard the Lionheart and Frederick Barbarossa fail to recapture Jerusalem.

(The) Missouri River

River formed in western Montana. Flows past Bismark, North Dakota, and Kansas City before emptying in the Mississippi River.

Nile

River in Egypt. Longest river in the world.

(The) Ohio River

River seen as the border between the Northern and Southern U.S.

(The) Rhine

River that begins in the Swiss Alps and turns into part of the German - French border. It enters the North Sea.

Brahmaputra

River that enters Bangladesh where it merges with the Ganges to form the world's largest Delta.

(The) Okavango River

River that flows 1000 miles from central Angola, through Namibia's Caprivi Strip, and into the Kalahari Desert of Botswana. It terminates into a swamp.

(The) Hudson River

River that flows through eastern New York state.

(The) Limpopo River

River that forms the border between Botswana and Zimbabwe.

(The) Zambezi River

River that rises in eastern Angola, passes through Zambia, flows along the borders of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe, crosses through Mozambique, and enters the Indian Ocean.

St(.) Lawrence River

River the drains the Great Lakes.

Second Punic War

Roman republic narrowly survived long struggle against Hannibal.

Catherine the Great

Romanov of ruler of Russia from 1763-1796 who supported the enlightened editions to Russians culture and expanded Russia's borders to include control of the northern shores of the Black Sea, the Crimea, Polish land, and Alaska.

Peter the Great

Romanov ruler of Russia from 1682-1725. He brought Western European ideas to Russia, improved the Russian army, archieved control of the Orthodox Church, dominated the nobility, and transformed Russia into a major world power.

Ivan IV

Romanov ruler of Russia known as the Terrible. He was a fierce ruler who laid the groundwork for the westernizing of Russia that was later contiuned by Peter the Great. Ivan IV's rule of intimidation lasted from 1547-1584

Garibaldi

Romantic Republic that desired the reformation of the Roman Republic; impacted by his experience in the Latin American Revolutions

(Igor) Stravinsky

Russian composer of "The Firebird" and "The Rite of Spring"; 1882-1971.

(Pyotr Ilyich) Tchaikovsky

Russian composer of "The Nutcracker", "Swan Lake", and "Overture 1812"; 1840-1893.

Igor Stravinsky

Russian composer whose use of non-traditional harmonies and dissonant sounds revolutionized modern music. Two important works are Rite of Spring and Firebird.

Bolsheviks

Russian for "majority." Lenin's faction of the Social Democratic Party in Russia, which seized power in October 1917. Unlike most Marxists, who stressed the power of laboring people, Lenin stressed that a highly disciplined socialist elite - rather than the working class as a whole - would lead Russia to socialism.

Romanovs

Russian imperial dynasty that strengthened absolutism in Russia. Ruled from 1613-1917, when the Revolution forced Nicholas II's abdication.

Treaty of Portsmouth

Russo-Japanese War ended with this treaty arranged by Theodore Roosevelt.

marranos

Spanish Jews

Diet of Worms

Special imperial council in Worms, Germany, to which Martin Luther was summoned after his excommunication in 1521. Luther was ordered to abandon his revolutionary ideas, which he refused to do, so he was banished from the empire. Luther was then sheltered in Saxony.

(Francis) Crick

Scientist: Along with Watson, he discovered the structure of the DNA molecule.

(Carl) Sagan

Scientist: American astronomer, cosmologist and astrophysicist. He pioneered astrobiology along with promoting the search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. Pioneer 10, first spacecraft to reach escape velocity from the Solar System, bore his plaque containing a pictorial message in case the spacecraft was intercepted by extraterrestrial life.

(George Washington) Carver

Scientist: American chemist and botanist who dedicated his life to developing industrial applications from agricultural crops. He is best known for educating farmers with his crop rotation method - the practice of alternating soil-depleting cotton crops with soil-enriching crops such as sweet potatoes, soybeans, and peanuts.

(Richard) Feynman

Scientist: American physicist who developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as his diagrams.

(Thomas) Edison

Scientist: American scientist and the third most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name. He developed many devices including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and direct current (DC) power.

(Robert) Oppenheimer

Scientist: American theoretical physicist and scientific director of the Manhattan Project a project that developed the first nuclear weapons during World War II. This led to him being remembered as "The Father of the Atomic Bomb".

(Gregor) Mendel

Scientist: Austrian scientist and Augustinian friar who worked with genetics and demonstrated that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns.

(Niels) Bohr

Scientist: Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and devised the his namesake model of the atom the theory that electrons travel in discrete orbits around the atom's nucleus.

(Antonie van) Leeuwenhoek

Scientist: Dutch tradesman and scientist commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology". He is considered to be the first microbiologist and is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope.

(Michael) Faraday

Scientist: English chemist and physicist who discovered electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and laws of electrolysis.

(Rosalind) Franklin

Scientist: English chemist who contributed to discovering the fine molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite. Her work on X-ray diffraction images of DNA led to her discovery of DNA double helix and her data was used to formulate Crick and Watson's 1953 hypothesis regarding the structure of DNA.

(Ada) Lovelace

Scientist: English mathematician considered to be the world's first computer programmer for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine.

(Benoit) Mandelbrot

Scientist: French American mathematician who worked on a wide range of mathematical problems, but is best known as the father of fractal geometry. He showed how fractals can occur in many different places in both mathematics and in nature.

(Louis) Pasteur

Scientist: French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical microbiology. He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to treat milk and wine in order to prevent it from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurization. He also invented the first vaccine for rabies.

(Albert) Einstein

Scientist: German born U.S. physicist best known for his theories of special relativity, general relativity, and his mass-energy equivalence formula e=m(c^2).

(Jonas) Salk

Scientist: He is one of the United States's best known microbiologists, chiefly for his discovery and development of the first successful polio vaccine.

Galileo (Galilei)

Scientist: Italian astronomer, physicist, and mathematician. He discovered the four largest satellites of Jupiter, named the Galilean moons in his honor.

Fibonacci

Scientist: Italian mathematician best known for a number sequence named his namesake numbers

(Enrico) Fermi

Scientist: Italian physicist best known for his creation of the first nuclear reactor, as well as his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics.

(Erwin) Schrodinger

Scientist: Nobel Prize-winning Austrian physicist and author. He spent his life studying quantum theory, formulated the wave equation, attempted to construct a unified field theory, and is possibly best known for his namesake cat thought experiment.

(Jocelyn Bell) Burnell

Scientist: Northern Irish astrophysicist who discovered the first radio pulsars (signals coming from rapidly rotating neutron stars).

(Nicolaus) Copernicus

Scientist: Polish astronomer, physicist, and mathematician. He began a scientific revolution with his heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the universe

(Dmitri) Mendeleev

Scientist: Russian chemist and inventor. He is best known for formulating the Periodic Law and creating his own version of the Periodic Table of Elements.

(Alexander) Fleming

Scientist: Scottish microbiologist best known for discovering the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.

(James Clerk) Maxwell

Scientist: Scottish physicist and mathematician whose prominent achievement was formulating classical electromagnetic theory. His achievements concerning electromagnetism have been called the "second great unification in physics" after the first one realized by Isaac Newton.

(Alexander Graham) Bell

Scientist: Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone.

(Carl) Linnaeus

Scientist: Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who formalized the modern system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature. He is known by the epithet "father of modern taxonomy".

(Marie) Curie

Scientist: a pioneer in the field of radioactivity, as well as the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes in both physics and chemistry.

(James) Watson

Scientist: an American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist. Along with Crick, he discovered the structure of the DNA molecule.

(John) Bardeen

Scientist: an American physicist and inventor of the transistor, a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals.

(Jane) Goodall

Scientist: anthropologist and primatologist known for her extraordinary 55-year study of the interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. During this time she became the only human to have ever been accepted into chimpanzee society.

(Francis) Bacon

Scientist: called the father of empiricism. The general idea of the importance and possibility of a skeptical methodology makes him the father of scientific method.

(Edwin) Hubble

Scientist: confirmed the existence of galaxies other than the Milky Way

(Alan) Turing

Scientist: devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the BOMBE, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.

(William) Herschel

Scientist: discovered Uranus.

(Mary) Anning

Scientist: discoveries (including ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs skeletons) greatly contributed to fundamental changes in scientific thinking about prehistoric life and the history of the Earth.

(Mae) Jemison

Scientist: first African American woman to travel in space.

(Robert) Hooke

Scientist: investigated the phenomenon of refraction, deducing the wave theory of light, and was the first to suggest that matter expands when heated and that air is made of small particles separated by relatively large distances.

(Nikola) Tesla

Scientist: one of the most important contributors to the birth of commercial electricity, inventor of alternating current electric power systems, wireless power transmission, the AC Motor, radio, x-ray, and contributor to the establishment of robotics, remote control, radar, and computer science.

(Werner) Heisenberg

Scientist: theoretical physicist best known for his 'uncertainty principle' published in 1927, which asserts a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle can simultaneously be known.

(Constantin) Brancusi

Sculptor of Bird in Space.

(Frédéric) Bartholdi

Sculptor of Liberty Enlightening the World (Statue of Liberty).

(Benvenuto) Cellini

Sculptor of Perseus With the Head Of Medusa.

(Gian Lorenzo) Bernini

Sculptor of The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa.

Michelangelo (Buonarroti)

Sculptor of the most famous version of David and Pietá.

Perseus With the Head Of Medusa

Sculpture: A bronze sculpture made by Benvenuto Cellini in 1545. The sculpture stands upon on a square base with bronze relief panels depicting the story of Perseus and Andromeda, similar to a predella on an altarpiece.

(The) Gates of Hell

Sculpture: A monumental sculptural group work by French artist Auguste Rodin that depicts a scene from Dante's Inferno.

David

Sculpture: It is a 17.0 ft marble statue of a standing male nude. The statue represents a Biblical hero, a favoured subject in the art of Florence. Originally commissioned as one of a series of statues of prophets to be positioned along the roofline of the east end of Florence Cathedral, the statue was placed instead in a public square, outside the Palazzo della Signoria, the seat of civic government in Florence, where it was unveiled by Michelangelo on 8 September 1504.

The Thinker

Sculpture: The seating of this figure is interesting as it immediately invokes the contemplative mood of this piece that would have been hard to create were the man stood up or looking out into the distance. The hunched torso is simple but adds to the sense of power that is apparent but by no means threatening. Rodin's brilliance at representing the character and feeling of his sitters is beautifully displayed here.

K2

Second highest mountain on Earth. Located on the Pakistan-China border.

Montreal

Second largest city in Canada. Located in Quebec.

Hamburg

Second largest city in Germany.

Rasputin

Self-proclaimed Russian Holy man who became confidante to Czarina Alexandria, wife of Nicholas II. He reputedly was able to help the hei, Alexis, who suffered from hemophilia. His unsavory reputation and drunken behavior led to rumors that his relationship with the Czarina was inappropriate. Murdered in 1916.

Trojan War

Semi-legendary conflict between attacking Greeks and Priam's city of Troy.

Oresteia

Series of Dramas 458 BCE Aeschylus

White light

Several different wavelength of light travel together

Elizabeth (I)

She was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty and Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess.

Rip van Winkle

Short Story 1818 Washington Irving

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

Battle of the Little Bighorn

Sitting Bull's Sioux beat the 7th cavalry in Custer's last stand.

Korean War

"Forgotten War" that resulted in DMZ across the Korean Peninsula.

Austria

"Germanization" of this Empire failed in gaining stability

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" fleet scattered and sunk by Elizabeth I's ships and storms.

Mont Blanc

"White Mountain", is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest peak in Europe outside of the Caucasus range. Located in France and Italy.

Cicero

(106BC-43BC) Is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.

(Christopher) Columbus

(1451-1506): On his first voyage (1492), he sailed for Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, taking the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria and landing at San Salvador in the Bahamas.

(Gottfried) Leibniz

(1646-1716) He is known for his independent invention of calculus and the ensuing priority dispute with Isaac Newton. Most modern calculus notation, including the integral sign and the use of d to indicate a differential, originated with Leibniz. He also invented binary numbers and did fundamental work in establishing boolean algebra and symbolic logic.

(Robert) Walpole

(1676-1745, PM 1721-1742): Generally recognized as the first British Prime Minister.

(Miguel) Hidalgo

(1753-1811) He was a parish priest who became the leader of Mexico's first independence movement.

(Carl Friedrich) Gauss

(1777-1855) is considered the "Prince of Mathematicians" for his extraordinary contributions to every major branch of mathematics. His Disquisitiones Arithmeticae systematized number theory and stated the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. He also proved the fundamental theorem of algebra, the law of quadratic reciprocity, and the prime number theorem.

(Franz) Boas

(1858-1942) Often called the founder of modern anthropology, this first professor of anthropology at Columbia University trained Mead, Benedict, Alfred Kroeber, author Zora Neale Hurston, and many others.

(Winston) Churchill

(1874-1965, PM 1940-1945, 1951-1955): Best remembered as the UK's wartime prime minister from the country's isolation in 1940 to victory in 1945.

(Albert) Einstein

(1879-1955) In one year — 1905, called his annus mirabilis, or miracle year — he authored four papers that revolutionized modern physics.

(Niels) Bohr

(1885-1962) He reconciled Rutherford's results from the gold foil experiment with Planck's quantum theory to create a model of the atom in which electrons resided in specific energy levels at specific stable radii.

(Louis) de Broglie

(1892-1987) His work quantifying the wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics earned him the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physics.

(E.E.) Cummings

(1894-1962) an innovative American Poet known for his lack of stylistic and structural conformity, who died of a brain hemorrhage in 1962.

(Margaret) Thatcher

(1925-2013, PM 1979-1990): UK's only female prime minister and was known as the "Iron Lady."

(Tony) Blair

(1953-, PM 1997-2007): Won a famous landslide election victory in 1997 to end 18 years of Conservative rule.

Archimedes

(287-212 BC) He is best known for his "Eureka moment" of using density considerations to determine the purity of a gold crown; nonetheless, he was the preeminent mathematician of ancient Greece. He found the ratios between the surface areas and volumes of a sphere and a circumscribed cylinder and accurately estimated pi

Confucius

(6th century BC) A pivotal thinker from China's Spring and Autumn period, his views on proper conduct and filial piety still influence China to this day.

D-Day

(June 6, 1944) Also known as Operation Overlord, this was the largest amphibious assault in history, as Supreme Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower's forces attacked the German Atlantic Wall defenses on the beaches of Normandy, France.

Montezuma II

(c. 1466-1520) One of the last rulers of the Aztec empire. In 1519 he allowed armed forces led by the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés to enter the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán.

Euclid

(c. 300 BC) is principally known for the "Elements", a textbook on geometry and number theory, that was used for over 2,000 years and which grounds essentially all of what is taught in modern high school geometry classes.

Aristotle

(c. 384 BC-322 BC) Was a student of Plato; in turn, _____ was a tutor to Alexander the Great. Many of his works come to us in the form of lectures he gave at his school, known as the Lyceum.

Plato

(c. 429 BC-347 BC) ____'s Socratic dialogues are our main source both for Socrates's philosophy and his own; ____ often put his own thoughts in Socrates' mouth. His dialogues include the Republic (about justice and the ideal city-state), the Symposium (about the nature of love), and the Meno (about whether virtue can be taught).

Socrates

(c. 469 BC-399 BC) Went around Athens engaging in question-and-answer sessions to search for truths or draw out contradictions. The Athenian state disapproved of his conduct, and he was put on trial for corrupting the city's youth, which led to his death by drinking hemlock.

(Marco) Polo

(ca. 1254 - ca. 1324): Served Kublai Khan until 1292, spending time as governor of Yangzhou. After being captured by the Genoese at the naval Battle of Curzola, he dictated his memoir, a text known as "Il Milione", to his prison cellmate Rusticiano of Pisa.

(Francisco) Pizarro

(ca. 1475-1541): After receiving a commission from Emperor Charles V, he went with his partner Diego de Almagro, the priest Hernando de Luque, and a small force to Peru (1530). They seized the emperor Atahualpa and held him for ransom. Even though the Incas brought the Spanish a ransom of precious metal, he killed Atahualpa and captured the Incan capital of Cuzco.

(Ferdinand) Magellan

(ca. 1480-1521): Emperor Charles V endorsed his proposal to sail around the Americas and across the Pacific, and the expedition left in 1519.

(Hernan) Cortes

(ca. 1485-1547): Spanish conquistador who participated in the conquest of Cuba. In 1519 the Cuban governor Diego Velázquez commissioned him to sail west and explore the mainland coast.

asexual reproduction

...... is the production of offspring from a single parent and does not involve the joining of gametes

cancer

....... is the common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division

American Revolution

13 colonies gained Independence from Britain, creating the U.S.

The Fall of Constantinople

1453

Midsummer's Night Dream

1590s Shakespeare Comedy: Portrays the adventures of four young Athenian lovers; a group of amateur actors; their interactions with the Duke and Duchess of Athens, Theseus and Hippolyta; and with the fairies who inhabit a moonlit forest.

Romeo and Juliet

1590s Shakespeare Tragedy: About two teenage "star-cross'd lovers" whose "untimely deaths" ultimately unite their feuding households.

Richard III

1592 Shakespeare History: Depicts the Machiavellian rise to power and subsequent short reign of a king of England.

Henry V

1599 Shakespeare History: Focused on events immediately before and after the Battle of Agincourt (1415) during the Hundred Years' War.

Julius Caesar

1599 Shakespeare Tragedy: Mark Antony, Brutus, Cassius.

Hamlet

1599-1602 Shakespeare Tragedy: Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatises the revenge a prince is instructed to enact on his uncle Claudius for killing his father, the king.

Twelfth Night

1601-1602 Shakespeare Comedy: The play centers on the twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated in a shipwreck.

Othello

1603 Shakespeare Tragedy: A powerful general of the Venetian army, whose life and marriage are ruined by a conniving, deceitful, and envious soldier, Iago.

King Lear

1603 Shakespeare Tragedy: The titular character descends into madness after disposing of his estate between two of his three daughters based on their flattery, bringing tragic consequences for all.

Macbeth

1603-1606 Shakespeare Tragedy: Set in Scotland, the play dramatizes the corrosive psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen as a way to fulfill the ambition for power. Duncan is king of Scotland.

The Tempest

1610-1611 Shakespeare Comedy: Thought by many critics to be the last play that Shakespeare wrote alone. It is set on a remote island, where Prospero, the rightful Duke of Milan, plots to restore his daughter Miranda to her rightful place using illusion and skilful manipulation.

Palmerston

1850's Whig Prime Minister that led no reforms

Brandenburg Gate

18th century neoclassical triumph arch in Berlin.

October Manifesto

1905. created a national representative assembly (Duma) to be chosen by UMS. Promised freedom of the press.

Positivism

19th century school of thought which began in France and held that the scientific method could solve social ills. Leading thinkers were Count Saint-Simon and Auguste Comte

(Andrew) Jackson

7th U.S. president known for the "Trail of Tears".

Berlin Wall

A 28 mile wall built by the Soviet Union in 1961 along the border of East and West Berlin to prevent East Germans from leaving for the West. Initially barbed wire, it was soon replaced by a concrete wall topped with barbed wire and gradually extended beyond the two cities to encompass the entire boundry between East and West Germany. It became emblematic of the cold war and kept Germany seperated until the Soviets agreed to remove it in 1989, in part as a gesture they hoped would keep the faltering Communist Party in power.

(Mary) Wollstonecraft

A British author and philosopher who is best known for writing "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" (1792).

(James) Cook

A British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy that led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HM Bark Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages.

Michelangelo

A Florentine "Renaissance man" also known for architecture (the dome of St. Peter's Basilica), painting (The Last Judgment and the Sistine Chapel ceiling), poetry, and military engineering.

Napoleon (Bonaparte)

A French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and its associated wars. He was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815.

(Auguste) Rodin

A French sculptor known for stormy relationships with "the establishment" of the École des Beaux-Arts and his mistress, fellow artist Camille Claudel. He sculpted "The Thinker", "Age of Bronze", and "Gates of Hell".

(Johann Sebastian) Bach

A German composer and musician of the Baroque period. His compositions include the Brandenburg Concertos, the Goldberg Variations, the Mass in B minor, two Passions, and over three hundred sacred cantatas of which nearly two hundred survive.

(Immanuel) Kant

A German philosopher who is widely considered to be a central figure of modern philosophy. He argued that fundamental concepts structure human experience, and that reason is the source of morality. His major work is Critique of Pure Reason.

Alexander the Great

A King of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. He created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to Egypt and into northwest India.

(Nicolaus) Copernicus

A Polish Renaissance mathematician and astronomer, of a Prussian descent, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe.

Yuri A. Gagarin

A Russian cosmonauth who became the first man to orbit the earth in 1961.The Soviets' early successful space missions spurred the United States to increase their efforts in this field.

(Adam) Smith

A Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and key Scottish Enlightenment figure. Known for Wealth of Nations.

(Carl) Linnaeus

A Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern biological naming scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology.

Petrified Forest National Park

A United States national park in Navajo and Apache counties in northeastern Arizona. Named for its large deposits of petrified wood, the fee area of the park covers about 170 square miles (440 square kilometers), encompassing semi-desert shrub steppe as well as highly eroded and colorful badlands.

Saint Basil's Cathedral

A church in Red Square in Moscow, Russia. It was built from 1555-61 on orders from Ivan the Terrible and commemorates the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan.

Birmingham

A city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London.

(Carl) Jung

A close associate of Freud's who split with him over the degree to which neuroses had a sexual basis. He went on to create the movement of "analytic psychology" and introduced the controversial notion of the "collective unconscious".

Namib (Desert)

A coastal desert known for its bizarre Welwitschia and medicinal Hoodia plants. It is thought to be the oldest desert in the world. (Namibia and Angola; 30,000 sq. mi.)

Terracotta Army

A collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China.

Tower Bridge

A combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, England which crosses the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London and has become an iconic symbol of London.

Tokyo Tower

A communications and observation tower located in the Shiba-koen district of Minato, Tokyo, Japan. At 332.9 metres (1,092 ft), it is the second-tallest structure in Japan.

Grand Palace

A complex of buildings at the heart of Bangkok, Thailand. The palace has been the official residence of the Kings of Siam (and later Thailand) since 1782.

(The) Hoover Dam

A concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada.

Hoover Dam

A concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona. It impounds Lake Mead.

Kaaba

A cuboid building at the center of Islam's most sacred mosque, Al-Masjid al-Haram, in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is the most sacred site in Islam.

Kalahari (Desert)

A desert known for its red sand, large game reserves (meerkats, gemsbok, springbok, steenbok), and mineral deposits (notably uranium). Most famous are its San Bushmen and their click language. (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa; 360,000 sq. mi.)

Mount Kilimanjaro

A dormant volcano in Tanzania. The highest mountain in Africa.

(Mount) Elbrus

A dormant volcano located in the western Caucasus mountains, in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia of Russia, near the border with Georgia. Its peak is the highest in the Caucasus Mountains and in Europe. (One of the Seven Summits)

The Blue Mosque

A famous historic mosque in Tabrīz, Iran.

Table Mountain

A flat - topped mountain overlooking Cape Town in South Africa.

Table Mountain

A flat-topped mountain forming a prominent landmark overlooking the city of Cape Town in South Africa, and is featured in the Flag of Cape Town.

Hagia Sophia

A former Greek Orthodox patriarchal basilica (church), later an imperial mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey.

Trevi Fountain

A fountain in its namesake district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Pietro Bracci. Standing 26.3 meters (86 ft) high and 49.15 meters (161.3 ft) wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and one of the most famous fountains in the world.

Perito Moreno Glacier

A glacier located in the Los Glaciares National Park in southwest Santa Cruz Province, Argentina.

Benjamin Disraeli

A great leader of Great Britain's Conservative Party, held office of Prime Minister in 1868 and again from 1874-80. He was a strong supporter of Britain's imperilaist ambitions, but also supported a policy of liberal social reforms.

Fireside Poets

A group of 19th century poets from Boston including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, Oliver Wendell Holmes and James Russell Lowell.

Lake Poets

A group of English poets at the turn of the 19th century (during the romantic movement) who followed no single school of thought or literacy practice then known. The school's three main figures are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey.

Notre Dame

A historic Catholic cathedral on the eastern half of the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.

(The) Tower of London

A historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England.

Petra

A historical and archaeological city in the southern Jordan that is famous for its rock-cut architecture and water conduit system.

Luxor

A large Ancient Egyptian temple complex located on the east bank of the Nile River. In ___ there are six great temples, the four on the left bank are known to travelers and readers of travels as Goornah, Deir-el-Bahri, the Ramesseum, and Medinet Habu; and the two temples on the right bank are known as the Karnak and ____.

La Sagrada Familia

A large Catholic church in Barcelona, Spain.

Maasai Mara

A large game reserve in Narok County, Kenya, contiguous with the Serengeti National Park in Mara Region, Tanzania.

Chichen Itza

A large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya people of the Terminal Classic period. The archaeological site is located in the municipality of Tinum, in the Mexican state of Yucatán.

Uluru (Ayers Rock)

A large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of Northern Territory in central Australia.

Uluru (Ayers Rock)

A large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory in central Australia.

(Nelson) Mandela

A leader of the African National Congress; the first democratically-elected president of South Africa.

(The) Great Sphinx

A limestone statue of a reclining or couchant sphinx (a mythical creature with a lion's body and a human head) that stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt.

Isobar

A line that connects similar air pressures on a map

Burj Al Arab

A luxury hotel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It has been called "The world's only 7 star Hotel" and is the third tallest hotel in the world.

(The) Matterhorn

A mountain in the Alps, straddling on the border of Switzerland and Italy.

(Mount) Tai

A mountain of historical and cultural significance located north of the city of Tai'an, in Shandong province, China. One of the 5 sacred mountains.

Matterhorn

A mountain of the Alps, straddling the border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a huge and almost perfect pyramidal peak in the Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is 4,478 metres (14,692 ft) high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe.

Sydney Opera House

A multi-venue performing arts center in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Great Rift Valley

A name given to the continuous geographic trench, approximately 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) in length, that runs from Lebanon's Beqaa Valley in Asia to Mozambique in South Eastern Africa

carbonari

A network of secret societies in Italy that developed in the early 19th century to resist Napoleonic rule. Named after the charcoal mark inscribed on the foreheads of new members, the secret society played an important role in the development of Italian nationalism throughout the 19th century and were instrumental in Italian unification.

(The) Alhambra

A palace and fortress complex in Grenada, Andalusia, Spain.

Stonehenge

A prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England, about 2 miles (3 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury.

Ymir

A primordial giant who formed in the void of Ginnungagap from fire and ice. He gave birth to the frost giants. He was killed by Odin and his brothers, who used his body to construct most of the universe according to Norse mythology.

Jesuits

A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the CHurch during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.

Anabaptists

A religious sect started in Zurich, Switzerland, in the 16th century that believed that true faith was based on reason and free will and that people must knowingly select the Christian faith through rebaptism as adults. These men and women rejected the authority of the state and the courts, abolished private property, and believed themselvesto be true Christians who lived acording to the standards established in the Bible. The movement gained most of its support from artisans and the middle and lower classes, who were attracted by its simple message of peace and salvation. They were persecuted by both Catholic and Protestant authorities, and Zurch's magistrates, angered at the pacifist sect's refusal to bear arms, ordered that hundreds of them be put to death, thereby making them the Reformation's first martyrs of conscience.

Cape of Good Hope

A rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa.

The Prelude

A semiautobiographical poem of William Wordsworth's early years that he revised and expanded a number of times. It was posthumously titled and published, before which it was generally known as "the poem to Coleridge".

(The) Great Wall of China

A series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe.

The Fronde

A series of revolts in France from 1648-1653 that challenged the authority of young King Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715) and his minister Mazarin. Royal power had expanded greatly during the 17th century under Mazarin and his mentor Richelieu, fostering resentment among nobility and the parliaments who lost power. The revolts began when Mazarin attempted to impose a new tax on members of the parliaments, who refused o pay. When Mazarin arrested the ringleaders of the resistence, Parisians rebelled, forcing the monarchy to flee the city. The revolt left a lasting impression on Louis XIV, who designed his policies to prevent future rebellions.

Bird in Space

A series of sculptures by Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncuși.

Burj Khalifa

A skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the tallest man-made structure in the world, standing at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).

(Mount) Ararat

A snow-capped and dormant compound volcano in Turkey. It in Judeo-Christian tradition is associated with the "Mountains of ______" where, according to the Book of Genesis, Noah's Ark came to rest. The mountain can be seen on the coat of arms of Armenia.

Thor

A son of Odin and the giantess Jord, he is the god of thunder, weather, and crops in Norse mythology.

Spring Temple Buddha

A statue depicting Vairocana Buddha located in the Zhaocun township of Lushan County, Henan, China, built from 1997 to 2008. At 128 m (420 ft), which includes a 20 m (66 ft) lotus pedestal, it is the tallest statue in the world.

(The) Grand Canyon

A steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in the state of Arizona in the United States.

Grand Canyon

A steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in the state of Arizona in the United States.

(Mount Vesuvius"

A stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples, Italy, about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore.

Mount Vesuvius

A stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples, Italy, about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore.

Fluid

A substance where particles flow freely

(The) Golden Gate Bridge

A suspension bridge spanning the strait of its name, the mile-wide, three-mile-long channel between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. Located in California.

canton system

A system instituted in Prussia by Frederick William I (r. 1713-40) in 1733 to create a reserve army and expand Prussia's military capacity. Youths in each district were given two or three months of army training annually; they could then return to their homes for the rest of the year, where they would remain in reserve for as long as they were able-bodied. Despite its small general population, this system gave Prussia one of the largest armies in Europe.

absolutism

A system of government in which a monarch holds sole and uncontestable power over the state and his or her subjects. Supporters of this theory linked royal power with divine authority, presenting the monarch as God's lieutenant on earth. It was most prevalent in the 17th century and emerged in response to decades of religious warfare, which fueled public demand for a strong ruler who could maintain order. It is best exemplified by Louis XIV (r.1643-1715) of France.

Barometer

A tool that measures air pressure

Prism

A tool used to bend wavelength of light at different angles so we can see all the colors of light

Energy Transfer

A transfer of energy from one system to another

Columbia (River)

A vital waterway of the Pacific Northwest. Rising in the Rockies of British Columbia, this river flows through Lake Revelstoke before entering Washington state. Grand Coulee Dam along the Columbia in Washington forms Lake Roosevelt. When it was completed in 1943, Grand Coulee was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world; it is still America's largest electric power plant.

Iguazu Falls

A waterfall located on the border of Argentina and Brazil.

Victoria Falls

A waterfall on the Zambezi River on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Bayon

A well-known and richly decorated Khmer temple at Angkor in Cambodia.

Taj Mahal

A white marble mausoleum located on the southern bank of Yamuna River in the Indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to house the tomb of his favorite wife of three, Mumtaz Mahal.

Pele (Edson Arantes do Nascimento)

Soccer: Also known as "the Black Pearl", he led the Brazilian national team to three World Cup victories in 1958, 1962, and 1970 (though he was injured for most of '62 finals) and to permanent possession of the Jules Rimet Trophy.

(Franz) Beckenbauer

Soccer: Nicknamed "Der Kaiser," he invented the position of attacking sweeper, helping him to become the only man ever to win the World Cup as both team captain and as manager (1974 as a player, 1990 as manager).

Alexsandr Kerensky

Socialist Revolutionary leader. Head of the provisional government, trying to smooth relations between them and the soviet. Leader of the first coalition gov. prime minister of the second coalition gov.

Mount Fuji

Active stratovolcano on Honshu Island. Highest mountain in Japan.

(The) Congo River

Africa's second longest river.

(Lake) Tanganyika

Africa's second-largest lake by area, it is also the second-deepest in the world, surpassed only by Lake Baikal. Due its extreme depth (over 4,700 feet), this lake contains seven times as much water as Lake Victoria.

Congo (River)

Africa's second-longest river, it flows in a counterclockwise arc some 2,900 miles to the Atlantic Ocean.

(The) Niger River

Africa's third longest river. Flows in a clockwise arc through Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria before entering the Gulf of Guinea.

(Lake) Malawi

Africa's third-largest lake by area and the southernmost of the Great Rift Valley lakes, it is wedged between the nations of Malawi, Tanzania, and Mozambique.

Niger (River)

Africa's third-longest river, it flows in a great clockwise arc through Africa's Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria before entering the Gulf of Guinea.

(Phillis) Wheatley

African-born American poet who was the first published black writer in the United States (1753-1784)

Paris Commune

After France's defeat in the Franco-Prusian War, the liberal National Guard rebuffed the Third Republic's effort to disarm them and formed an independent Paris, with it's own government. The conservative president of France, Adolph Thiers, sent more troops to capture Paris and a bloodbath ensued. Independent Paris was defeated.

Berlin Airlift

After World War II, Berlin was divided into eastern and western sectors, with the USSR controlling the east and Britain, France, and the United States controling the west. From 1948--49, the Soviets used airplanes to supply West Berlin, and the USSR eventually ceased the blockade.

Dawes Plan

After World War II, Germany was forced to pay reparations to the Allies. Germany was not able to keep up payments, and in 1924 an American, Charles Dawes, reorganized the repayment plan. The United States also made loans to Germany as part of the plan.

Nuremberg Trials

After World War II, the victorious Allies convened a multinational judicial panel to try Nazis accused of crimes against humanity. Held in Nuremberg, Germany, the trials lasted from 1945-46. The highest-ranking Nazi tried was Hermann Goring, who committed suicide before his death sentence could be carried out.

Marshall Plan

After the masssive destruction in Europe following world War II, the United States proposed an economic plan in 1947 to help restore the region. Aid was providedto any European nation that promised cooperation (Soviet-bloc nations did not participate). The plan was very successful.

Kellog-Briand Pact

Agreement proposed by American Secretary of State Frank Kellogg in 1927. An outgrowth of World War I, the pact denounced war as a way to resolve conflict and was enorsed by over 50 countries within 5 years.

Grigory Rasputin

Alexandra's great favorite. Debauched holy man. Occult power. Moved his way to the inner circle of court life and then healed Alexei. Was assassinated by noble conspirators: first by poison, then shot, then smashed skull, then drowned in Neva River!

Cheka

All-Russian Extraordinary Commission. New centralized police authority est. December 1917. rooted out Bolsheviks' enemies. Rapidly proliferated into a large organization with virtually unlimited power. Arbitrary arrests

(The) Oder

Along with the Neisse, _____ forms the Germany-Poland border, as dictated at the Potsdam Conference in July and August of 1945.

(The) Oder

Along with the Neisse, this river forms the Germany-Poland border, as dictated at the Potsdam Conference in July and August of 1945. One of the largest rivers to enter the Baltic, it has been a major transport route for centuries. Ostrava in the Czech Republic and Breslau in Poland are on the river. Near its mouth is Stettin, which Churchill used as the northern terminus of his "Iron Curtain".

Dead Sea

Also called the Salt Sea, is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west. With 34.2% salinity (in 2011), it is 9.6 times as salty as the ocean, and one of the world's saltiest bodies of water.

Yellow (River)

Also know as "Huang He" or "Huang Ho", it is, at 3,400 miles, China's second-longest; it is also the most important to the northern half of the country. It rises in Qinghai province and flows into the Bohai Gulf of the Yellow Sea. The river's name comes from the extraordinary amount of loess silt that it carries.

(The) Coliseum

Also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, is an elliptical amphitheater in the center of the city of Rome, Italy.

Battle of Fredericksburg

Ambrose Burnside's futile frontal assault on entrenched Confederates.

Jonas Salk

American doctor who invented the polio vaccine in 1953. Polio crippled and killed millions worldwide, and the successful vaccine virtually eliminated the scourage.

(Milton) Friedman

American economist. Conservative thinker famous for his advocacy of monetarism (an revision of the quantity theory of money) in works like "A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960" (1963). He is strongly associated with the ideals of laissez-faire government policy.

(Sylvia) Plath

American poet and author of the "Bell Jar" who committed suicide in 1963 by putting her head in a gas oven.

(Carl) Sandburg

American poet who wrote "Chicago," "The Fog," and "Grass".

(Franklin) Roosevelt

American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States. A Democrat, he won a record four elections and served from March 1933 to his death in April 1945.

(George W.) Bush

An American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000.

(Ronald) Reagan

An American politician and commentator who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Prior to his presidency, he served as the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975, following a career as an actor and union leader in Hollywood.

(Joseph) Smith

An American religious leader and founder of Mormonism.

U2 affair

An American secret spy plane that was shot down in 1960 while spying on the USSR. The pilot, Gary Powers, was captured alive. The US had insisted it was not spying on the USSR, and the event caused great embarrassment to the US and increased tensions in the Cold War.

(Theodore) Roosevelt

An American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States. A leader of the Republican Party, he was a leading force of the Progressive Era.

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian doctor credited as being the "father" of psychology. He studied and wrote extensively about the importance of dreams and developed psychoanalysis.

(Oliver) Cromwell

An English military and political leader and later the first Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Galileo (Galilei)

An Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician who played a major role in the scientific revolution during the Renaissance. He discovered Jupiter's four largest moons.

(Mount) St. Helens

An active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

Mount St(.) Helens

An active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

Popocatepetl

An active volcano, located Central Mexico, and lies in the eastern half of the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt. It is the second highest peak in Mexico, after the Pico de Orizaba.

(The) Acropolis

An ancient citadel located on a high rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, Greece, and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, like the Parthenon.

Paul (the Apostle)

An apostle who taught the gospel of Christ to the first-century world. He is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age. In the mid-30s to the mid-50s, he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe.

Galapagos Islands

An archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, 906 km (563 mi) west of continental Ecuador, of which they are a part.

Romanticism

An artistic movement in art, literature, and music popular in the nineteenth century. Mystic, exotic, and foreign topics were popular, as were ancient and medieval history and topics like the glroy of nature.

Comintern

An association of Communist parties founded in 1919 by Russian Bolshevik leader Lenin, to promote the spread of the revolution and the preaching of communist principles throughout Europe.

Theodore Herzl

An austrailian journalist (1860-1904) who called for the creation of a Jewish homeland. This movement, called Zionism, spread throughout Europe and the United States.

Augustine (of Hippo)

An early Christian theologian and philosopher whose writings influenced the development of Western Christianity and Western philosophy. He was the bishop of Hippo Regius. Among his most important works are City of God and Confessions.

cholera

An epidemic, usually fatal disease that appeared in the 1830s in Europe and Asia, reaching the US in 1849-50. It was caused by a waterborne bacterium that induced violent vomiting and diarrhea and left the skin blue, eyes sunken and dull, and hands and feet ice cold. Advances in sanitation led to its decline toward the end of the 19th century.

Marcel Proust

An esteemed French writerwho sought to integrate psychological elements, especially regarding suppressed memories, into literature. His most famous work is the multi-volume Rememberance of Things Past. (1913-1927)

Taklamakan (Desert)

An extremely cold, sandy desert known for splitting the Silk Road into branches running north and south of it.

(The) Eiffel Tower

An iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France.

Mont-St-Michel

An island commune in Normandy, France.

Quantitative Observation

An observation that deals with measurements and numbers

Qualitative Observation

An observation that deals with the five senses (colors, shapes, etc)

Space Needle

An observation tower in Seattle, Washington, a landmark of the Pacific Northwest, and an icon of Seattle.

Bull

An official papal letter or document, named for the bulla or raised seal used to signify its authenticity. Among the more famous ones was Exsurge Domine (1520), isued by Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521) against Martin Luther.

Central Park

An urban park in the central part of the borough of Manhattan, New York City.

Battle of New Orleans

Andrew Jackson's victory over British invaders after signing of treaty.

Mount Erebus

Antarctica's active volcano.

Fauvism

Art Movement : (1900-1935) Harsh colors and flat surfaces.

Mannerism

Art Movement: (1527-1580) Art that breaks the rules; artifice over nature: El Greco, Cellini.

Baroque

Art Movement: (1600-1750) Splendor for God; art as a weapon: Rubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio.

Neoclassical

Art Movement: (1750-1850) Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace and grandeur.

Romanticism

Art Movement: (1780-1850) Triumph of imagination and individuality: Gericault, Delacroix, Turner.

Realism

Art Movement: (1848-1900) Celebrating working class and peasants: Corot, Millet.

Impressionism

Art Movement: (1865-1885) Capturing fleeting effects of natural light: Monet, Manet, Degas, Cassatt, Renoir.

Post-Impressionism

Art Movement: (1885-1910) A soft revolt against Impressionism: Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne, Seurat.

Expressionism

Art Movement: (1900-1935) Emotion distorting form.

Futurism

Art Movement: (1909-1944) Emphasized speed, technology, youth and violence and objects such as the car, the aeroplane and the industrial city; began in Italy.

Constructivism

Art Movement: (1914-1932) Art as a practice for social purposes; began in Russia.

De Stijl

Art Movement: (1917-1931) Pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and color; simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and used only primary colors along with black and white; began in the Netherlands: Mondrian.

Surrealism

Art Movement: (1917-1950) Painting dreams and exploring the unconscious.

Dada

Art Movement: (1917-1950); rediculous art.

Abstract Expressionism

Art Movement: (1940s-1950s) Pure abstraction and expression without form: Gorky, Pollock.

Pop Art

Art Movement: (1960s) Absorbs consumerism: Warhol.

Deconstructivism

Art Movement: (1980s-) Characterized by fragmentation, an interest in manipulating a structure's surface, skin, non-rectilinear shapes which appear to distort and dislocate elements of architecture, such as structure and envelope.

Gothic

Art Movement: A European movement beginning in France. Sculpture emerged c. 1200, painting later in the thirteenth century. The artworks are characterized by a linear, graceful, elegant style more naturalistic than that which had existed previously in Europe.

Photorealism

Art Movement: A figurative movement that emerged in the United States and Britain in the late 1960s and 1970s. The subject matter, usually everyday scenes, is portrayed in an extremely detailed, exacting style. It is also called superrealism, especially when referring to sculpture.

Pointilism

Art Movement: A method of painting developed by Seurat and Paul Signac in the 1880s. It used dabs of pure color that were intended to mix in the eyes of viewers rather than on the canvas. It is also called divisionism or neoimpressionism.

Minimalism

Art Movement: A movement in American painting and sculpture that originated in the late 1950s. It emphasized pure, reduced forms and strict, systematic compositions.

Symbolism

Art Movement: A painting movement that flourished in France in the 1880s and 1890s in which subject matter was suggested rather than directly presented. It featured decorative, stylized, and evocative images.

Post-Impressionism

Art Movement: A soft revolt against Impressionism; Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne, Seurat; 1885-1910.

Mannerism

Art Movement: Art that breaks the rules; artifice over nature; El Greco, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini; 1527-1580.

Neoclassical

Art Movement: Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace and grandeur; David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova; 1750-1850.

Egyptian

Art Movement: Art with an afterlife focus: pyramids and tomb painting; "Step Pyramid", "Great Pyramids", "Bust of Nefertiti"; 3100 B.C.E. - 30 B.C.E.

Postmodernism (and Deconstructivism)

Art Movement: Art without a center and reworking and mixing past styles; Richter; 1970-Present.

Greek (and Hellenistic)

Art Movement: Balance, perfect proportions; architectural orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian); "Parthenon"; 850 B.C.E. - 31 B.C.E.

Impressionism

Art Movement: Capturing fleeting effects of natural light; Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pissarro, Cassatt, Morisot, Degas; 1865-1885.

Stone Age

Art Movement: Cave painting, fertility goddesses, megalithic structures; Examples: "Lascaux Cave Painting", "Woman of Willendorf", "Stonehenge"; 30,000 B.C.E. - 2500 B.C.E.

Realism

Art Movement: Celebrating working class and peasants; Corot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet; 1848-1900.

Middle Ages

Art Movement: Celtic art, Carolingian Renaissance, Romanesque, Gothic; "Durham Cathedral", "Notre Dame"; 500-1400.

Art Deco

Art Movement: Design style prevalent during the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by a sleek use of straight lines and slender form.

Expressionism

Art Movement: Emotion distorting form; inspired by Edvard Munch's "The Scream"; 1900-1935.

Fauvism

Art Movement: Harsh colors and flat surfaces; Matisse; 1900-1935.

Pop Art

Art Movement: Images and techniques of mass media, advertising, and popular culture, often used in an ironic way. ; Warhol; 1960s.

Cubism

Art Movement: Objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context; Picasso, Braque; 1905-1920.

Roman

Art Movement: Practical and down to earth; the arch; "Colosseum", "Trajan's Column", "Pantheon"; 500 B.C.E. - C.E. 476.

Abstract Expressionism

Art Movement: Pure abstraction and expression without form; Gorky, Pollock; 1940s-1950s.

(Early and) High Renaissance

Art Movement: Rebirth of classical culture; Donatello, Botticelli, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael (NOT TITIAN OR BOSCH, ETC.); 1400-1550

Dada

Art Movement: Ridiculous art; Duchamp; 1917-1950.

Japanese (and Indian and Chinese)

Art Movement: Serene, meditative art, and Arts of the Floating World; "The Great Wave off Kanagawa"; 653 B.C.E. - C.E. 1900.

Baroque

Art Movement: Splendor and flourish for God; art as a weapon in the religious wars; Rubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio; 1600-1750.

(Venetian and) Northern Renaissance

Art Movement: The Renaissance spreads north- ward to France, the Low Countries, Poland, Germany, and England; Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Dürer, Bruegel, Bosch, Jan van Eyck; 1430-1550.

Cubism

Art Movement: The most influential art movement of the 20th century; objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context: Picasso, Braque.

Romanticism

Art Movement: The triumph of imagination and individuality; Caspar Friedrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Turner, Benjamin West; 1780-1850

Mesopotamian

Art Movement: Warrior art and narration in stone relief; Examples: "Standard of Ur", "Gate of Ishtar", "Stele of Hammurabi's Code"; 3500 B.C.E. - 539 B.C.E.

De Stijl

Art Movement: advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and color; Mondrian; 1917-1931.

Futurism

Art Movement: emphasized speed, technology, youth, and violence, and objects such as the car, the aeroplane, and the industrial city; Tommaso, Boccioni; 1905-1920.

Suprematism

Art Movement: focused on basic geometric forms, such as circles, squares, lines, and rectangles, painted in a limited range of colors; Malevich; 1913-1920.

Constructivism

Art Movement: in favour of art as a practice for social purposes; Tatlin; 1913-1920.

Surrealism

Art Movement: painting dreams and exploring the unconscious; Dali, Kahlo; 1917-1950.

Dominance

Art Term: An object or color that stands out in relation to the rest of the painting.

Triptych

Art Term: Any painting or work divided into three (like three panels in a painting or a trifold).

Achromatic

Art Term: Black, white and grays. No color.

Aerial Perspective

Art Term: Capturing the earth's atmosphere by using painting techniques that make distant objects appear to have less color, texture, and distinction

Bust

Art Term: In sculpture, a portrait of a person that includes the head, neck, and part of the shoulders and breast, usually (but not always) mounted on a base or column.

Highlight

Art Term: Small areas on a painting or drawing on which reflected light is the brightest.

(Edgar) Degas

Artist: "A Cotton Office in New Orleans", "Interior", "Young Spartans Exercising", "Ballet Rehearsal"

(Georges) Seurat

Artist: "A Sunny Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte", "Bathers at Asnières"

Lucas Cranach the Elder

Artist: "Adam and Eve", "Martin Luther" portrait

(Grant) Wood

Artist: "American Gothic"

(Gian Lorenzo) Bernini

Artist: "Apollo and Daphne", "The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa", moving "David"

(Jan) van Eck

Artist: "Arnolfili Portrait", "Madonna of Chancellor Rolin", "Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele"

(James) Whistler

Artist: "Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artist's Mother"

(Gerhard) Richter

Artist: "Atlas"

(Frederic Edwin) Church

Artist: "Aurora Borealis", "The Heart of the Andes"

(Constantin) Brancusi

Artist: "Bird in Space"

(Antoine-Jean) Gros

Artist: "Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa"

(Piet) Mondrian

Artist: "Broadway Boogie Woogie", "Composition with Yellow, Blue, and Red"

(Andy) Warhol

Artist: "Campbell's Soup Cans", "Marilyn Monroe"

(Paul) Landowski

Artist: "Christ the Redeemer"

(Andrew) Wyeth

Artist: "Christina's World", "The Helga Pictures"

(Jean) Arp

Artist: "Cloud Sheperd", "Shirt Front and Fork"

(Pierre-Auguste) Renoir

Artist: "Dance at Le moulin de la Galette", "The Swing"

Caravaggio

Artist: "David with Head of Goliath", "Medusa'

(Diego) Rivera

Artist: "Detroit Industry Murals", "Man at the Crossroads"

(C.M.) Coolidge

Artist: "Dogs Playing Poker"

(Hieronymus) Bosch

Artist: "Garden of Earthly Delights"; "The Cure of the Folly"

(Johannes) Vermeer

Artist: "Girl with a Pearl Earring", "The Milkmaid", "The Love Letter", "The Astronomer"

(Pablo) Picasso

Artist: "Guernica", "The Old Guitarist", "La Lecture", "The Weeping Woman", "The Young Ladies of Avignon"

(Marc) Chagall

Artist: "I and the Village", "White Crucifixion", "Bella with White Collar"

(Jeff) Koons

Artist: "Kiepenkerl"

(Robert) Indiana

Artist: "LOVE Sculpture"

(Diego) Velazquez

Artist: "Las Meninas", "The Surrender of Breda", "Rokeby Venus"

(Eugene) Delacroix

Artist: "Liberty Leading the People", "The Massacre at Chios"

(Gutzon) Borglum

Artist: "Mount Rushmore National Memorial"

Rembrandt (van Rijn)

Artist: "Night Watch", "Return of the Prodigal Son", "The Three Trees", "The Storm on the Sea of Galilee"

(Edward) Hopper

Artist: "Nighthawks", "Office in a Small City", "Chop Suey", "Automat"

(Jackson) Pollock

Artist: "No. 5", "No. 11, 1952 (Blue Poles)"

(Amedeo) Modigliani

Artist: "Nu couché"

(Marcel) Duchamp

Artist: "Nude Descending a Staircase", "The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even", "Fountain"

(Edouard) Manet

Artist: "Olympia", "Nana", "Luncheon on the Grass"

(Arshile) Gorky

Artist: "Pears, Peaches, and Pitcher", "Nighttime, Enigma and Nostalgia"

(Benvenuto) Cellini

Artist: "Perseus with the Head of Medusa"

(Utagawa) Hiroshige

Artist: "Plum Estate, Kameido"

(Paul) Cezanne

Artist: "Pyramid of Skulls", "The Card Players", "Basket of Apples"

(Georgia) O'Keeffe

Artist: "Ram's Head, White Hollyhock-Hills", "Red Canna"

(Henri) Matisse

Artist: "Red Room"

(Frida) Kahlo

Artist: "Roots", "The Wounded Deer"

Donatello

Artist: "Saint Mark", "Zuccone", "The Feast of Herod", bronze "David"

(Peter Paul) Rubens

Artist: "Samson and Delilah", "Prometheus Bound", "Fall of the Damned"

(Francisco) de Goya

Artist: "Saturn Devouring His Son", "Witches' Sabbath", "The Dog", "The Third of May 1808"

Raphael (Sanzio)

Artist: "School of Athens", "Madonna and Child with a Book"

(Marc) Quinn

Artist: "Self"

(Winslow) Homer

Artist: "Snap of the Whip", "Eight Bells", "Blue Boat", "The Herring Net"

(Paul) Gauguin

Artist: "Spirit of the Dead Watching", "The Yellow Christ", "The Green Christ", "When Will You Marry?"

(Vincent) van Gogh

Artist: "Starry Night", "Café Terrace at Night"

(M.C.) Escher

Artist: "Stars", "Relativity", "Reptiles", "Hand with Reflecting Sphere"

(Thomas) Crawford

Artist: "Statue of Freedom)

(Kazimir) Malevich

Artist: "Supremacist Composition", "Black Circle"

(William) Blake

Artist: "The Ancient of Days", "The Ghost of a Flea", "Newton"

(Sandro) Botticelli

Artist: "The Birth of Venus", "Fortitude", "Adoration of the Magi", "Venus and Mars"

(Thomas) Gainsburough

Artist: "The Blue Boy", "Mr and Mrs Andrews"

(J.M.W.) Turner

Artist: "The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons", "The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up, 1838"

(Mary) Cassatt

Artist: "The Child's Bath"

(Jacques-Louis) David

Artist: "The Coronation of Napoleon", "The Death of Marat", "Oath of Horatii"

(John Singer) Sargent

Artist: "The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit", "Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt", "Portrait Madame X"

El Greco

Artist: "The Disrobing of Christ", "View of Toledo"

(Max) Ernst

Artist: "The Elephant Celebes"

(Norman) Rockwell

Artist: "The Four Freedoms", "Triple Self-Portrait"

(Katsushika) Hokusai

Artist: "The Great Wave off Kanagawa"

(Thomas) Eakins

Artist: "The Gross Clinic", "The Agnew Clinic"

(Gustav) Klimt

Artist: "The Kiss", "Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I", "Danaë"

Leonardo (Da Vinci)

Artist: "The Last Supper", "Mona Lisa", "Vitruvian Man"

(Yevgeny) Vuchetich

Artist: "The Motherland Calls"

Grandma Moses

Artist: "The Old Checkered House"

(Salvador) Dali

Artist: "The Persistence of Memory", "Swans Reflecting Elephants", "Galatea of Spheres", "Still Life Moving Fast", "Soft Self Portrait"

(George) Grosz

Artist: "The Pillars of Society", "The Funeral"

(Theodore) Gericault

Artist: "The Raft of the Medusa"

(Edvard) Munch

Artist: "The Scream", "Vampire", "Anxiety"

(Henri) Rousseau

Artist: "The Sleeping Gypsy", "The Snake Charmer"

(Rene) Magritte

Artist: "The Son of Man", "The Treachery of Images", "The Human Condition", "Time Transfixed"

(Frederic) Bartholdi

Artist: "The Statue of Liberty"

(Auguste) Rodin

Artist: "The Thinker", "The Walking Man", "The Age of Bronze", "The Gates of Hell", "The Kiss"

(Pieter) Bruegel

Artist: "Tower of Babel", "The Hunters in the Snow", "The Beggars", "Triumph of Death"

(Paul) Klee

Artist: "Twittering Machine", "Red Balloon"

Alexandros of Antioch

Artist: "Venus de Milo"

Titian

Artist: "Venus of Urbino", "Allegory of Prudence", "Rape of Europa"

(Georges) Braque

Artist: "Violin and Candlestick", "Olive Tree Near Estaque"

(Oscar Claude) Monet

Artist: "Water Lilies", "Impression, Sunrise", "The Magpie", "Woman with a Parasol"

(Mark) Rothko

Artist: "White Center", "Orange, Red, Yellow", "No 1 (Royal Red and Blue)"

(Albrecht) Durer

Artist: "Young Hare", "Rhinoceros", "Adam and Eve", "Praying Hands"

Michelangelo (Buonarroti)

Artist: Paintings in the Sistine Chapel, "Doni Tondo", "David", "Pietà"

(Daniel Chester) French

Artist: Sculpture of "Abraham Lincoln" in the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C.

(Gilbert) Stuart

Artist: the "Portrait of George Washington" on the $1 bill

Impressionism

Artistic style developed in France in the late 1800s that employed light, shadow, color, and varied brush strokes to leave the viewer with a more natural impression. Claude Monet, Mary Cassatt, and Auguste Renoir pioneered the style.

Gobi (Desert)

Asia's second largest desert (after the Arabian Desert), it is bounded on the north by the Altai Mountains. It is known for its role in the Silk Road trading route and the Nemegt Basin, where fossilized dinosaur eggs and human artifacts have been found. (China and Mongolia; 500,000 sq. mi.)

Gobi Desert

Asia's second largest desert. Bounded on the north by the Altai Mountains.

(The) Shannon

At 230 miles, _____ is Ireland's longest river.

(The) Shannon

At 230 miles, it is Ireland's longest river.

Battle of Marathon

Athenian phalanx turned back Darius' Persian invasion of Greece.

Pearl Harbor

Attack on ____ (December 1941): Japanese plans for domination of the Pacific called for a surprise attack on the U.S. Navy base at _____ in Hawaii.

(Franz) Schubert

Austrian composer of "The Beautiful Girl From the Mill"; 1797-1828.

(George) Orwell

Author of "1984".

(Henrik) Ibsen

Author of "A Doll's House".

(E.M.) Forster

Author of "A Passage to India".

(Lorraine) Hansberry

Author of "A Raisin in the Sun".

(Tennessee) Williams

Author of "A Streetcar Named Desire" and "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof".

(Charles) Dickens

Author of "A Tale of Two Cities", "David Copperfield", and "Great Expectations".

(Lewis) Carroll

Author of "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland".

(Robert Penn) Warren

Author of "All the King's Men".

Voltaire

Author of "Candide".

(Joseph) Heller

Author of "Catch-22".

(Johann Wolfgang von) Goethe.

Author of "Faust".

(Ernest) Hemingway

Author of "For Whom the Bell Tolls" and "A Farewell to Arms".

(Jonathan) Swift

Author of "Gulliver's Travels".

(Joseph) Conrad

Author of "Heart of Darkness".

(Marcel) Proust

Author of "In Search of Lost Time".

(Ralph) Ellison

Author of "Invisible Man".

Charlotte Bronte

Author of "Jane Eyre".

(Victor) Hugo

Author of "Les Miserables".

(Lousia May) Alcott

Author of "Little Women".

(Eugene) O'Neill

Author of "Long Day's Journey Into Night".

(Gustave) Flaubert

Author of "Madame Bovary".

(George) Eliot

Author of "Middlemarch".

(Herman) Melville

Author of "Moby-Dick".

(Gabriel Garcia) Marquez

Author of "One Hundred Years of Solitude".

(Thorton) Wilder

Author of "Our Town".

(John) Milton

Author of "Paradise Lost".

(Jane) Austen

Author of "Pride and Prejudice" and "Emma".

(Geoffrey) Chaucer

Author of "The Canterbury Tales".

(J.D.) Salinger

Author of "The Catcher in the Rye".

(Alexandre) Dumas

Author of "The Count of Monte Cristo".

(Arthur) Miller

Author of "The Crucible" and "Death of a Salesman".

(John) Steinbeck

Author of "The Grapes of Wrath".

(F. Scott) Fitzgerald

Author of "The Great Gatsby".

(Oscar) Wilde

Author of "The Importance of Being Earnest".

(Upton) Sinclair

Author of "The Jungle".

(John) Bunyan

Author of "The Pilgrim's Progress".

(Henry) James

Author of "The Portrait of a Lady".

Stendhal

Author of "The Red and the Black".

(Samuel Taylor) Coleridge

Author of "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner".

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Author of "The Scarlet Letter".

(Albert) Camus

Author of "The Stranger".

(Franz) Kafka

Author of "The Trial".

(T.S.) Eliot

Author of "The Waste Land".

(Harper) Lee

Author of "To Kill a Mockingbird".

(James) Joyce

Author of "Ulysses".

(Harriet Beecher) Stowe

Author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin".

(William Makepeace) Thackeray

Author of "Vanity Fair".

(Samuel) Beckett

Author of "Waiting for Godot".

(Leo) Tolstoy

Author of "War and Peace".

(Edward) Albee

Author of "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?".

Emily Bronte

Author of "Wuthering Heights".

Homer

Author of the "Illiad" and the "Odyssey".

(James) Madison

Author of the U.S. Constitution.

(Lewis) Caroll

Author: "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", "Through the Looking Glass"

(Roald) Dahl

Author: "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", "James and the Giant Peach", "Matilda", "Fantastic Mr. Fox"

(Nikolai) Gogol

Author: "Dead Souls"

(Johann Wolfgang von) Goethe

Author: "Faust"

(Mary) Shelly

Author: "Frankenstein"

(Louis-Ferdinand) Celine

Author: "Journey to the End of the Night"

(Vladimir) Nabokov

Author: "Lolita", "Pale Fire"

(Salman) Rushdie

Author: "Midnight's Children"

Sophocles

Author: "Oedipus Rex", "Antigone"

Virgil

Author: "The Aeneid"

(Fyodor) Dostoyevsky

Author: "The Brothers Karamazov", "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot"

(Thomas) Mann

Author: "The Magic Mountain"

(Nathaniel) Hawthorne

Author: "The Scarlet Letter", "The House of the Seven Gables"

(William) Faulkner

Author: "The Sound and the Fury", "Absalom! Absalom!", "As I Lay Dying"

(Laurence) Sterne

Author: "Tristram Shandy"

Lewis Caroll

Author: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

Visible spectrum

Band of light waves in electromagnetic spectrum that vibrates at frequencies our eyes can detect.

Midway

Battle of ___ (June 1942): Considered the turning point of World War II in the Pacific. Japanese Admiral Yamamoto launched an attack on ____ Island.

Stalingrad

Battle of ____ (August 1942-February 1943): With about two million casualties, the Battle of _____ is often cited as the bloodiest battle in history.

Bataan

Battle of ____ (January to May 1942): Immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese bombers struck the Philippine island of Luzon, forcing the Americans to retreat to the ____ Peninsula, where they held out for four months. General Douglas MacArthur vowed "I shall return" before evacuating to Australia and leaving command to Jonathan Wainwright

Louis XVIII

Became King of France in 1814; the conservative Congress of Vienna restored him to power. He was the brother of Louis XVI and ruled as a constitutional monarch until his death in 1824.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Became the leader of the USSR in 1985. He proposed major reforms and adopted policies of greater openness (glasnostand perestroika) and allowed Soveit-bloc states greater independence. In 1991, there wa an unsuccessful attemtped overthrow of his government. The USSR dissolved in 1991 with Gorbachev's resignation.

Camp David Accords

Begin(Israel) and Sadat(Egypt) sign treaty brokered by Jimmy Carter.

Great Hunger/Great Famine

Beginning in 1845, a severe blight struck the European potato crop. in Ireland, the results were devastating and millions died, with even more immigrating to Canada and the United States. The event is also so called the Potato Famine.

Expressionism

Beginning in the early 1900s, a school of art that focused on the emotional reaction to a subject. Paintings usually have strong lines and bold, vibrant colors. Masters of the style include Georges Rouault, Vincent van Gogh, and Paul Gaugin.

Muhammad

Believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a prophet and messenger of God. Born approximately in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca

Refraction

Bending of waves as they travel at an angle from one object to another.

(USS) Constitution

Better known as "Old Ironsides," the it was one of the first six ships commissioned by the U.S. Navy after the American Revolution.

Realpolitik

Bismark's political policy of doing whatever is necessary to promote the power of the state.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Bloody British attempt to break colonial siege of Boston.

Battle of Borodino

Bloody Clash between Russians and French on Napoleon's road to Moscow.

Reds

Bolsheviks called this during the Russian Civil War.

Napoleonic Wars

Bonaparte's attempt to conquer Europe foiled by hostile coalition.

Frankenstein

Book by Mary Shelly.

(Tiger) Woods

Born to an African-American father and a Thai mother, he appeared on "The Mike Douglas Show" with a golf club at age two. He won three straight U.S. Junior Amateurs, and then became the only golfer to win three straight U.S. Amateurs (1994-1996).

Nucleus

Boss of the cell; home of the DNA

Brezhnev Doctrine

Brezhnev says USSR has the right to help communist governments fighting against rebels; results in Czech 1968 and Afghanistan in 1979

French and Indian War

Britain colonists seized Canada from French/Native American Alliance.

Second Boer War

British Empire annexed South African Republics after costly struggle.

Crimean War

British and French joined to seize Russian naval bases on the Black Sea.

Robert Owen

British idealist who believed that the industrial workers and owners needed to work cooperattively in order to create an ideal working and living situation.

Florence Nightingale

British nurse whose emphasis on cleanliness and training for nurses revolutionized health care.

War of the Spanish Succession

British, Dutch, and Austrians fought to keep Louis XIV off Spanish throne.

(Joseph) Glidden

Businessman: American farmer who patented barbed wire, a product that forever altered the development of the American West.

(Elisha) Otis

Businessman: American industrialist, founder of the Otis Elevator Company, and inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails.

(Isaac) Singer

Businessman: He invented an affordable sewing machine for use in the home and manufactured it with partner Edward Clark.

(Frederick Law) Olmsted

Businessman: Landscape architect helped design many U.S. public parks. His first project was Central Park in New York City.

(Henry) Ford

Businessman: One of America's foremost industrialists, revolutionized assembly-line modes of production for the automobile.

(Louis) Sullivan

Businessman: architect dubbed the "father of modern American architecture."

(William Randolph) Hearst

Businessman: best known for publishing the largest chain of American newspapers in the late 19th century, and particularly for sensational "yellow journalism."

(John) Kellog

Businessman: focused on nutrition, enemas and exercise. was an advocate of vegetarianism and is best known for the invention of the breakfast cereal known as corn flakes with his brother.

(Cornelius) Vanderbilt

Businessman: industrialist in railroads and shipping. He had accumulated the largest fortune in the U.S. at the time of his death, in 1877.

(King Camp) Gillette

Businessman: invented a best selling version of the safety razor. His innovation was the thin, inexpensive, disposable blade of stamped steel.

(George) Eastman

Businessman: invented the Kodak camera, helping make photography accessible to the public. His company remains one of the largest in the industry.

(Thomas) Nast

Businessman: known as the "Father of the American Cartoon," he created satirical art during the 19th century that critiqued slavery and crime.

(Jay) Gould

Businessman: prominent American railroad builder and financier. He illegally issued new stock for Erie Railroads in the "Erie War" with Vanderbilt.

(Andrew) Carnegie

Businessman: self-made steel tycoon and one of the wealthiest 19th century U.S. businessmen, donated towards the expansion of the New York Public Library. He used the Bessemer process to produce a good quality steel at a low price.

(Levi) Strauss

Businessman: started an enduring fashion empire, which he launched by making one of the world's most durable and popular clothing items--the blue jeans.

(John D.) Rockefeller

Businessman: the head of the Standard Oil Company and one of the world's richest men. He used his fortune to fund ongoing philanthropic causes.

Wright Brothers

Businessmen: together, they developed the first successful airplane in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, and together they became national heroes. Considered the fathers of modern aviation, they developed innovative technology and inspired imaginations around the world.

Toronto

Canada's most populous city and economic capital.

Kabul

Capital of Afghanistan.

Montgomery

Capital of Alabama.

Juneau

Capital of Alaska.

Algiers

Capital of Algeria.

Buenos Aires

Capital of Argentina.

Phoenix

Capital of Arizona.

Little Rock

Capital of Arkansas.

Canberra

Capital of Australia.

Vienna

Capital of Austria.

Dhaka

Capital of Bangladesh.

Brussels

Capital of Belgium and the European Union. Headquarters of NATO.

Sucre

Capital of Bolivia.

Brasilia

Capital of Brazil.

Sofia

Capital of Bulgaria.

Sacramento

Capital of California

Phnom Penh

Capital of Cambodia.

Ottawa

Capital of Canada located in Ontario.

Santiago

Capital of Chile.

Bejing

Capital of China.

Denver.

Capital of Colorado.

Bogota

Capital of Columbia.

Hartford

Capital of Connecticut.

San Jose

Capital of Costa Rica.

Zagreb

Capital of Croatia.

Havana

Capital of Cuba.

Prague

Capital of Czech Republic.

Dover

Capital of Delaware.

Copenhagen

Capital of Denmark.

Santo Domingo

Capital of Dominican Republic.

Quito

Capital of Ecuador.

Cairo

Capital of Egypt.

Tallinn

Capital of Estonia.

Addis Ababa

Capital of Ethiopia.

Heliniski

Capital of Finland.

Tallahassee

Capital of Florida.

Paris

Capital of France.

Atlanta

Capital of Georgia.

Berlin

Capital of Germany.

Accra

Capital of Ghana.

Athens

Capital of Greece.

Port-au-Prince

Capital of Haiti.

Honolulu

Capital of Hawaii.

Budapest

Capital of Hungary.

Boise

Capital of Idaho.

Springfield

Capital of Illinois.

(New) Delhi

Capital of India.

Indianapolis

Capital of Indiana.

Jakarta

Capital of Indonesia.

Des Moines

Capital of Iowa.

Tehran

Capital of Iran.

Baghdad

Capital of Iraq.

Dublin

Capital of Ireland.

Rome

Capital of Italy.

Tokyo

Capital of Japan.

Topeka

Capital of Kansas.

Frankfort

Capital of Kentucky.

Nairobi

Capital of Kenya.

Riga

Capital of Latvia.

Tripoli

Capital of Libya.

Vilnius

Capital of Lithuania.

Baton Rouge

Capital of Lousiana.

Augusta

Capital of Maine.

Annapolis

Capital of Maryland.

Boston

Capital of Massachusetts.

Mexico City

Capital of Mexico.

Lansing

Capital of Michigan.

St(.) Paul

Capital of Minnesota.

Jackson

Capital of Mississippi.

Jefferson City

Capital of Missouri.

Ulan Bator

Capital of Mongolia.

Helena

Capital of Montana.

Lincoln

Capital of Nebraska.

Carson City

Capital of Nevada.

Concord

Capital of New Hampshire.

Trenton

Capital of New Jersey.

Santa Fe

Capital of New Mexico.

Albany

Capital of New York.

Wellington

Capital of New Zealand.

Niamey

Capital of Niger.

Raleigh

Capital of North Carolina.

Bismark

Capital of North Dakota.

Pyongyang

Capital of North Korea.

Oslo

Capital of Norway.

Colombus

Capital of Ohio.

Oklahoma City

Capital of Oklahoma.

Salem

Capital of Oregon.

Islamabad

Capital of Pakistan.

Panama City

Capital of Panama.

Harrisburg

Capital of Pennsylvania.

Lima

Capital of Peru.

Lisbon

Capital of Portugal.

San Juan

Capital of Puerto Rico.

Providence

Capital of Rhode Island.

Bucharest

Capital of Romania.

Riyadh

Capital of Saudi Arabia.

Bratislava

Capital of Slovakia.

Columbia

Capital of South Carolina.

Seoul

Capital of South Korea

Madrid

Capital of Spain.

Stockholm

Capital of Sweden.

Bern

Capital of Switzerland.

Nashville

Capital of Tennessee.

Austin

Capital of Texas.

Bangkok

Capital of Thailand.

Ankara

Capital of Turky.

Salt Lake City

Capital of Utah.

Caracas

Capital of Venezuela.

Montpelier

Capital of Vermont.

Hanoi

Capital of Vietnam.

Richmond

Capital of Virginia.

Olympia

Capital of Washington.

Charleston

Capital of West Verginia.

Madison

Capital of Wisconsin.

Cheyenne

Capital of Wyoming.

Sana'a

Capital of Yemen.

Karachi

Capital of province Sindh as well as the largest and most populous metropolitan city of Pakistan and the 2nd-largest city in the world by population.

Edmonton

Capital of the Canadian province of Alberta.

Kinshasa

Capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Amsterdam

Capital of the Netherlands.

Manila

Capital of the Philippines.

London

Capital of the United Kingdom.

Pierre

Capitdal of South Dakota.

Glorious Revolution

Catholic James II fled from England, letting William III take the throne.

Thirty Years' War

Catholic-Protestant war in Germany that drew in Spain, Sweden and France.

Reflection

Change in direction of waves as they bounce off a surface.

Battle of Kadesh

Chariot battle between Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II and the Hittites.

Battle of Tours

Charles Martel's repulse of Muslim raiders into medieval France.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Henry IV's weak son, Louis XIII of France. He worked to establish absolute rule by weakening the nobles and Huguenots and employing intendants.

(The) Indus

Chief river of Pakistan.

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

Children's Story 1865 Lewis Carroll

(The) Yellow River

China's second longest river. Carries a lot of silt.

Los Angeles

City that lies in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Located in California, US.

Willie Brandt

Cold War mayor of West Berlin who served as chancellor of West Germany (1969-74). He instituted a policy of greater cooperation with eastern communist nations.

Alexander Dubcek

Communist Party Secretary of Czechoslovakia; loosens strict rules; permits criticism of government; assures loyalty to USSR; gets kicked out

(Ludwig van) Beethoven

Composer of "9th symphony", "Moonlight Sonata", and "Für Elise"; a German composer and pianist and a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music; 1770-1827.

(Johann Sebastian) Bach

Composer of "Brandenburg Concertos"; a German composer and musician of the Baroque period; 1685-1750.

(Joseph) Haydn

Composer of "Choral Works" and "London Symphonies"; a prominent and prolific Austrian composer of the Classical period; 1732-1809.

(Wolfgang Amadeus) Mozart

Composer of "Requiem" and "The Marriage of Figaro"; born in Salzburg, Austria, he showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood; 1756-1791.

(Antonio) Vivaldi

Composer of "The Four Seasons"; an Italian Baroque composer, virtuoso violinist, teacher and cleric; 1678-1741.

(George Frideric) Handel

Composer of "The Messiah" and "Music for the Royal Fireworks"; a German-born, British Baroque composer who spent the bulk of his career in London, becoming well known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, and organ concertos; 1685-1759.

(Georges) Bizet

Composer of the opera "Carmen".

(Joseph) Haydn

Composer: Austria "Father of the Symphony" who wrote more than 109 of them. Worked for the Estertazy family. Wrote the "London Symphonies" and the "Coral Works".

(Wolfgang Amadeus) Mozart

Composer: Austria Famous symphonies: Paris, Prague, Jupiter--31, 38, and 41 Famous operas: Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute

(Gustav) Mahler

Composer: Austria Wrote lieder and song cycles (The Song of the Earth) Known for symphonies such as Resurrection, Tragic, Symphony of a Thousand Un-numbered 9th symphony for fear of the "Curse of the Ninth"

(Franz) Schubert

Composer: Austria Wrote more than 600 art songs, called lieder, famous for Symphony #8, The Unfinished, along with Symphonies 7/9 and 10, The Great and The Last

(Gustav) Holst

Composer: England The Planets, At the Boar's Head Influenced by Hinduism: Songs from the Rig Veda, Savitri

(Georges) Bizet

Composer: France The Fair Maid of Perth and The Pearl Fishers. His best known opera is Carmen.

(Ludwig van) Beethoven

Composer: Germany Fur Elise, Ode to Joy-Chorale, Fidelio, Emperor Concerto, Moonlight Sonata, 5th Symphony, 9th Symphony

(Richard) Wagner

Composer: Germany The Flying Dutchman, Tannhauser, Lohengrin (Wedding March), Siegfrid, Parcifal, the Ring Cycle

(Robert) Schumann

Composer: Germany Wrote Papillons, Spring (and Rhenish) Symphony, Carnivale

(George Frideric) Handel

Composer: Germany--> Great Britain Water Music, Music for the Royal Fireworks, The Messiah

(Franz) Lizt

Composer: Hungary Hungarian Rhpasodies, Les Preludes, Totentanz, Mephisto

(Frederic) Chopin

Composer: Poland Raindrop Prelude, Revolutionary Etude

(Peter) Tchaikovsky

Composer: Russia The 1812 Overture, Swan Lake, the Nutcracker, Eugene Onegin, Pathetique

(Aaron) Copland

Composer: USA Known for ballets--Rodeo, Appalachian Spring Also The Tender Land, Fanfare for the Common Man, El Salon Mexico, Lincoln Portrait

(George) Gershwin

Composer: USA Rhapsody in Blue, An American in Paris, Porgy and Bess

Transarctic Mountains

Comprise a mountain range in Antarctica which extend, with some interruptions, across the continent from Cape Adare in northern Victoria Land to Coats Land. These mountains divide East Antarctica and West Antarctica.

Karnak

Comprises a vast mix of decayed temples, chapels, pylons, and other buildings in Egypt.

Disraeli

Conservative Prime Minister of Britain that led the way to the Reform Act of 1867

(Anne) Bradstreet

Considered the first significant poet in North America during English colonization ; works include "The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung" and "To My Dear and Loving Husband".

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

Battle of Yorktown

Cornwallis's army trapped at Virginia port by Americans and French.

Set

Created in opposition to the forces of Ma'at, this Ancient Egyptian deity fought the demon Apopis each day, emerging victorious, symbolic of the struggle of forces that brought harmony.

John Wycliff

Criticized the Church and the corruption in its clergy in the 1300s. Challenged papal infallibility and called for the power of the clergy to be supplanted with the Bible and individual interpretation of it by all Catholics. Together with Jan Hus he set the stage for the Protestant Reformation.

(Gina) McCarthy

Current Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States.

(Loretta E.) Lynch

Current Attorney General of the United States.

(Ashton) Carter

Current Secretary of Defense of the United States.

(John) Kerry

Current Secretary of State of the United States.

(Thomas J.) Vilsack

Current Secretary of the Department of Agriculture of the United States.

(Thomas E.) Perez

Current Secretary of the Department of Labor of the United States.

(Sally) Jewell

Current Secretary of the Department of the Interior of the United States.

(Jeh) Johnson

Current Secretary of the Homeland Security of the United States.

(Samantha) Power

Current United States Ambassador to the United Nations.

(Denis) McDonough

Current White House Chief of Staff.

(Joe) Biden

Current vice president of the United States.

Balfour Declaration

Declaration issued in 1917 by the British Foreign Secretary, Sir A. Balfour, saying the British government would support a Jewish homeland.

Edict of Nantes

Decreed by French King Henry IV in 1598, it granted Huguenots limited political freedoms and the freedom of worship and brought temporary civilian peace. Very unpopular in France among Catholics. Revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, leading to a massive emigration of French Huguenots.

(The) Euphrates

Defines the western border of Mesopotamia; it also rises in the Zagros Mountains of Turkey and its shores are home to Fallujah and Babylon. It is the longer of the two rivers.

Kalahari Desert

Desert in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa. Known for its red sand and mineral deposits. Large game reserves: meerkats, gemsbok, springbok, steenbok. Inhabitants: San Bushmen with their tongue click language.

Namib Desert

Desert in Namibia and Angola. Oldest desert in the world.

Painted Desert

Desert in Northern Arizona.

(The) Great Sandy Desert

Desert of Western Australia.

Wave lenght

Determines the color of light

Through water

Does sound travel faster through water or through air?

Mount Ararat

Dormant mountain in Turky. According to the Book of Genesis, Noah's Ark came to rest there.

St. Lawrence (River)

Drains the Great Lakes and serves as a major waterway of eastern Canada.

The Merchant of Venice

Drama 1596 William Shakespeare Shylock, Portia, Antonio, Bassanio, Gratiano, Jessica, Lorenzo, Nerissa

Much Ado About Nothing

Drama 1598 William Shakespeare Benedict, Don Pedro, Don John

As You Like It

Drama 1599 William Shakespeare Rosalind, Celia

The Merry Wives of Windsor

Drama 1600 William Shakespeare Sir John Falstaff, Bardolph, Pistol, Nym

A Doll's House

Drama 1879 Henrik Ibsen

The Importance of Being Earnest

Drama 1895 Oscar Wilde

Pygmalion

Drama 1912 George Bernard Shaw Professor Henry Higgins, Eliza Doolittle, Colonel Pickering, Alfred Doolittle, Mrs. Higgins, Freddy Eynsford Hill

Our Town

Drama 1938 Thornton Wilder Stage Manager, George Gibbs, Emily Webb, Dr. Gibbs, Mrs. Gibbs, Mr. Webb, Mrs. Webb, Mrs. Soames

The Glass Menagerie

Drama 1945 Tennessee Williams Amanda Wingfield, Tom Wingfield, Jim O'Conno

rA Streetcar Named Desire

Drama 1947 Tennessee Williams Blanche DuBois, Stella Kowalski, Stanley Kowalski, Harold "Mitch" Mitchell, Eunice, Allan Grey, A Young Collector, Shep Huntleigh

Death of a Salesman

Drama 1949 Arthur Miller William "Willy" Loman, Linda Loman, Biff Loman

Waiting for Godot

Drama 1952 Samuel Beckett

The Crucible

Drama 1953 Arthur Miller

rThe Crucible

Drama 1953 Arthur Miller Reverend Samuel Parris, Tituba, Abigail Williams

Long Day's Journey Into Night

Drama 1956 Eugene O'Neill James Tyrone, Sr, Mary Cavan Tyrone, James "Jamie", J

A Raisin in the Sun

Drama 1959 Lorraine Hansberry The Youngers

Oedipus Rex

Drama 430 BCE Sophocles Jocasta, Antigone, Creon, Tiresias, Ismene

Oedipus Rex (Oedipus the King)

Drama 430 BCE Sophocles Jocasta, Antigone, Creon, Tiresias, Ismene

Antigone

Drama 441 BCE Sophocles

Czechoslovakia 1968

Dubcek's reforms worry Soviets so they crush his reforms August 21; example of Brezhnev Doctrine in action; condemned by world as extreme

United Nations

During World War II, Allied leaders decided to establish an international organization devoted to promoting peace. The United nations was formally established in 1945.

(Chuck) Yeager

During World War II, he served in the U.S. Army Air Corps, earning "ace in a day" status by shooting down five German aircraft in one mission. On October 14, 1947, he, piloting a Bell X-1 plane nicknamed Glamorous Glennis, became the first pilot to exceed the speed of sound in level flight.

(Charles) Darwin

EVOLUTION!!!! NATURAL SELECTION!!!!!!!!

Margaret Sanger and Marie Stoopes

Early crusaders for women's reproductive rights.

Mount Everest

Earth's highest mountain.

(Mount) Everest

Earth's highest mountain. It is located in the Mahalangur section of the Himalayas. Its peak is 8,848 meters (29,029 ft) above sea level. The international border between China and Nepal runs across the precise summit point. (One of the Seven Summits)

Berlin airlift

Efforts, primarily by the US, to fly in millions of tons of food and heating fuel to over 2 million isolated residents of West Berlin in 1948-49. In an attempt to force ALllied nations out of Berlin, the Soviets blockaded all access to the city, which had been partitioned between Western powers and the Soviet Union at the end of WWII. The US made deliveries until the Soviets finally lifted the blockade. This incident led to the division of Germany into the Federal Republic of Germany in the west and the German Democratic Republic in the east.

Corn Laws

Enacted in 1815, these laws protetced British agriculture by placing strict limits on the amount of foreign grain to be imported. They resulted in keeping basic food prices artificially high until their repeal in 1846.

Battle of Gettysburg

Ended Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania; inspired address by Lincoln.

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended Spanish Succession war, granted Britain trade privileges.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended War of 1812; news arrived in America too late to prevent battles.

Treaty of Versailles

Ended World War I; blamed for causing World War II by harsh treatment of Germany.

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713, recognizing France's Philip V as Kind of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies. England gained profiable lands in North America from France.

Light

Energy

(Thomas) Hardy

English Victorian poet and author of "Far From the Madding Crowd," "Tess of the Dubervilles," "Jude the Obscure," and "Return of the Native"; honored in Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey.

(Robert) Browning

English poet and playwright whose master of dramatic verse (particularly dramatic monologue) places him among the foremost Victorian poets; wrote the "Pied Piper of Hamelin" and "My Last Duchess".

(Ben) Jonson

English poet, playwright, and contemporary of Shakespeare, that received the first "Poet Laureate" award from King James; works include "The Alchemist," "Bartholomew Fair," and "Every Man in His Humour".

(Robert) Southey

English romantic poet and Lake poet who wrote "My Days Among the Dead are Passed" and "The Battle of Blenheim".

(William) Wordsworth

English romantic poet of "Tintern Abbey," "I Wandered as a Lonely Cloud," and "She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways".

Charles Darwin

English scientist who suggested the theories of the survival of the fittest and of evolution. Author of The Origin of the Species.

Metternich System

Established by the ultra-conservative Austrian chancellor. The system bearing his name sought to restore pre-Napoleonic rulers to theri thrones, restore the European balance of power, and repress liberal and democratic ideas. He was forced to resign in 1848.

Green Mountain Boys

Ethan Allen led these Vermont patriots during the American Revolution.

"ethnic cleansing"

Euphemism given to genocide committed in the 1990s in former Yugoslavia. This was a Serbian policy directed against Muslims in the region. Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic was arrested and awaits tril at The Hague.

Negev (Desert)

European desert that covers the southern half of Israel. (Israel; 4,700 sq. mi.)

Carlsbad Decrees

Extremely repressive laws adopted in 1819 in Prussia and the German Confederation. The decrees were meant to discourage liberal views and movements.

French Revolution

Fall of the Bourbon monarchy, led to series of short-lived regimes.

(Martin) Luther

Famous for his 95 Theses, he was a German friar, priest and professor of theology who was a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.

(Oliver Wendell) Holmes

Famous novelist and poet who taught at Harvard Medical School and wrote "Old Ironsides" and "The Chambered Nautilus".

Battle of Waterloo

Final defeat of Napoleon by a British, Dutch, and Prussian coalition.

(James Russell) Lowell

Fireside poet who became literature professor after longfellow at harvard; helped create the atlantic monthly (which still exists today); wrote "The First Snowfall," "What Is So Rare as a Day in June?," and "The Courtin".

Henry IV

First Bourbon king of France, ruled 1589-1610, and converted to Catholicism from Calvinism to bring peace after the French Civil War. He passed the Edict of Nantes and was also assassinated in 1610.

Boris Yeltsin

First leader of the Russian Republic. HIs pro-democracy reaction when Gorbachev's push for reform was held off by the Communist establishment was a rallying point for Russian democratic supporters.

Sputnik

First satelite launched into space by the Soviet Union

Gulags

Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in easter Russia. Dissidents were sent to the camps, where conditions were generally brutal. Millions died.

NATO

Formed in 1949, was the West's military organization designed to discourage further Soviet expansion and to counter the Warsaw Pact.

(Lake) Chad

Formerly Africa's fourth-largest lake, its surface area has been reduced by over 90% since the 1960s due to droughts and diversion of water from such sources as the Chari River. The lake is at the intersection of Chad, Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria, but most of the remaining water is in Chad and Cameroon.

Aral Sea

Formerly one of the four largest lakes in the world, this "sea" has been steadily shrinking since the 1960s after the rivers that fed it were diverted by Soviet irrigation projects. By 2007, it split into 4 tiny lakes and satellite images taken by NASA in August 2014 revealed that for the first time in modern history the eastern basin of the "sea" had completely dried up. The eastern basin is now called the Aralkum Desert.

Crimean War

Fought from 1853-56, this war pitted the Otoman Empire (backed by Britain, France, and Sardinia-Piedmont) against Russia. Russia wanted to extend into Ottoman-held territory, and Britain and France objected. Russia was defeated and all parties suffered significant casualties.

(Karl) Marx

Founder of socialism. He is typically cited, with Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science.

William Morris

Founder of the Arts and Crafts movement. This movement rejected mass production of products and sought to revitalize careful hand production of goods.

War of the Austrian Succession

France and Prussia disputed Maria Theresa's claim to the throne.

(The) Loire

France's longest river, it begins in the Cevennes range of southern France, flows north to the center of the country, then flows due west to the Bay of Biscay. Many notable cities are on the river, including Nevers, Orleans, Blois, Tours, and Nantes.

Spanish Civil War

Francisco Franco's forces overthrew the Spanish Republic.

Simone de Beauvoir

French author of The Second Sex. She argued for women's rights and was also a prominent figure in the existentialist movement. She died in 1986.

Battle of Agincourt

French knights routed by Henry V, outnumbered army of English archers.

Carmen

Georges Bizet's best known opera. (1845)

Bauhaus

German architect Walter Gropius (1883-1969) founded the Bauhaus School of Architecture. He favored clean, streamlined buildings. Other pioneers of this "International Style" were Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright.

(Richard) Wagner

German composer of "Here Comes the Bride", "The Ride of the Valkyries", "The Flying Dutchman", and "The Ring of the Nibelung"; 1813-1883.

(Johannes) Brahms

German composer of "Piano Concerto No. 1" and "A German Requiem"; 1833-1897.

(Robert) Schumann

German composer of "Pillions"; 1810-1856.

Max Weber

German philosopher and author who founded the field of sociology. He also stressed the importance of the Protestant work ethic in industrial society.

George Hegel

German philosopher and author. A believer in universal consciousness, he also held that history was a goal-driven process. A part of this was the "dialectic." He lived from 1770-1831.

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who rejected traditional rational philosophy. He claimed God was dead and that there were "supermen" who would come to govern and run socities over ordinary men. He died in 1889.

Battle of the Bulge

German winter offensive in Ardennes Forest repelled by U.S. army.

"Lebensraum"

German word meaning "living space." The Nazis claimed the German people deserved more room to expand and used this as a justification for invading meighboring nations.

Battle of Verdun

Germany's attempt to "bleed France white" for control of WWI forts.

Aida

Giuseppe Verdi's best known opera. (1871)

World War II

Global conflict that led to the downfall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.

Morning Phase

Grammy: Best Album of 2014; at the 2015 Awards; to Beck.

Sam Smith

Grammy: Best New Artist of 2014; at the 2015 Awards.

Stay With Me

Grammy: Best Record (and Song) of 2014; at the 2015 Awards; to Sam Smith.

Battle of Shiloh

Grant's army barely survived surprise attack near the Tennessee River.

Battle of Salamis

Greek triremes crushed Persian fleet at island near Athens.

Battle of Cannae

Hannibal destroyed a Roman army in this double envelopment battle.

(The) Rio Grande

Has formed the border between Texas and four Mexican states since 1848. It flows south out of Colorado through New Mexico before reaching the international boundary near El Paso.

Friedrich Engels

He and Karl Marx coauthored The Communist Manifesto (1848), after which they continued to write about the need for work toward socialist changes. Engels was born in Germany in 1820 but lived most of his life in England. He died in 1895.

Nicolas I

He became Czar of Russia in 1825 and was immediately faced with the Decembrist Revolt, which he crushed. He was a firm follower of autocracy and stressed conservative policies that forced many of Russia's liberal intellectuals to flee. He died in 1855.

Ludwig von Beethoven

He is most known for his powerful nine symphonies. He also introduced innovations in the type and number of instruments used in performances. (1770-1827)

Louis XIV, the Sun King

He ruled from 1643-1715, the longest reign in French history. He constructed Versailles, believed in divine right of kings, engaged in many wars, and established absolutism in France.

(Vladimir) Lenin

He served as head of government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death. Under his administration, the Russian Empire was dissolved and replaced by the Soviet Union, a one-party socialist state; all land, natural resources, and industry were confiscated and nationalized.

(Adolf) Hitler

He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.

Henry VIII (of England)

He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Figures such as Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Richard Rich, and Thomas Cranmer figured prominently in his administration.

(Genghis) Khan

He was the founder and emperor of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his demise.

David

He was, according to the books of Samuel, the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel, and according to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, an ancestor of Jesus.

Le Corbusier

He wrote the 1923 book Towards a New Architecture which is standard reading for any architecture course. He's famous for saying "A house is a machine for living in."

Loki

He's actually giant-kin, but lives with the Aesir and is Odin's blood-brother. The god of fire and trickery in Norse mythology.

Winston Churchill

Held numerous government offices, but is most famous for his service as Prime Minister from 1940-45 and 1951-55. His stirring speeches and refusal to surrender during the darkest days of World War II inspired the free world. He adocated strengthening ties between the United States and Britain.

Vacuole/Vesicle (Animal Cell)

Helps materials in and out of the cell (Animal Cell)

Alps

Highest and most extensive mountain range that lies entirely in Europe. Located in: Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Germany, France, and Austria.

Vinson Massif

Highest mountain in Antarctica.

Mount Kosciuszko

Highest mountain in Austrailia.

Mount Logan

Highest mountain in Canada and the second highest in North America.

Mount Elbrus

Highest mountain in Europe.

Mount Cook

Highest mountain in New Zealand.

Mount Whitney

Highest mountain in contiguous U.S.

Mount Rainier

Highest mountain of the Cascade Range and the highest in Washington.

(Mount) Aconcagua

Highest mountain outside of Asia and the highest in South America. Located in the Andes mountain range, Argentina.

Mount McKinley

Highest mountain peak in North America.

Puncak Jaya

Highest summit in Indonesia and Oceania.

Endoplasmic

Highway of the cell/transports materials throughout the cell

(Ludwig van) Beethoven

His best-known compositions include 9 symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 1 violin concerto, 32 piano sonatas, and 16 string quartets, such as "Moonlight Sonata" and "Fur Elise".

(Friedrich) Nietzsche

His key ideas include perspectivism, the will to power, master-slave morality, the death of God, the Übermensch and eternal recurrence. One of the key tenets of his philosophy is "life-affirmation", which embraces the realities of the world in which we live over the idea of a world beyond.

(Mark) Twain

His real name is "Samuel Langhorne Clemens". was an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885).

Mary Tudor

Historical Figure: "Bloody Mary" daughter of Henry VIII, half sister of Queen Elizabeth I, fought to return England to Catholicism.

Susan B. Anthony

Historical Figure: American leader of the suffrage movement to grant women the right to vote

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Historical Figure: American leader of the women's rights movement.

Winston Churchill

Historical Figure: British Prime Minister during World War II

Adam Smith

Historical Figure: British economist and author. Wrote "Wealth of Nations" which outlines the basic idea of free market (laissez-faire) capitalism.

Oliver Cromwell

Historical Figure: British general, member of Parliament and revolutionary who ruled as Lord Protector without a king during the mid 1600s

John Marshall

Historical Figure: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court set precedents that established vital powers of the federal courts.

Mao Zedong

Historical Figure: Chinese Revolutionary who established Communism in mainland China

Jesus of Nazareth

Historical Figure: Christian savior and son of God. Christianity is names for him. His life and words are the basis of the Bible's New Testament.

William I

Historical Figure: Duke of Normandy

Napolean Bonaparte

Historical Figure: Emperor who ruled France and much of Europe in the period following the French Revolution. Nearly conquered Europe but lost a key battle at Waterloo and waged an unsuccessful campaign into Russia.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Historical Figure: English explorer discovered and named Virginia.

Ponce de Leon

Historical Figure: European explorer founded Florida.

Amerigo Vespucci

Historical Figure: European explorer is America named after.

Christopher Columbus

Historical Figure: European explorer was given credit with the discovery of the Americas in 1492.

Eleanor of Aquitiane

Historical Figure: Female crusader, wife of two kings, mother of 5 monarchs, known for her "Court of Love".

Genghis Khan

Historical Figure: Fierce warrior who led Mongol tries to conquer land from the Pacific Ocean to Easter Europe.

Constantine the Great

Historical Figure: First Christian emperor; moved capital to Byzantium and it was renamed after him.

King Menes

Historical Figure: First King of united Upper and Lower Egypt, built city of Memphis.

Cyrus the Great

Historical Figure: First Persian king, defeated Babylon, freed the Jews.

Hammurabi

Historical Figure: First ruler of Babylonian empire, famous for code of law set in stone.

Henry VIII

Historical Figure: Formed Church of England or Anglican Church so he could divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn

King Charlemagne

Historical Figure: Frankish king spread Christianity by military force, first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Charles "The Hammer" Martel

Historical Figure: Frankish king, won Battle of Tours, halted Islamic spread into Western Europe.

Maximilien Robespierre

Historical Figure: French Revolutionary who ruled brutally during the early years of the French Revolution.

Napoleon Boneparte

Historical Figure: French emperor after the Revolution. Conquered most of Europe, wrote his namesake Code, defeated at Waterloo.

Hannibal

Historical Figure: From Carthage, brought elephants across the Alps to defeat Rome in battle.

Confusius

Historical Figure: From China. Taught that men can live at peace with each other through "Jen" and "Li" which means caring and proper manners.

The Buddha

Historical Figure: From India. Taught that man can reach a state of Nirvana and be at peace by eliminating desire.

Martin Luther

Historical Figure: German, challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, starting the Protestant Reformation.

Marcus Aurelius

Historical Figure: Great Roman Emperor, general, philosopher. Hated war, kept a diary.

Julius Caesar

Historical Figure: Great conqueror, first dictator of Rome, assassinated by the Roman Senate.

Suleiman the Magnificient

Historical Figure: Greatest ruler of the Ottoman Empire. Known for spread of art, architecture, literature and military might.

Richard III

Historical Figure: He was killed at the battle of bosworth field marking the end of the war of the roses

Charles I

Historical Figure: He was over throne by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war who became lord protector

Elizabeth I

Historical Figure: Henry VIII's daughter

Asoka

Historical Figure: Indian emperor, went from warrior to pacifist, spread Buddhism throughout Southeast Asia.

Mohatma Gandhi

Historical Figure: Indian leader who achieved independence for India from the British through an organized campaign of non violent resistance and civil disobedience.

Johann Gutenberg

Historical Figure: Inventor of the movable type printing press. Published the first book ever printed, a Bible named after him.

Solomon

Historical Figure: Israeli king known for his wisdom, built the great temple of Jerusalem.

Cleopatra

Historical Figure: Last of the Pharaohs. Lover of Julius Caesar, wife of Marc Antony, defender of Egypt.

Vladimir Lenin

Historical Figure: Leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917. First leader of the Soviet Union, Bolshevik, and Communist.

Carry Nation

Historical Figure: Leader of the Temperance Movement (banning alcohol)

Attila the Hun

Historical Figure: Led tribal horseman to conquer Western Asia and Eastern Europe.

Victoria

Historical Figure: Longest reigning monarch in britains history

St. Benedict

Historical Figure: Monk during Dark Ages, taught "pray and work", his monasteries preserved writings of classic times.

Saladin

Historical Figure: Muslim warrior and ruler, made peace with Richard the Lionhearted during the third crusade.

Augustus Caesar

Historical Figure: Nephew of Julius, Rome's first and greatest emperor, defeated Marc Antony at Actiurn.

Abraham of Ur

Historical Figure: Old Testament figure. The father of 3 religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam trace their traditions back to him.

Frederick Douglas

Historical Figure: Perhaps the foremost African American Abolitionist.

Karl Marx

Historical Figure: Philosopher who first articulated the economic principles of Communism

Richard the Lionhearted

Historical Figure: Popular English king who led the Third Crusade.

John Adams

Historical Figure: President Washington's Vice President and the second President of the United States.

Jefferson Davis

Historical Figure: President of the Confederacy during the US Civil War.

Thomas Jefferson

Historical Figure: President of the United States when the Louisiana territory was purchased from France.

Alfred the Great

Historical Figure: Protected England from invasion by Danish Vikings in the 800's A.D.

Queen Elizabeth I

Historical Figure: Queen for whom the Elizabethan Era is named. Supporter of Arts and exploration, leader during defeat of Spanish Armada.

Elizabeth II

Historical Figure: Representative of the ceremonial monarchy

Catherine the Great

Historical Figure: Ruled Russia's golden age. Made Russia larger, stronger, more modern; a European power.

John

Historical Figure: Signed the Magna Carta at Runnymede

Simon Bolivar

Historical Figure: South and Central American general and liberator. Liberated Venezuela, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru from Spanish rule in the 19th century

Joseph Stalin

Historical Figure: Soviet leader during World War II and the Cold War years that followed.

Hernan Cortes

Historical Figure: Spanish conquistador conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico.

Francisco Pizarro

Historical Figure: Spanish conquistador conquered the Incan empire in South America.

Joan of Arc

Historical Figure: Spoken to by God to lead the French in battle to reclaim their land from the British. Burned at the stake and later sainted.

Lorenzo deMedici

Historical Figure: Statesman in Florence Italy, known as "Father of the Renaissance" for sponsoring artists.

Robert E. Lee

Historical Figure: The most successful General of the Confederate forces during the US Civil War

James I

Historical Figure: There reign saw British expansion into North American by the founding of Virginia and Massachusetts

Queen Isabelle 1

Historical Figure: Together with King Ferdinand: united Spain under one empire, started the Spanish Inquisition, financed Columbus's voyages.

Benjamin Franklin

Historical Figure: U.S. Ambassador to France who helped secure a U.S./French alliance during the American Revolution.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Historical Figure: U.S. president elected to four terms of office. President during the New Deal, and the bulk of World War II.

Abraham Lincoln

Historical Figure: US President who governed during the US Civil War. issued the Emancipation Proclamation before being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.

Shih Huang Ti

Historical Figure: Unified China, built the Great Wall of China, left a terra-cotta army guarding his grave.

King John

Historical Figure: Unpopular English king. Signed the Magna Carta which introduced rule of law to English and later to America and spelled out the civil rights of the English people.

George Washington

Historical Figure: commanding general of the American Continental Army during the American Revolution.

Lewis and Clark

Historical Figure: explored the land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase.

Samuel de Champlain

Historical Figure: founded the first successful French colony in North America (Quebec).

John Smith

Historical Figure: founder of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia.

Alexander Hamilton

Historical Figure: leading Federalist, President Washington's Secretary of the Treasury.

Daniel Shays

Historical Figure: led a rebellion which pointed out the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Dolley Madison

Historical Figure: saved a portrait of George Washington from the White House during the War of 1812.

Sacajawea

Historical Figure: served as a guide and translator for Lewis and Clark on their exploratory journey.

James Madison

Historical Figure: the "Father of the Constitution" who was President of the United States during the War of 1812.

Pocahontus

Historical Figure: the daughter of Chief Powhatan who frequently visited Jamestown and became a favorite of the settlers there.

James Monroe

Historical Figure: the fifth President of the United States.

John Jay

Historical Figure: the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Abigail Adams

Historical Figure: the first First Lady to live in the White House in Washington D.C.

Aaron Burr

Historical Figure: tied Thomas Jefferson in the Election of 1800 and killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel four years later.

Leif Eriksson

Historical Figure: viking is considered the first European to explore North America.

Paul Revere

Historical Figure: warned American colonists that "the Red Coats are coming!"

Roger Williams

Historical Figure: was banished from Massachusetts and went on to found Rhode Island.

Francis Scott Key

Historical Figure: wrote the "The Star-Spangled Banner" during the War of 1812.

Ohio (River)

Historically seen as the border between the northern and southern United States, this river is formed in downtown Pittsburgh by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, flowing past Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Evansville, forming borders of five states before emptying into the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois.

(Wayne) Gretzky

Hockey: Born in Brantford, Ontario, "The Great One" was named Canada's athlete of the century. This hockey player holds or shares 61 NHL records, including career goals (894), assists (1,963), and points (2,857).

(Gordie) Howe

Hockey: Born in Floral, Saskatchewan, "Mr. Hockey," was equally adept with his stick as he was with his fists. A "_____ hat trick" was later joked to consist of a goal, an assist, and a fight in a game.

Cytoplasm

Holds the cell organelles

(The) Ganges

Holiest river of Hinduism.

Osiris

Husband of Isis, father of Horus, and brother of Set, this Ancient Egyptian deity served as god of the underworld, and protector of the dead.

Quadruple Alliance

In 1814 a coalition of Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria met and agreed to restore the pre-Napoleonic balance of power as well as to restructure boundries.

The Peterloo Massacre

In 1819 British troops sought to stop a peaceful meeting in Manchester. Citizens favoring more liberal government policies organized the meeting. Soldiers killed several in the unarmed crowd and hundreds were injured.

"Bloody Sunday"

In 1905, a large but peaceful group of poor Russians marched to the Winter Palace to present a petition to NIcholas II. Soldiers opened fire on the group, and many (including women and children) were killed or injured; this further reduced trust in the Czar.

Great Depression

In 1929, the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange triggered a virtually worldwide financial crisis that came to be known as the Great Depression. Extensive trade barriers between industrial nations also contributed to the problem.

(Amelia) Earhart

In 1932 she became the first woman to make a trans-Atlantic solo flight, and three years later she became the first pilot of either gender to fly solo from Hawaii to California.

General Francisco Franco

In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. Franco led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Franco ruled until his death in 1975.

Yalta Conference

In 1945, Stalin, Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt met to discuss postwar issues. Stalin was the winner, gaining a pro-Soviet government in charge of Poland, the division of Germany, and teritory concessions in Asia as well.

Potala Palace

In Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region was the chief residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India during the 1959 Tibetan uprising.

(Charles) Lindbergh

In May 1927, he made the first non-stop, solo, trans-Atlantic flight in the Spirit of St. Louis, a single-engine Ryan aircraft.

Rape of Nanking

In late 1937, Japan defeated the Chinese city of Nanking. Chinese civilians were brutalized and thousands were killed. The event shocked Western powers and contributed to sanctions against Japan.

1896

In the election of ____, Republican William McKinley swept the North and Northeast to beat Democrat William Jennings Bryan, but the campaign was the interesting part. The most prominent issue, the gold standard versus free silver coinage, led to Bryan's famous "Cross of Gold" speech.

1824

In the election of ____, the candidates were John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson, all Democratic-Republicans. After John C. Calhoun decided to seek the vice presidency and Crawford (from Georgia) had a stroke, Jackson took most of the South and won the popular vote. Jackson is the only candidate to lose a presidential race despite having the most electoral votes. The election lead to the founding of the Democratic Party.

1860

In the election of ____, the candidates were Republican Abraham Lincoln, (northern) Democrat Stephen Douglas, (southern) Democrat John C. Breckinridge, and Constitutional Unionist John G. Bell.

1912

In the election of ____, three presidents--Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson--earned electoral votes.

1800

In the election of _____, Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson narrowly beat incumbent Federalist John Adams 73-65, marking the ascent of that party's power.

1876

In the election of _____, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes faced Democrat Samuel Tilden. In Congress, an informal bargain was reached (often called the Compromise of 1877) in which Hayes won the election in exchange for Reconstruction being brought to an end.

War of 1812

Inconclusive war caused in part by impressment of U.S. sailors.

Jawaharial Nehru

India's first Prime Minister from 1947-64.

First Battle of Bull Run

Inexperienced Union forces routed at first major Civil War battle.

Persian Gulf War

International alliance ended Saddam Hussain's occupation of Kuwait.

Alfred Nobel

Inventor of dynamite. He established a fund, in 1901, called the Nobel Prize, which rewared and awknowledged people who worked for literary and scientific achievement and for peace. The prizes are still awarded today.

(The) Wailing Wall

Is located in the Old City of Jerusalem, Israel. The "Temple Mount" is the holiest site in Judaism and is the place to which Jews turn during prayer.

(The) Leaning Tower of Pisa

Is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the city of Pisa, Italy known worldwide for its unintended tilt to one side.

Six-Day War

Israel seized West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights.

Denali (Mount McKinley)

It is the highest mountain peak in North America. At some 18,000 feet, the base-to-peak rise is considered the largest of any mountain situated entirely above sea level. Measured by topographic prominence, it is the third most prominent peak after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. It is located in the Alaska Range and recently had its name changed.

(Antonio) Vivaldi

Italian composer of the "Four Seasons".

(Giuseppe) Verdi

Italian composer of the opera "Aida"; 1813-1901.

Maria Montessori

Italian physician who gained international fame for her philosophy of teaching, which allowed students to learn in a noncompetitive and relaxed atmosphere.

(The) Po

Italy's longest river at 405 miles, ___ passes through Piedmont and Lombardy before entering the Adriatic 30 miles south of Venice.

(The) Po

Italy's longest river at 405 miles, this river passes through Piedmont and Lombardy before entering the Adriatic 30 miles south of Venice.

Rub' al-Khali

Its name means "Empty Quarter" in English and this dessert can be considered the most inhospitable place on earth. It is known for the world's largest oil field, the Ghawar, and for once being part of the frankincense trade. The largest contiguous sand desert in the world. (Arabian Peninsula; 250,000 sq. mi.)

Bloody Sunday

January 22 1905. Orthodox priest led a march of workers carrying a reformative petition to the tsar's Winter Palace. but troops blocked their way and 300+ marchers including women and children died and 1000+ maybe wounded. Shattered the myth that the tsar was the Holy Father.

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Japan's infamous surprise attack on U.S. naval base in Oahu, Hawai'i.

Predestination

John Calvin's belief that at the beginning of time, God had preselected who among all people would be saved and have salvation, a group known as the "elect." This group was expected to follow the highest moral standards and be completely dedicated to God's wishes.

Battle of Lepanto

John of Austria and the Holy League smashed an Ottoman galley fleet.

Nuclear test ban treaty

July 1963 all powers except France and China agree to stop testing in atmosphere, space and underwater

Oriental Star

June 1, 2015: _______ capsizes on the Yangtze River.

Blackhawks

June 15, 2015: ______ Win Sixth Stanley Cup.

Pinckney

June 17, 2015: Rev. Clementa _____, a church's pastor and a state senator, is killed in a church shooting.

(Dylann) Roof

June 17, 2015: _____ kills 9 people at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal, Charleston, SC, shooting.

USA Freedom Act

June 2, 2015: _____ ends the NSA's bulk collection of phone records of millions of Americans. The law also reinstates three provisions of the USA Patriot Act, which expired on June 1.

King v Burwell

June 25, 2015: In _____, the Supreme Court upholds a key provision of the Affordable Care Act, allowing subsidies on federal marketplaces to continue

Obergefell v. Hodges

June 26, 2015: Supreme Court ruled that states cannot ban same-sex marriage in the case ______.

Glossip v. Gross

June 29, 2015: The Supreme Court case ____ is in favor of the use of the drug midazolam in lethal injection death penalty executions.

Michigan v(.) EPA

June 29, 2015: The Supreme Court case ____ rejects federal environmental regulations that would require power plants to limit emissions of mercury as well as other pollutants.

Canada

June 6, 2015: _____ Hosts the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.

American Pharoah

June 6, 2015: _____ Wins Triple Crown.

Constitutional Democratic Party

Kadets. Staunch liberals who demanded constitutional government and thought that Nicolas's promised reforms left the essential structures of autocracy unchanged.

Kaiser William II

Kaiser (German term for emperor who began ruling in 1888. He was determined to expand Gemrna influence and greatly increased the size of Germany's military. He led Germany into World War I and abdicated the throne in 1918.

Bay of Pigs

Kennedy allows CIA to send Cuban exiles in to take out Castro but it fails badly

Alliance for Progress

Kennedy's Marshall Plan for Latin America to establish democratic governments, land reform, economic and social planning; US pledges $20 billion contribution; money wasn't used the way it was intended

Charlemagne

King of the Franks who united most of Western Europe during the early Middle Ages and laid the foundations for modern France and Germany. He took the Frankish throne from 768 and became King of Italy from 774. From 800 he became the first Holy Roman Emperor — the first recognized emperor in Western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier.

Louis XIV

Known as the "Sun King", he was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1643 until his death. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a major country in European history.

(Thomas) Edison

LIGHT BULB!

Vacuole (Plant Cell)

Large storage vesicle used for storing water, minerals, etc. (Plant Cell)

Istanbul

Largest city in Turky,

Ho Chi Minh

Largest city in Vietnam.

Casablanca

Largest city of Morocco, located in the western part of the country on the Atlantic Ocean.

Arabian Desert

Largest desert in Asia.

Atmosphere

Layers of gases that surround the Earth

Leonid Brezhnev

Leader of the Communiost Party and in effect the leader of the USSR from 1964 until his death in 1982. Insisted the Soviet bloc nations to defer to him. He also followed a policy of building up the Soviet military.

Nikita Kruschev

Leader of the USSR from 1953-64. While famous for his "we will bury you" comment to the United States, he also opened communication with the West, particularly the United States. He also ended Stalinist purges in the USSR.

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of the Vietnamese national opposition to French, Japanese, and American forces. He was the Communist leader of North Vietnam until his death in 1969.

Emmiline Pankhurst

Leader of the WSPU (Women's Social and Political Union), which fought for women's sufferage in Britain.

Henri Petain

Led the French army at Verdun and eventually became Commander of the French Armies. He served as Prime Minister in 1940. When German forces defeated France, he took control of the Vichy area in 1942. Because of his cooperation with the Nazis, he was arrested and imprisoned until his death in 1951.

Vladamir Lenin

Lenin led the Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution in Russia in 1917. He would lead the Communists to victory in the Civil War and would rule until his death in 1924.

Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling and Exploited People

Lenin proclaimed this in January 1918. stated that the goal of the revolutionary government was the socialist organization of society and the victory of socialism in all countries.

Russian Revolution

Lenin's Bolsheviks seized power from provisional government.

Alexander Ulyanov

Lenin's brother; member of the revolutionary group "Peoples' Will;" executed due to participation in plot to assassinate Alex III.

What is to be Done?

Lenin's pamphlet that established the basic tenets of a new revolutionary party.

April Theses

Lenin's. argued that wartime chaos had allowed the bourgeois and proletarian revolutions to merge in a dramatically short period of time, and the overthrow of the aristocracy had handed power to the weak bourgeoisie holding power through the provisional government, which needed to be overthrown by the proletariat

Leon Trotsky

Lev Davidovich Bronstein. 1879-1940. led uprising in the October Revolution. Revolutionary son of a wealthy jewish farmer. Only serious fighting of the October revolution I think. The "People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs." Offered Germany an armistice in Dec. 1917 but didn't want a peace but they ended up signing a treaty

Okavango Delta

Located in Botswana, Africa, it is a very large inland delta formed where the Okavango River reaches a tectonic trough in the central part of the endorheic basin of the Kalahari. All the water reaching the Delta is ultimately evaporated and transpired, and does not flow into any sea or ocean. Each year approximately 11 cubic kilometers of water spreads over the 6,000-15,000 square km area.

Lotus Temple

Located in New Delhi, India, is a Bahá'í House of Worship completed in 1986. Notable for its flowerlike shape, it serves as the Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent and has become a prominent attraction in the city.

Alcatraz (Island)

Located in the San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) offshore from San Francisco, California, United States. Often referred to as "The Rock", the small island was developed with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military prison (1868), and a federal prison from 1933 until 1963.

Fish River Canyon

Located in the south of Namibia. It is the largest canyon in Africa, as well as the second most visited tourist attraction in Namibia.

(Mount) Fuji

Located on Honshu Island, it is the highest mountain in Japan. It is an active stratovolcano that last erupted in 1707-08. Can be seen from Tokyo.

Andes

Longest continental mountain range in the world. Extends through Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Home to Mount Aconcagua.

(The) Mackenzi River

Longest river in Canada.

Battle of Trafalgar

Lord Nelson destroyed Napoleon's navy off the coast of Spain.

Jules Mazarin

Louis XIV powerful chief minister and rumored to be his biological father

Justification of Faith Alone

Luther's ideas revolved around this central tenet that people were led to salvation only through inner faith in God, rather than by participating in worldly rituals and good deeds.

Priesthood of All Believers

Luther's revolutionary idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret theBible, that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals. This challenged the Church's position that priests had an exclusive ability to do so.

Cell Membrane

Maintains homeostasis by controlling what goes in and out

Sino-Soviet Split

Mao disagrees with Khrushchev's cooperation with US; struggling for dominance among communists

95 Theses

Martin Luther's list of complaints and reforms. He accused Johann Tetzel of wrongdoing in his selling of indulgences and asking people to pay for false promises of exoneration of their sins. Luther's protests spread throughout Europe, igniting the Reformation.

Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party

Marxists founded this at Minsk in 1898. confident that one day in way future proletariat would be sufficiently numerous/class-conscious to seize power. After a democratic revolution had successfully overthrown the Russian aristocracy.

Otto von Bismarck

Master of Realpolitick, was chancellor of Prussia from 1861-71. He was devoted to the Hohenzollerns (Prussian ruling family) and the unification of Germany, which occured in 1871. he continued to serve as Chancellor until he was fired in 1890 by William II.

(Kurt) Godel

Mathematician: best known for his two incompleteness theorems proving that every formal system that was powerful enough to express ordinary arithmetic must necessarily contain statements that were true, but which could not be proved within the system itself.

Tsarnaev

May 15, 2015: Boston Marathon Bombing Jury Sentences ______ to Death.

Ireland

May 22, 2015: _____ Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage, the first country to do so by open vote.

Helsinki Accords - Helsinki Final Set

Meeting of the United States and most European nations in Helsinki to increase effots for mutual cooperation. Lasted from 1972-75. One important outcome was the agreement that existing political boundaries would not be altered by military force.

Battle of Puebla

Mexican victory over French intervention forces on "Cinco De Mayo"

Particles

Microscopic atoms that make up everything

Glasnost

Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of "openness" in Soviet government. While it was meant to gain the support and trust of Russian citizens, it actuall undermined the Soviet's reputation and stability.

Charles (I)

Monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

Johann Tetzel

Monk who was commissioned by Pope Leo X to raise money for the Church and was sent throughout northern Germany to sell indulgences (official ablutions for the purchaser's sins). This outraged Martin Luther and other critics of the Church and played a role in the start of the Reformation.

Waxing

Moon phases that appear to be getting bigger and are lighted on the right

Waning

Moon phases that appear to be getting smaller and are lighted on the left

Mary Shelley

Most famous for her novel, Frankenstein. Its message was that man should not try and imitate God or challenge nature.

(The) Danube

Most of this river is in Eastern Europe, but it begins in Germany's Black Forest (or Schwarzwald) near Freiburg, crossing Bavaria before it enters Austria. Formerly known as the Ister, it was often used to define a northern border for the Roman Empire.

Li Po

Most popular and prolific poet during the Tang dynasty; wrote thousands of poems expressing emotional and sentimental themes

Himalayas

Mountain Range: These span five countries: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Tibet), and Pakistan, with the first three countries having sovereignty over most of the range.

(The) Himilayas

Mountain Range: span India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Tibet), and Pakistan. Home to Mount Everest and 8 other of the top 10 highest mountains in the world.

Mount Fitz Roy

Mountain located on the Argentina-Chile border.

Apennine Mountains

Mountain range extending along the length of peninsular Italy.

Caucasus Mountains

Mountain range in Eurasia between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea.

Cascade Range

Mountain range located in western North America. Home to Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens.

Great Dividing Range (Eastern Highlands)

Mountain range of Australia.

Atlas Mountains

Mountain range that extends across northwestern Africa through Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia.

Appalachian Mountains

Mountain range: located in eastern North America.

Rocky Mountains

Mountain range: located in western North America. Stretches the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico.

Sierra Nevada

Mountain range: located in western U.S. between the Central Valley of California and the Basin and Range Province.

Urals

Mountain range: natural boundary between Europe and Asia.

Karakoram

Mountain range: spans the borders of Pakistan, India, and China. Home to K2.

Hindu Kush

Mountain range: stretches between central Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Altai Mountains

Mountains that bound the Gobi Desert, in Asia, to the north.

Jansenism

Movement within the seventeenth-century Catholic Church. It opposed the Jesuits and advocated that humans could only achieve salvation through divine grace, not through good works.

Sepoy Rebellion

Mutiny by Indian soldiers angered by the British East India Company.

Crimean War

Napleon III's only victory in foreign policy

Battle of Sedan

Napoleon III was captured in this Franco-Prussian battle

Austro-Prussian War

Napoleon III's failure to intervene in this war saw Prussia emerge as most powerful state on the Continent

Battle of Austerlitz

Napoleon's triumph over Russia and Austria in "Battle of Three Emperors"

Yellowstone (National Park)

National park in Wyoming. Old Faithful Geyser.

Yosemite (National Park)

National park of California. Reaches across the Sierra Nevada mountain chain.

San Bushmen

Natives of the Kalahari Desert (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa) that have a tounge-click language.

Einsatzgruppen

Nazi paramilitary groups (also called EGs) that operated in Eastern Europe. The goal was the murder of Jews, Communists, and others who opposed Germany. Millions were murdered.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles found in the electron cloud

Neutrons

Neutral (no charge) particles in the atom's nucleus

Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo

Nicholas Trist negotiated this treaty that ceded California to the U.S.

Prince Michael

Nicolas's brother who he left the throne to. Petrograd convinced him to refuse to succeed.

(Stephen) Hawking

Non-Fiction Author: "A Brief History of Time"

(Margaret) Mead

Non-Fiction Author: "Coming of Age in Samoa"

(Thomas) Paine

Non-Fiction Author: "Common Sense"

(William Jennings) Bryan

Non-Fiction Author: "Cross of Gold speech"

(Benedict de) Spinoza

Non-Fiction Author: "Ethics"

(Maya) Angelou

Non-Fiction Author: "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings"

(Emile-Edouard-Charles-Antoine) Zola

Non-Fiction Author: "J'accuse"

(Thomas) Hobbes

Non-Fiction Author: "Leviathan"

(William) James

Non-Fiction Author: "Pragmatism"

(Rachel) Carson

Non-Fiction Author: "Silent Spring"

(Jonathan) Edwards

Non-Fiction Author: "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

(John Mayard) Keynes

Non-Fiction Author: "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money"

(Niccolo) Machiavelli

Non-Fiction Author: "The Prince"

(Max) Weber

Non-Fiction Author: "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"

(Jean-Jacques) Rousseau

Non-Fiction Author: "The Social Contract"

(John Stuart) Mill

Non-Fiction Author: "Utilitarianism"

(Henry David) Thoreau

Non-Fiction Author: "Walden"

Missouri (River)

North America's longest river, at 2,341 miles. The Missouri is formed in western Montana by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin Rivers. It flows past Bismarck, North Dakota and Kansas City before emptying into the Mississippi just north of St. Louis. Lewis and Clark used the Missouri as a route for exploration of the Louisiana Purchase.

Mojave Desert

North American desert that contains Death Valley.

(The) Colorado River

North American river that crosses the Hoover Dam, forming lake Mead, and the Grand Canyon.

(The) Mississippi River

Northern American river that begins in Lake Itasca, Minnesota.

Don Quixote

Novel 1605 Miguel de Cervantes Sancho Panza, Rocinante, Dapple, Dulcinea del Toboso, Cide Hamete Benengeli, The Duke and Duchess, Sampson Carrasco

(The) Pilgrim's Progress

Novel 1678 John Bunyan

Pilgrim's Progress

Novel 1678 John Bunyan

Robinson Crusoe

Novel 1719 Daniel Defoe

rCandide

Novel 1759 Voltaire Candid, Pangloss, Martin, Cunegonde, Cacambo, The Old Woman, The Commander/The Baron, Jacques

Candide

Novel 1759 Voltaire Pangloss, Martin, Cunegonde, Cacambo, The Old Woman, The Commander/The Baron, Jacques

Sense and Sensibility

Novel 1811 Jane Austen Elinor and Marianne Dashwood

Pride and Prejudice

Novel 1813 Jane Austen Elizabeth Bennet, Fitzwilliam Darcy, Jane Bennet, Charles Bingley, Mr. Bennet, Mrs. Bennet, George Wickham, Mr. Collins

Ivanhoe

Novel 1820 Sir Walter Scott Cedric the Saxon, Rebecca, Lady Rowena

The Red and the Black

Novel 1830 Stendhal

Oliver Twist

Novel 1838 Charles Dickens Fagin, Nancy, Rose Maylie, Mr. Brownlow, Bill Sikes

The Three Musketeers

Novel 1844 Alexandre Dumas d'Artagnan, Athos, Porthos, Aramis

The Count of Monte Cristo

Novel 1845 Alexandre Dumas Edmond Dantès, Abbé Faria, Giovanni Bertuccio

Jane Eyre

Novel 1847 Charlotte Brontë Edward Rochester, St. John Rivers, Mrs. Reed, Bessie Lee, Mr. Lloyd, Georgiana Reed, Eliza Reed

Wuthering Heights

Novel 1847 Emily Brontë

Vanity Fair

Novel 1848 William Makepeace Thackeray

David Copperfield

Novel 1850 Charles Dickens Clara Peggotty, Betsey Trotwood

The Scarlet Letter

Novel 1850 Nathaniel Hawthorne Hester Prynne, Pearl, Roger Chillingworth, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, Governor Bellingham, Mistress Hibbins, Reverend Mr. John Wilson, The Narrato

Moby(-)Dick

Novel 1851 Herman Melville Ishmael, Ahab, Moby Dick, Starbuck, Stubb, Flask, Queequeg, Tashtego

The House of the Seven Gables

Novel 1851 Nathaniel Hawthorne Hepzibah Pyncheon, Holgrave, Phoebe Pyncheon

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Novel 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe

A Tale of Two Cities

Novel 1859 Charles Dickens Sydney Carton, Lucie Manette, Charles Darnay

Great Expectations

Novel 1861 Charles Dickens Pip

rGreat Expectations

Novel 1861 Charles Dickens Pip

Les Miserables

Novel 1862 Victor Hugo Jean Valjean, Cosette, Javert, Fantine, Marius Pontmercy, M. Myriel, M. Thénardier, Mme. Thénardie

War and Peace

Novel 1865 Leo Tolstoy Anna Scherer, Pierre Bezukhov, Andrew Bolkonski, Lise Bolkonskaya, Prince Bolkonski, Mary Bolkonskaya, Mademoiselle Bourienne, Julie Karagina

Crime and Punishment

Novel 1866 Fyodor Dostoyevsky Rodya/Rodka, Sonya/Sonechka, Dunya/Dunechka, Arkady, Dmitri, Katerina, Porfiry, Semyon

Little Women

Novel 1868 Louisa May Alcott

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

Novel 1876 Mark Twain Aunt Polly, Huckleberry Finn, Becky Thatcher, Joe Harper, Sid, Mary, Injun Joe

Anna Karenina

Novel 1877 Leo Tolstoy Alexei Karenin, Alexei Vronsky, Konstantin Levin, Kitty, Stiva, Dolly, Seryozha

rAnna Karenina

Novel 1877 Leo Tolstoy Anna Karenina, Alexei Karenin, Alexei Vronsky, Konstantin Levin, Kitty, Stiva, Dolly, Seryozha

The Brothers Karamozov

Novel 1880 Fyodor Dostoyevsky (His last novel)

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Novel 1884 Mark Twain Tom Sawyer, Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, Jim, Pap, The Duke and Dauphin, Judge Thatcher, The Grangerfords

rThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Novel 1884 Mark Twain Tom Sawyer, Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, Jim, Pap, The Duke and Dauphin, Judge Thatcher, The Grangerfords

Billy Budd: Foretopman

Novel 1891 Herman Melville Billy Budd, Captain the Honorable Edward Fairfax Vere, John Claggart, The Dansker, Ship's Surgeon, Ship's Purser, Ship's Chaplain, Squeak

The Red Badge of Courage

Novel 1895 Stephen Crane Henry Fleming, Jim Conklin, Wilson, The Tattered Soldier, The Lieutenant, Henry's Mothe

The Call of the Wild

Novel 1903 Jack London

The Jungle

Novel 1906 Upton Sinclai

My Antonia

Novel 1918 Willa Cather Jim Burden, Josiah and Emmaline Burden

Ulysses

Novel 1922 James Joyce Leopold Bloom, Marion (Molly) Bloom, Stephen Dedalus, Malachi (Buck) Mulligan, Haines, Hugh ("Blazes") Boylan, Millicent (Milly) Bloom, Simon Dedalus

The Magic Mountain

Novel 1924 Thomas Mann

The Great Gatsby

Novel 1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald Nick Carraway, Jay Gatsby, Daisy Buchanan, Tom Buchanan, Jordan Baker, Myrtle Wilson, George Wilson, Owl Eyes

The Sun Also Rises

Novel 1926 Ernest Hemingway Lady Brett Ashley, Jake Barnes, Pedro Romero

A Farewell to Arms

Novel 1929 Ernest Hemingway Henry and Catherine Barkley

The Sound and the Fury

Novel 1929 William Faulkner Compson Family

Brave New World

Novel 1932 Aldous Huxley

The Grapes of Wrath

Novel 1939 John Steinbeck Tom Joad

For Whom the Bell Tolls

Novel 1940 Ernest Hemingway Robert Jordan

Animal Farm

Novel 1945 George Orwell Old Major, Napoleon, Snowball, Mr. Jones, Boxer, Muriel

The Stranger

Novel 1946 Albert Camus Meursault, Raymond Sintès, Marie Cardona, the Arab

All the King's Men

Novel 1946 Robert Penn Warren

rAll the King's Men

Novel 1946 Robert Penn Warren

1984

Novel 1948 George Orwell Winston Smith, Julia, O'Brien, Big Brother, Mr. Charrington, Syme, Parsons, Emmanuel Goldstein

The Catcher in the Rye

Novel 1951 J.D. Salinger Holden Caulfield

Invisible Man

Novel 1952 Ralph Ellison

Lolita

Novel 1955 Vladimir Nabokov

Things Fall Apart

Novel 1958 Chinua Achebe

To Kill a Mockingbird

Novel 1960 Harper Lee Atticus Finch

Catch-22

Novel 1961 Joseph Heller Captain John Yossarian

One Hundred Years of Solitude

Novel 1967 Gabriel García Márquez

Slaughterhouse Five

Novel 1969 Kurt Vonnegut

In Search of Lost Time

Novel Marcel Proust The narrator recalls his childhood, aided by the famous madeleine; and describes M. Swann's passion for Odette.

Heart of Darkness

Novella 1902 Joseph Conrad

CN Tower

Observation tower in Ontario. Built in 1976.

Neap Tide

Occurs when there is a first and third quarter moon (lowest tide)

Spring Tide

Occurs when there is a new and full moon (highest tide)

Battle of Actium

Octavian's naval victory over combined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra.

Intendants

Officials of the French absolute rulers who were dispensed as regional representatives into French provinces to consolidate the Crown's control.

(The) Potomac River

One of America's most historic waterways. Rising at Fairfax Stone in West Virginia, it runs 405 miles, forming the border between Virginia and Maryland.

Potomac (River)

One of America's most historic waterways. Rising at Fairfax Stone in West Virginia, this river runs 405 miles, forming the border between Virginia and Maryland. Washington, D.C. was sited on the river at its confluence with the Anacostia River.

William Gladstone

One of Britain's great liberal leaders, he favored expanding political rights for British men. He served several times during the mid to late 1800s.

(The) Rhone

One of Europe's few major rivers to flow directly into the Mediterranean (via the Gulf of Lion), this river originates in the Swiss Alps and flows into Lake Geneva. It emerges at Geneva and flows south, passes through Lyon, Avignon, and Arles, and enters the sea just west of Marseille.

Charles Dickens

One of the Birtiain's greatest novelists. His wroks often sought to show the suffering of the poor in industrial Britain. his works include Oliver Twist and David Copperfield.

(Lake) Huron

One of the Great Lakes: It is shared on the east by the Canadian province of Ontario and on the west by the state of Michigan in the United States. Named by the French for the namesake people inhabiting the region.

(Lake) Ontario

One of the Great Lakes: It is surrounded on the north, west, and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south and east by the American state of New York, whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake.

(Lake) Superior

One of the Great Lakes: The largest of the Great Lakes. The lake is shared by the province of Ontario to the north in Canada, the states of Minnesota to the west, Wisconsin and Michigan to the south in the United States. It is generally considered the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area.

(Lake) Michigan

One of the Great Lakes: The only one located entirely within the United States. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, being slightly smaller than the state of West Virginia.

(Lake) Erie

One of the Great Lakes: the fourth largest lake (by surface area) of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the thirteenth largest globally if measured in terms of surface area. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. Named after a tribe of Native Americans.

Pablo Picasso

One of the artistic giants of the twentieth century. Helped found the Cubist and Abstract movements. During his life, 1881-1973, he worked in various media and is noted for scores of important works. His painting Guernica is one of the most powerful anti-war expressions of the modern era.

(Sir Christopher) Wren

One of the best known architects of English history, he built 55 churches in London after the great fire in 1666. His most famous piece is St. Paul's Cathedral. He was a founder of the Royal Society and also dabbled in scientific work.

Kadesh

One of the earliest battles in recorded history, the Battle of ____ (1274 BC) was fought near the Orontes River in modern-day Syria between Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II and the Hittite king Muwatalli II. Although Ramses proclaimed a great victory for himself, he was lucky to achieve a stalemate after being ambushed by Hittite chariots. It was probably the largest chariot battle in history, with over 5,000 chariots engaged.

Leon Trotsky

One of the leaders of the Russian Communist revolution (1917). A close supporter of Lenin, Trotsky was largely responsible for creating the Red Army. After Lenin's death in 1924, he and Stalin sought control of the party; Stalin won. He was deported in 1929 and murdered in 1940 by an agent of Stalin.

Arc de Triomphe

One of the most famous monuments in Paris, France. It stands in the center of the Place Charles de Gaulle, at the western end of the Champs-Élysées.

Enrico Fermi

One of the several important physicists of the twentieth century whose work led to the splitting of the atom. He also was instrumental in the Manhattan Project (development of the atomic bomb).

Eddie Redmayne

Oscar: Best Actor of 2014; at 2015 Awards; for The Theory of Everything.

Julianne Moore

Oscar: Best Actress of 2014; at 2015 Awards; for Still Alice.

Birdman (or: The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)

Oscar: Best Picture of 2014; at 2015 Awards.

(Grant) Wood

Painter of American Gothic.

(James) Whistler

Painter of Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artist's Mother.

(Andrew) Wyeth

Painter of Christina's World.

(Hieronymus) Bosch

Painter of Garden of Earthly Delights.

(Pablo) Picasso

Painter of Guernica.

(Diego) Velazquez

Painter of Las Meninas.

(Eugene) Delacroix

Painter of Liberty Leading the People.

(Edouard) Manet

Painter of Luncheon on the Grass.

Leonardo (Da Vinci)

Painter of Mona Lisa and Last Supper.

(Edward) Hopper

Painter of Nighthawks.

(Marcel) Duchamp

Painter of Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2.

Raphael (Sanzio)

Painter of School of Athens.

(Jan) van Eck

Painter of The Arnolfini Wedding.

(Sandro) Botticelli

Painter of The Birth of Venus.

(Jacques-Louis) David

Painter of The Death of Marat.

(Gustav) Klimt

Painter of The Kiss.

(Salvador) Dali

Painter of The Persistence of Memory.

Rembrandt (van Rijn)

Painter of The Shooting Company of Captain Franz Banning Cocq (Nightwatch).

(Francisco) de Goya

Painter of The Third of May, 1808.

Titian

Painter of Venus of Urbino.

Guernica

Painting: A mural-sized oil painting on canvas by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso completed in June 1937. The painting, which uses a palette of gray, black, and white, is regarded by many art critics as one of the most moving and powerful anti-war paintings in history. The large mural shows the suffering of people wrenched by violence and chaos. Prominent in the composition are a gored horse, a bull, and flames.

Death of Marat

Painting: A painting by Jacques-Louis David of a murdered French revolutionary leader. It is one of the most famous images of the Revolution. David was the leading French painter, as well as a Montagnard and a member of the revolutionary Committee of General Security. This painting shows the radical journalist lying dead in his bath on 13 July 1793 after his murder by Charlotte Corday.

The Second of May(,) 1808

Painting: A painting completed in 1814 by the Spanish painter Francisco Goya, now in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. In the work, Goya sought to commemorate Spanish resistance to Napoleon's armies during the occupation of 1808 in the Peninsular War.

The Birth of Venus

Painting: A unique mythological painting from the Renaissance in Florence, and the first non-religious nude since classical antiquity, this painting (Nascita di Venere) belongs to the group of mythological pictures painted by Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) in the 1480s, following his return from Rome after completing three fresco paintings in the Sistine Chapel for Pope Sixtus IV.

(The) Starry Night

Painting: An oil on canvas by the Dutch post-impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh. Painted in June 1889, it depicts the view from the east-facing window of his asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, just before sunrise, with the addition of an idealized village.

The Kiss

Painting: By the Austrian Symbolist painter Gustav Klimt between 1907 and 1908, the highpoint of his "Golden Period", when he painted a number of works in a similar gilded style. A perfect square, the canvas depicts a couple embracing, their bodies entwined in elaborate robes decorated in a style influenced by both linear constructs of the contemporary Art Nouveau style and the organic forms of the earlier Arts and Crafts movement.

Nighthawks

Painting: It was inspired by "a restaurant on New York's Greenwich Avenue where two streets meet," but the image—with its carefully constructed composition and lack of narrative—has a timeless, universal quality that transcends its particular locale. One of the best-known images of twentieth-century art, the painting depicts an all-night diner in which three customers, all lost in their own thoughts, have congregated. Hopper's understanding of the expressive possibilities of light playing on simplified shapes gives the painting its beauty.

The Arnolfini Wedding (Arnolfini Portrait)

Painting: One of the great panel paintings of the Netherlandish Renaissance, filled with fascinating detail and complex symbolism, this is a formal picture of a wealthy couple holding hands in the bedchamber of their Flemish home. It was painted in 1434 by Jan van Eyck (c.1390-1441), who - together with Robert Campin (1380-1444) and Roger van der Weyden (1400-64) - was a key pioneer of Flemish oil painting.

School of Athens

Painting: One of the most famous frescoes by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael. It was painted between 1509 and 1511 as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate the rooms now known as the Stanze di Raffaello, in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. The picture has long been seen as "Raphael's masterpiece and the perfect embodiment of the classical spirit of the Renaissance".

Persistence of Memory

Painting: Salvador Dalí frequently described his paintings as "hand painted dream photographs." He based this seaside landscape on the cliffs in his home region of Catalonia, Spain. The ants and melting clocks are recognizable images that Dalí placed in an unfamiliar context or rendered in an unfamiliar way. The large central creature comprised of a deformed nose and eye was drawn from Dalí's imagination, although it has frequently been interpreted as a self-portrait. Its long eyelashes seem insect-like; what may or may not be a tongue oozes from its nose like a fat snail from its shell.

(The) Last Supper

Painting: The work is presumed to have been commenced around 1495 and was commissioned as part of a plan of renovations to the church and its convent buildings by Leonardo's patron Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. The painting represents the scene of Jesus with his disciples, as it is told in the Gospel of John, 13:21. Leonardo has depicted the consternation that occurred among the Twelve Disciples when Jesus announced that one of them would betray him.

Mona Lisa

Painting: Valued in excess of $1 billion, this painting, perhaps the greatest treasure of Renaissance art, is one of many masterpieces of High Renaissance painting housed in the Louvre. The painting is known to Italians as La Gioconda, the French call her La Joconde. The work is arguably the finest ever example of portrait art, and one of the greatest Renaissance paintings of the 15th and 16th centuries, as well as Leonardo Da Vinci's greatest masterpiece.

(The) Night Watch

Painting: a 1642 painting by Rembrandt van Rijn. It is in the collection of the Amsterdam Museum but is prominently displayed in the Rijksmuseum as the best known painting in its collection. It is one of the most famous Dutch Golden Age paintings and is window 16 in the Canon of Amsterdam.

Great Sandy Desert

Part of the Western Desert, and the ninth largest in the world. (Western Australia; 140,000 sq. mi.)

Act of Supremacy

Passed by the English Parliament in 1534, it completed England's break with the papacy by declaring Henry VIII the head of the Church of England, or Anglican church. It also allowed the monarchy to confiscate church property.

Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov, using dogs, helped explain conditioning. He was a leader in the field of behavorism and psychology.

(The) Louvre

Perhaps the world's most famous museum, the Musée du ____ is located on the right bank of the Seine River in the heart of Paris.

African Influenced Period

Period in Picasso's work: His drawings were inspired by African artifacts. A good example of this period is 'Les Demoiselles d'Avignon,' in which two of the nude figures appear with African mask-like faces,1907-1909.

Rose Period

Period in Picasso's work: His paintings became cheerful with the use of orange and pink colors. There were many harlequins and circus performers featured. One famous example is "Boy with a Pipe"; 1905-1907.

Blue Period

Period in Picasso's work: Some famous examples include "La Vie", and "The Old Guitarist". The subjects of these paintings were usually prostitutes and beggars. The suicide of Picasso's friend Carlos Casagemas led to this period of depressed paintings; Casagemas appeared in several paintings including "La Vie"; 1901-1904.

Detente

Period of increased cooperation between the US and the USSR. This was undertaken by Pres. Nixon and his Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, in the 1970s. It was a factor in the end of the Cold War and of the USSR.

Sponge(s)

Phyla: All water-dwellers (98% marine, 2% freshwater), and are sometimes classified separately from other animals because of their asymmetric bodies and lack of distinct tissues. They are sessile (immobile) except in early dispersing stages, and collect food particles via the sweeping motions of flagellated cells called choanocytes

Flatworm(s)

Phyla: Are the most primitive phylum to develop from a triploblastic (three-layered) embryo. They have bilateral body symmetry, and are acoelomate (lacking a true body cavity), so that the space between the digestive tract and the body wall is filled with tissue. As the name implies, they are generally flat-bodied.

Cnidarian(s)

Phyla: Develop from a diploblastic (two-layered) embryo, and have two separate tissue layers and radial body symmetry. Many cnidarians have two life stages, the mobile, usually bell-like medusa and the sessile polyp. Examples include the hydras, sea anemones, corals, jellyfishes, and Portuguese man-o-war.

Roundworm(s)

Phyla: Unsegmented worms that live in a variety of habitats. They are pseudocoelomate; the three tissue layers are concentric, but the body cavity is not lined with tissue derived from the middle embryonic layer.

Italy

Piedmont united this state

Gymnosperm(s)

Plant type: _____ means "naked seed," referring to the fact that their gametophytes develop on the surface of leaves or on the scales of cones.

Angiosperm(s)

Plant type: _____ means "receptacle seed." Their gametophytes develop enclosed within flowers.

A Streetcar Named Desire

Play: Tennessee Williams / 1947; Characters: Blanche DuBois, Stella Kowalski, Stanley Kowalski, Harold "Mitch" Mitchell, Eunice, Allan Grey, A Young Collector, Shep Huntleigh; (Exploring the good, bad and the ugly of relationships, a Streetcar named Desire is based on the story of two sisters and their journey of life. While one of them Stella is struggling to make peace with her rather over dominating and brutal husband; the other sister Blanche has lost her grip over reality after she discovered her husband was having a homosexual affair outside their marriage.)

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof

Play: Tennessee Williams / 1955; Characters: Margaret, Brick, Big Daddy, Big Mama, Gooper, Mae; (Set in the "plantation home in the Mississippi Delta" of Big Daddy Pollitt, a wealthy cotton tycoon, the play examines the relationships among members of Big Daddy's family, primarily between his son Brick and Maggie the "Cat", Brick's wife.)

Inferno

Poem 1310-1314 Dante (The first of the trilogy)

Inferno (The Divine Comedy)

Poem 1314 Dante Dante, Virgil, Beatrice, Charon, Paolo and Francesca da Rimini, Lucifer, Minos, Pope Boniface VIII

The Divine Comedy (Inferno)

Poem 1314 Dante Dante, Virgil, Beatrice, Charon, Paolo and Francesca da Rimini, Lucifer, Minos, Pope Boniface VIII

Decameron

Poem 1353 Giovanni Boccacccio

The Canterbury Tales

Poem 1387 Geoffrey Chaucer The Narrator, The Knight, The Wife of Bath, The Pardone

Paradise Lost

Poem 1667 John Milton Satan, Adam, Eve, God the Father, God the Son, Gabriel, Raphael, Beelzebub, Belial

The R(h)ime of the Ancient Mariner

Poem 1797 Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Faust

Poem 1808 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Eugene Onegin

Poem 1833 Aleksandr Pushkin

The Raven

Poem 1845 Edgar Allan Poe

The Charge of the Light Brigade

Poem 1854 Alfred Lord Tennyson

Aeneid

Poem 19 BCE Virgil

The Waste Land

Poem 1922 T.S. Eliot

Beowulf

Poem 8th Century unknown

(The) Iliad

Poem 8th Century BCE Homer Achilles, Agamemnon (Atrides), Patroclus, Odysseys, Hector, Priam, Paris (Alexander), Helen

Odyssey

Poem 8th Century BCE Homer Odysseus

(e.e.) cummings

Poet: "I Like Your Body when it is with Your", "I Will Wade Out", "Humanity I Love You", "If"

(Walt) Whitman

Poet: "Oh Captain, My Captain!", "I Hear America Singing", "A Glimpse", "Song of Myself"; Also: Leaves of Grass

(Lord) Byron

Poet: "She Walks in Beauty", "Don Juan", "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage"

(Robert) Frost

Poet: "The Road Not Taken", "Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening", "After Apple Picking", "Fire and Ice", "Reluctance"

(Pablo) Neruda

Poet: "Tonight I Can Write (The Saddest Lines)", "If You Forget Me", "Love", "Here I Love You", "I do not Love You Except Because I Love You"

(Stephen) Crane

Poet: "War is Kind", "Think as I Think", "Once there Came a Man"; Also: The Red Badge of Courage

(Rabindranath) Tagore

Poet: "Where the Mind is Without Fear", "Clouds and Waves", "Endless Time"

(Emily) Dickinson

Poet: 'Hope is the thing with feathers", "I never saw a moor", "Tell all the truth but tell it slant", "Success is counted sweetest"

(Frederic) Chopin

Polish composer of "Funeral March"; 1810-1849.

Solidarity

Polish labor union formed in 1980 after major protests against the Communist labor system in place at the time. In 1981 it was shut down by the Polish Communist leadership, but regained strength in 1989 and openly opposed the Soviet-backed party.

Green Party

Political party that began during the later part of the twentieth century. exists in a number of western mations and represents many citizens wanting a political party that reflects environmental concerns.

auto da fe

Portuguese for "demonstration" or "act of faith"; a ritual of public confession and humiliation for heretics and those suspected of heresy in Spain and Portugal during the Inquisition. Imposed and overseen by the Catholic Church, the first one took place in Sevill, Spain, in 1481, and the practice continued into the 19th century.

Protons

Positively charged particles in the atom's nucleus

Christian Democrats

Powerful center to center-right political parties that evolved in the late 1940s in Europe from former Catholic parties of the pre-WWII period. Christian parties gained increasing support in the postwar era, winning elections in par because of their participation in wartime resistance. A vital component of postwar politics, these groups shifted from their decades-old emphasis on advocating church interests to welcoming non-Catholics among their ranks and focusing on democracy, anti-communism, and social reform.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Simony

Practice of teh Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages wherein Church leaders sold high Church positions. This practice was used to gain power for sons who would not inherit family wealth and land because of birth order.

Star Wars

President Reagan's proposed weapons system to destroy Soviet missiles from space.

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's 1947 promise that the US would defend peoples from subversion or outside pressure

Count Camillo di Cavour

Prime Minister to Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont. Although he considered himself liberal, he was willing to use deception to promote national goals.

Church of England

Protestant church - and the official church of England - created by Henry VII (r. 1509-47) in 1534 to supplant the Roman Catholic church. Although initially opposed to Protestantism - even executing some of its leaders - Henry changed his mind when the pope refused to approve his divirce in 1527. In response he appointed two Protestants to high posts: Thomas Cromwell as chancellor and Thomas Cranmer as archbishop of Canterbury. Henry instructed Parliament to outlaw the Catholic church and declare him "the only supreme head of the Church of England."

Seven Years' War

Prussia's Frederick the Great held off French, Austrians, and Russians.

(John Greenleaf) Whittier

Quaker, abolitionist, and fireside poet who wrote "Snowbound," "Barbara Frietchie," "The Fisherman".

Strategic Defense Initiative

Reagan's Star Wars defense system to shoot down missiles while they're in space

Taiping Rebellion

Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty led by supposed brother of Jesus.

Excommunication

Refusal of the Catholic Church to administer the sacraments to a person.

sacraments

Religious rituals performed by Christians that are believed to be essential for salvation. Questions about the validity of these rituals - how they should be performed and who should be qualified to perform them - represented frequent sources of religious conflict.

Joseph Stalin

Stalin became dictator of Russia after Lenin's death in 1924. He led the USSR through WWII and into the Cold War. He died in 1953 and is remembered for his brutal purges in his nation.

Five Year Plans

Stalin's attempt to rapidly modernize Russia's industrial capacity began in 1928, with the collectivization of farms as a part of the process. Russia's heavy industrial capacity did increase, but the collectivization caused massive unrest and violence. The second Five Year Plan began in 1933.

Battle of Chancelorsville

Stonewall Jackson killed during Lee's victory over Joseph Hooker.

Hundred Years' War

Struggle between England and France for control of French throne.

War of the Roses

Struggle between Houses of Lancaster and York for English throne.

Punic Wars

Struggle between Rome and Carthage for control of Mediterranean.

English Civil War

Struggle between king and Long Parliament that cost Charles I his head.

Great Northern War

Struggle for Baltic dominance ended with Russia's win over Sweden.

Cold War

Struggle for influence between rival superpowers U.S. and U.S.S.R.

Council of Trent

Summoned by Pope Paul III to try and define Catholic doctrine and thwart Protestant attacks on Catholic beliefs. These meetings did not reform the doctrines but did end several currupt practices criticized by Reformers within the Church and reasserted traditional Catholic doctrine.

Cell Wall

Support and protect

John Calvin

Swiss leader of Protestantism and advocate of predestination who creatd theocracies in Swiss cantons. His ideas led to a large following in France, known collectively as Huguenots.

Carl Jung

Swiss psychiatrist who ws noted for his work dealing with archetypes. He also believed in the theory of collective unconscious (this refers to a dimension of human subconscious that all members of a particular social group share).

Angkor Wat

Temple complex in Cambodia.

(Abraham) Lincoln

The 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

(Ulysses) Grant

The 18th President of the United States (1869-77). As Commanding General, he worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.

Odin

The All-Father, he is the leader of the Aesir, the principal group of Norse gods.

Horus

The Ancient Egyptian god of the sky and light and the son of Isis and Osiris.

Britain

The Battle of ____ (July 1940-October 1940) saw the British Royal Air Force (RAF) defeat the German air force, known as the Luftwaffe, effectively saving Britain from a proposed German amphibious invasion codenamed Operation Sea Lion.

Alexander II

The Czar liberator who issued a proclamation "freeing" the serfs. However, he was assassinated in 1881.

European Community

The E.C., formed in 1970, was an outgrowth of the Common Market nations. European nations allied economically in order to compete against larger nations, such as the United States and Canada. Original members included Italy, England, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Finland, Ireland, and Sweden.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

The Shi'ite leader who lef the Iranian 1979 revolution, overthrowing the pro-Western government of the Shah. Iran would become radically anti-Western under his leadership.

(Francis Scott) Key

The Star-Spangled Banner was created by _______.

Ghent

The Treaty of _____ (1814) ended the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain.

Versailles

The Treaty of _____ (1919) officially ended World War I and was signed at its namesake French palace after the Paris Peace Conference.

(Alexander) Hamilton

The United States' first treasurer.

Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact was essentially the response of the USSR to the creation of NATO. The pact began in 1955, with european communist nations pledging mutual military support to one another. It ended with the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

Han

The ___ dynasty (206 BC - AD 220) is considered a golden age of Chinese civilization. Its founder, Liu Bang (later Emperor Gaozu), was born a peasant.

Shang

The ____ dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) is the first Chinese dynasty attested from written records.

Wright

The _____ Brothers operated a bicycle repair shop in Dayton, Ohio, before creating the first successful, powered, heavier-than-air, manned airplane.

Light energy

The ability of light to cause change such as heating an object.

Compression

The act of reducing the volume for a fluid

Volume

The amount of space something takes up

Mecca

The birthplace of Muhammad and the site of Muhammad's first revelation of the Quran, it is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam. Home to the Kaaba; Located in Saudi Arabia.

Rabat

The capital and fourth largest city of Morocco.

Kampala

The capital and largest city in Uganda.

Gaborone

The capital and largest city of Botswana.

Munich

The capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps.

Brazzaville

The capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo and is located on the Congo River.

Harare

The capital and most populous city of Zimbabwe.

Mumbai

The capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, most populous metropolitan area in India, and the eighth most populous agglomeration in the world.

Barcelona

The capital city of the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain and Spain's second most populated city, with a population of 1.6 million within its administrative limits.

Abuja

The capital of Nigeria.

Naples

The capital of the Italian region Campania and the third-largest municipality in Italy, after Rome and Milan.

Guadalajara

The capital of the Mexican state of Jalisco and the second most populous city in Mexico.

Jesus (of Nazareth)

The central figure of Christianity, whom the teachings of most Christian denominations hold to be the Son of God.

(The) Irrawaddy

The chief river of Myanmar (also known as Burma). It flows 1,350 miles past Yangon and Mandalay to the Gulf of Martaban, an arm of the Bay of Bengal.

Indus (River)

The chief river of Pakistan as well as being the ultimate source of the name of India.

(The) Mekong

The chief river of Southeast Asia. It originates in eastern Tibet, forms much of the Laos-Thailand border, flows south through Cambodia, and enters the South China Sea in southern Vietnam just south of Ho Chi Minh City.

Medina

The city contains al-Masjid an-Nabawi ("the Prophet's mosque"), which is the burial place of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the second-holiest site in Islam. Located in Saudi Arabia.

(Xi) Jinping

The current General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

(Pope) Francis

The current Pope.

(Angela) Merkel

The current chancellor of Germany.

(John) Roberts

The current chief justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.

Salman (bin Abdulaziz Al Saud)

The current king of Saudi Arabia.

(Dilma) Rousseff

The current president of Brazil.

(François) Hollande

The current president of France.

(Enrique Peña) Nieto

The current president of Mexico.

(Jacob) Zuma

The current president of South Africa.

(Donald) Tusk

The current president of the European Union.

(Barrack) Obama

The current president of the United States.

(Stephen) Harper

The current prime minister of Canada.

(Matteo) Renzi

The current prime minister of Italy.

(Shinzō) Abe

The current prime minister of Japan.

(Vladimir) Putin

The current prime minister of Russia.

(Tony) Abbott

The current prime minister of the Australia.

(David) Cameron

The current prime minister of the United Kingdom.

Negev Desert

The desert that covers the southern half of Israel.

"The Irish Question"

The dispute initiated by Protestant Britain's takeover of Catholic Ireland in the 1700s and Britain's continued control of Northern Ireland has caused tension and violence between the two for centuries.

Atacama Desert

The driest (hottest) desert in the world and Chile.

(The) Tigris

The eastern of the two rivers that define the historic region of Mesopotamia (meaning, "The Land Between Two Rivers") that was home to the ancient civilizations of Sumer and Akkad.

Abidjan

The economic capital of Ivory Coast and is the most populated West African French-speaking city.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion

Battle of Zama

The final defeat of Hannibal in Africa by Romans under Scipio.

William the Conqueror

The first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. The descendant of Viking raiders, he had been Duke of Normandy since 1035.

Constantine (the Great)

The first Roman emperor to claim conversion to Christianity.

(Benjamin) Franklin

The first United States Postmaster General.

(Roald) Amundsen

The first man to reach Antarctica (in 1911).

(George) Washington

The first president of the United States.

Augustus

The founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.

(Mount) Kosciuszko

The highest mountain in Australia. (One of the Seven Summits, depending on definition)

(Mount) Logan

The highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest peak in North America. The mountain was named after a Canadian geologist and founder of the Geological Survey of Canada.

Ras Dashen

The highest mountain in Ethiopia

Mount Olympus

The highest mountain in Greece and the second highest mountain in the Balkans.

(Mount) Olympus

The highest mountain in Greece and the second highest mountain in the Balkans. It is located in its namesake Range on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia.

Mount Kenya

The highest mountain in Kenya and the second-highest in Africa, after Kilimanjaro.

(Mount) Kenya

The highest mountain in Kenya and the second-highest in Africa, after Kilimanjaro. The highest peaks of the mountain are Batian , Nelion and Point Lenana.

(Mount) Cook

The highest mountain in New Zealand.

(Mount) Rainier

The highest mountain of the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest and the highest mountain in the state of Washington.

Aconcagua

The highest mountain outside of Asia and by extension the highest point in the Southern Hemisphere. It is located in the Andes mountain range, in the Mendoza Province, Argentina, and lies 112 kilometers (70 mi) northwest of its capital, the city of Mendoza. (One of the Seven Summits)

(Mount) Roraima

The highest of the Pakaraima chain of tepui plateaus in South America. The mountain also serves as the triple border point of Venezuela (claiming 85% of its territory), Brazil (5%) and Guyana (10%).

(Mount) Whitney

The highest summit in the contiguous United States, the Sierra Nevada, and California.

Puncak Jaya

The highest summit of Mount Carstensz in the Sudirman Range of the western central highlands of Papua Province, Indonesia. The highest mountain in Oceania. (One of the Seven Summits, depending on definition)

Pikes Peak

The highest summit of the southern Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. Located in Colorado.

(The) Ganges

The holiest river of Hinduism. It rises in the Himalayas and flows a comparatively short 1,560 miles to the world's largest delta on the Bay of Bengal.

Qing

The invading Manchus established the ____ dynasty (1644-1911), the last dynasty to rule imperial China.

Shanghai

The largest Chinese city by population and the largest city proper by population in the world.

Mogadishu

The largest and capital city of Somalia.

Johannesburg

The largest city in South Africa. It is the provincial capital of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa.

Philadelphia

The largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and its only consolidated city-county, the fifth-most-populous city in the United States, and the core of the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the country.

Christchurch

The largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the country's third-most populous urban area.

Houston

The largest city in the Southern United States and Texas.

Sea of Galilee

The largest freshwater lake in Israel. It is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second-lowest lake overall (after the Dead Sea). The lake is fed partly by underground springs although its main source is the Jordan River which flows through it from north to south.

(Lake) Volta

The largest man-made lake, by area, in the world, this lake was created by the construction of Ghana's Akosombo Dam across its namesake River in the 1960s.

Vinson Massif

The largest mountain in Antarctica. (One of the Seven Summits)

Ghawar (Field)

The largest oil field in the world. Located in the Rub' al-Khali.

(Lake) Mead

The largest reservoir in the United States, measured by water capacity. It is on the Colorado River about 24 mi from the Las Vegas Strip southeast of the city of Las Vegas, Nevada, and is formed by the Hoover Dam.

Amazon (River)

The largest river by discharge of water in the world, averaging a discharge of about 209,000 cubic meters per second (7,381,000 cu ft/s), (209,000,000 liters or 55,211,960 gallons/sec) greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined.

Nicholas II

The last czar of Russia, he abdicated in 1917 and was murdered in 1918 along with his family. Though generally regarded as a decent man, he was an extremely weak and ineffective leader.

canon law

The law of the Roman Catholic church. Originally a loose collection of papal decrees and edicts from church councils about the rules and practice of the faith, canon laws became a means through which the papacy asserted its authority over the church and medieval society.

Troposphere

The layer of the atmosphere we live in, where weather occurs

(Muammar al-) Gaddafi

The leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011. His "Free Officers Movement," modeled after the Egyptian organization of the same name, overthrew King Idris I in 1969.

(Joseph) Stalin

The leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Under Stalin's rule, the concept of "Socialism in One Country" became a central tenet of Soviet society. He replaced the New Economic Policy introduced by Lenin in the early 1920s with a highly centralized command economy.

Amazon River

The longest river by discharge of water in the world and South America.

(The) Yangtze

The longest river in China and Asia and the third longest in the world. It rises in the Kunlun Mountains, flows across the Tibetan Plateau, passes the cities of Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing, and Shanghai, and empties into the South China Sea.

Mackenzie (River)

The longest river of Canada. Flowing 1,080 miles out of the Great Slave Lake, the river flows past Fort Providence and Fort Simpson in Canada's Northwest Territories, emptying into a vast delta on the Beaufort Sea.

Death Valley

The lowest and driest point of North America, located in the Mojave Desert.

The Tyger

The main character ________ represents the devil or a dark evil force that contrasts the lamb; a poem by William Blake

(The) Amazon (Rain Forest)

The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana.

Density

The mass of material in a given space

Lagos

The most populous city in Nigeria and Africa.

Chicago

The most populous city in both the U.S. state of Illinois and the Midwestern United States.

Dubai

The most populous city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

New York (City)

The most populous city in the United States.

Convection

The motion of fluids caused by temperature

(Mount) Fitz Roy

The mountain located near El Chaltén village, in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field in Patagonia, on the border between Argentina and Chile.

Big Ben

The nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London, England and often extended to refer to the clock and the clock tower.

Chernobyl

The nuclear powerplant in the Ukraine that suffered two large explosions which released massive ammounts of radioactuve materials. It is the worst nuclear accident in history and thousands were and continue to be impacted by the disaster.

Great Pyramid of Giza

The oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.

Versailles

The opulent French palace built by Louis XIV just outside of Paris. Versailles reperesented the ostentation and absolute power of his monarchy. Louis required all his important nobles to live there so he could control them.

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Existentialism

The philosophical belief that the universe is unknowable. Numerous philosophers adopted this thesis, but they each reacted to it in different ways. Those involved in the movement include Soren Kierkegaard (considered the founder) and Jean-Paul Sartre.

Truman Doctrine

The policy, begun in 1947, that the United States would not challenge existing Communist nations' right to exist, butwould actively and militarily oppose any further expansion of communism. This policy of containment was followed for decades.

(Mohandas) Gandhi

The preeminent leader of Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

Idi Amin (Dada)

The president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. His rule was characterized by human rights abuses, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. The number of people killed as a result of his regime is estimated by international observers and human rights groups to range from 100,000 to 500,000.

(Gautama) Buddha

The primary figure in Buddhism and accounts of his life, discourses, and monastic rules are believed by Buddhists to have been summarized after his death and memorized by his followers. Various collections of teachings attributed to him were passed down by oral tradition and first committed to writing about 400 years later.

(The) Thames

The principal river of England and flows through central London.

(The) Tagus

The principal river of the Iberian Peninsula. Rising in east-central Spain, it flows west for roughly 645 miles to the Atlantic, passing through Lisbon, Portugal on the way.

The Balkans

The region north of the Greek peninsula, home to various and frequently violent ethnic groups. WWI began here (Sarajevo) and it was the region of intense ethnic violence in the 1990s. Tension among Slavic people and between Christians and Muslims also have led to war.

(Lake) Powell

The reservoir on the Colorado River straddling the border between Utah and Arizona (most of it, along with Rainbow Bridge, is in Utah). It is a major vacation spot that around 2 million people visit every year and is the second largest reservoir in the U.S. It was created by the flooding of Glen Canyon by the Glen Canyon Dam.

(The) Euphrates

The river that defines the western border of Mesopotamia; it also rises in the Zagros Mountains of Turkey and its shores are home to Fallujah and Babylon. It is the longer of the two rivers.

(The) Seine

The river that flows through Paris.

(The) Thames

The river that flows through central London.

Botany

The scientific study of plant life is known as what?

(The) Hague

The seat of government in the Netherlands, and the capital city of the province of South Holland.

(John) Adams

The second U.S. president.

K2

The second highest mountain in the world, after Mount Everest. It is located on the border between Pakistan and China. It is the highest point of the Karakoram Range and the highest point in Pakistan. It has a fatality rate of about 1:4 to climbers.

Alexandria

The second largest city and a major economic center in Egypt, extending about 32 km (20 mi) along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country. It is also the largest city lying directly on the Mediterranean coast.

Saint Petersburg

The second largest city in Russia, politically incorporated as a federal subject (a federal city). It is located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea.

Geneva

The second most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland.

Mississippi (River)

The second-longest river in North America behind the Missouri. Referred to by Abraham Lincoln as "the father of waters," this river begins at Lake Itasca, Minnesota, and flows 2,340 miles to a vast delta on the Gulf of Mexico, forming portions of ten state borders and the world's third-largest drainage basin.

Milan

The second-most populous city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy.

Sydney

The state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. P. Sherman 42 Wallaby Way...

Alabama

The state known as "Heart of Dixie" and the "Yellowhammer State".

Hawaii

The state known as the "Aloha State".

Wisconsin

The state known as the "Badger State".

Massachusetts

The state known as the "Bay State.

Oregon

The state known as the "Beaver State".

Utah

The state known as the "Beehive State".

Kentucky

The state known as the "Bluegrass State".

Ohio

The state known as the "Buckeye State".

Colorado

The state known as the "Centennial State".

Connecticut

The state known as the "Constitution State" and the "Nutmeg State".

Nebraska

The state known as the "Cornhusker State".

New York

The state known as the "Empire State".

Wyoming

The state known as the "Equality State".

Washington

The state known as the "Evergreen State".

Delaware

The state known as the "First State" and the "Blue Hen State".

New Jersey

The state known as the "Garden State".

Idaho

The state known as the "Gem State".

California

The state known as the "Golden State".

Arizona

The state known as the "Grand Canyon State" and the "Copper State".

New Hampshire

The state known as the "Granite State"

Michigan

The state known as the "Great Lakes State" and the "Wolverine State".

Vermont

The state known as the "Green Mountain State".

Iowa

The state known as the "Hawkeye State".

Indiana

The state known as the "Hoosier State".

Pennsylvania

The state known as the "Keystone State".

New Mexico

The state known as the "Land of Enchantment".

Alaska

The state known as the "Last Frontier".

Texas

The state known as the "Lone Star State".

Mississippi

The state known as the "Magnolia State".

South Dakota

The state known as the "Mount Rushmore State".

West Virginia

The state known as the "Mountain State".

Arkansas

The state known as the "Natural State".

Minnesota

The state known as the "North Star State" and the "Land of 10,000 Lakes".

Rhode Island

The state known as the "Ocean State".

Virginia

The state known as the "Old Dominion State".

Maryland

The state known as the "Old Line State".

South Carolina

The state known as the "Palmetto State".

North Dakota

The state known as the "Peace Garden State" and the "Flickertail State".

Georgia

The state known as the "Peach State".

Louisiana

The state known as the "Pelican State".

Maine

The state known as the "Pine Tree State".

Illinois

The state known as the "Prairie State".

Missouri

The state known as the "Show-Me State".

Nevada

The state known as the "Silver State".

Oklahoma

The state known as the "Sooner State".

Kansas

The state known as the "Sunflower State".

Florida

The state known as the "Sunshine State".

North Carolina

The state known as the "Tar Heel State".

Montana

The state known as the "Treasure State".

Tennessee

The state known as the "Volunteer State".

Holocaust

The term means "burnt offering" and refers to the Nazi efforts (1933-45) to exterminate the Jews in Europe. Of the 11 million European Jews, 6 million were murdered.

Giza

The third largest city in Egypt. It is located on the west bank of the Nile, some 20 km (12.43 mi) southwest of central Cairo.

(Thomas) Jefferson

The third president of the United States and the principal author of its Declaration of Independence.

Atmospheric Pressure

The weight of the air pushing on the Earth's surface

Frigg(a)

The wife of Odin, and mother by him of Balder, Hoder, Hermod, and Tyr in Norse mythology.

(Isaac) Newton

The work of _____ (1643-1727) in pure math includes generalizing the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents and doing the first rigorous manipulation with power series.

Great Barrier Reef

The world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometers (1,400 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometers (133,000 sq mi).

Sahara (Desert)

The world's second largest desert, but its largest hot desert. Its most asked-about inhabitants are the Berbers and Tuaregs. The Atlas Mountains bound its western side on the north and the Sahel, a savannah-like strip, bounds it on the south. (Northern Africa; 3.5 million sq. mi.)

(The) Sahara Desert

The world's second largest desert. Atlas Mountains to the north. Sahel to the south. Inhabitants: Berbers and Tuaregs. In northern Africa.

Lake Victoria

The world's second largest freshwater lake by area. Lies along the equator and is shared between Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania.

(Lake) Victoria

The world's second-largest freshwater lake by area, this lake lies along the Equator and is shared between Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania.

Bolsheviks

They were the radical Russian Communists, led by Lenin, who established Communist rule in Russia. They were nicknamed the "Reds."

Equilibrium

Things being equal between two systems

Ra

This Ancient Egyptian deity personification of the midday sun, he was also venerated as Atum (setting sun) and Khepri (rising sun), which were later combined with him.

Isis

This Ancient Egyptian deity, daughter of Geb and Nut, protected love, motherhood, and fate in the Egyptian mythos. She is often equated with the Greek Demeter.

Enest Haeckel

This German philosopher, a believer of Darwinism, founded Monism, which postulates that humans are simply a part of nature. The Riddle of the Universe was published to wide acclaim.

A Midsummer's Night Dream

This Shakespearean comedy portrays the adventures of four young Athenian lovers; a group of amateur actors; their interactions with the Duke and Duchess of Athens, Theseus and Hippolyta; and with the fairies who inhabit a moonlit forest.

The Taming of the Shrew

This comedy, Shakespeare's first play, begins with a framing device in which a drunkard is deceived into thinking he is a nobleman who then watches the "play" itself, which depicts a nobleman, Petruchio, who marries an outspoken, intelligent and bad-tempered shrew named Katherine.

Mojave (Desert)

This desert is bounded by the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountain ranges along the San Andreas and Garlock Faults. It lies between the Great Basin and the Sonoran Desert and it contains the lowest and driest point of North America, Death Valley. It is most strongly associated with the Joshua tree. (U.S.; 25,000 sq. mi.)

Atacama (Desert)

This desert's chief claim to fame is the rain shadow of the Andes which makes it the driest (hottest) desert in the world. (Chile; 70,000 sq. mi.)

Painted Desert

This desert, which is shared by Grand Canyon and Petrified Forest National Parks, is known for its colorful, banded rock formations.

Hudson (River)

This has been a historically significant American river since the early 17th century. Named for an English explorer, it flows 315 miles through eastern New York state. After receiving the Mohawk River, it flows past New York's capital of Albany and West Point before forming the boundary between Manhattan and New Jersey.

Colorado (River)

This is the most significant river of the southwestern United States. Beginning in Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado, it runs southwest for 1,450 miles to the Gulf of California in northwestern Mexico. It formed numerous canyons along much of its length, most notably the Grand Canyon in Arizona. It also has significant dams such as Hoover Dam near Las Vegas (forming Lake Mead) and Glen Canyon Dam in Arizona (forming Lake Powell).

Utopian Socialism

This movement, a reaction to the incredible poverty to the industrial era, postulated that workers would live together in a clean, safe environment and work cooperatively. Frenchman Charles Fourier (1768-1837) was the author of this ideal.

"Iron Curtain"

This phrase, coined by Winston Churchill, in a 1946 speech, reffered to the dangers of the increasing Soviet control and domination of Eastern Europe.

(The) Rhine

This river begins in the Swiss Alps, passes through Lake Constance, flows west along the German-Swiss border, then turns north to form part of the German-French border. The river then flows north and joins with the Meuse and Scheldt to enter the North Sea at a delta in the Netherlands.

Okavango (River)

This river flows for about 1,000 miles from central Angola, through Namibia's Caprivi Strip, and into the Kalahari Desert of Botswana. There, rather than flowing into the sea, it terminates in a massive inland swamp known as its namesake Delta, an area that, especially during the wet season, teems with wildlife in an otherwise inhospitable region.

Rio Grande

This river forms the border between Texas and four Mexican states since 1848. It flows south out of Colorado through New Mexico before reaching the international boundary near El Paso.

Jordan (River)

This river rises in Syria from springs near Mount Hermon. It flows south to Lake Merom, through the Sea of Galilee, and into the Dead Sea, which lies 1,300 feet below sea level. The river forms its namesake nation's boundary with the West Bank and northern Israel. In the New Testament, the river was the site of the baptism of John the Baptist.

Limpopo (River)

This river rising as the Crocodile River in South Africa's Witwatersrand region, it forms the Transvaal's border with Botswana and Zimbabwe, then crosses through Mozambique.

(The) Brahmaputra

This river runs 1,800 miles from its source in the Tibetan Himalayas; it starts eastward across the plateau, then turns south into the Indian state of Assam, and then enters Bangladesh where it merges with the Ganges to form the world's largest delta.

War of the Pacific

This war for the control of the Atacama Desert left Bolivia landlocked.

(The) Seine

Though only the second-longest river in France (behind the Loire), this river is of key importance, as it flows through Paris.

Cape Town (legislative), Pretoria (executive), Bloemfontein (judicial)

Three capitals of South Africa.

Peloponnesian War

Thucydides wrote about this war in which Sparta defeated Athens.

SALT I

Treaty signed in 1972 between the U.S. and the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation and led to the SALT II discussions and a slowdown of the arms race between the two countries.

World War I

Trench warfare between European alliances, produced the "Lost Generation."

Russo-Japanese War

Tsar Nicholas II's empire weakened by loss to a rising Asian power.

Totalitarianism

Type of goverment in which the state is in almost complete control of its citizens' lives. Individual rights are virtually nonexistent; the welfare of the state is all-important. Stalin and Hitler are considered totalitarian rulers.

Louisiana Purchase

U.S. acquired vast territory west of the Mississippi River from France.

(Woodrow) Wilson

U.S. president during World War I and founder of the U.N.

Spanish-American War

U.S. seized Spanish colonies such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Non-Proliferation Treaty

UN General Assembly treaty that nuclear weapons will not be spread or developed, only nuclear energy could be improved

Reagan Doctrine

US would support freedom fighters trying to overthrow Communist regimes; applied in Nicaragua, Angola, Cambodia and Afghanistan

containment

US would work in military and non-military ways to prevent communism from spreading around the world

Franco-Prussian War

Unified Germany emerged from Bismarck's destruction of French Empire.

American Civil War

Union forces defeated Confederate secession attempt, led to abolition of slavery.

Battle of Antietam

Union victory in Maryland led to Emancipation Proclamation.

First Crusade

Urban II called for this campaign to seize Jerusalem from Islamic rule.

Nile (River)

Usually cited as the longest river in the world, the it flows about 4,132 miles in a generally south-to-north direction from its headwaters in Burundi to Egypt's Mediterranean Sea coast, where it forms a prototypical delta.

Vietnam War

Vietnam unified after U.S. defeat in Southeast Asian guerrilla war.

Rough Riders

Volunteer cavalry organized by T. Roosevelt for Spanish-American War.

Redshirts

Volunteers who followed Garibaldi during Italy's Risorgimento.

War of Spanish Succession

War fought by European powers after the death of the last Hapsburg ruler of Sapin in 1700, which left the throne to Louis XIV's grandson. Ended with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.

Mexican-American War

War of "Manifest Destiny", gained Southwestern territory for U.S.

Carter Doctrine

Warning that any attempt by outside forces to gain control of the Persian Gulf would be met with military force from the US; created because Soviets were in Afghanistan and too close to Persian Gulf oil

George III

Was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death.

James (IV and I)

Was King of Scotland as ___ VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as ____ I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.

(Sigmund) Freud

Was an Austrian neurologist, now known as the father of psychoanalysis.

Lord Byron

Was an important British Romantic poet. His works include "She walks in Beauty" and the unfinished "Don Juan." Many consider him to embody the spirit of Romanticism. He died from an illness contracted while in Greece, where he was supporting their independence movement.

(Saint) Peter

Was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, leaders of the early Christian Church. The Roman Catholic Church considers him to be the first Pope, ordained by Jesus in the "Rock of My Church" dialogue in Matthew 16:18.

Counter-Reformation

Was started in the 1530s by the Church and was aimed at reforming internal Church practices to combat the success of the Protestant Reformation.

(The) Forbidden City

Was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty—the years 1420 to 1912. It is located in the center of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum.

Realism

Was the artistic and literary school emphasizing the dignity of common people, doing common things.

Angel Falls

Water Falls located in Venezuela.

Zambezi (River)

Weaving across southern Africa, the this river rises in eastern Angola, passes through Zambia, flows along the borders of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe, crosses through Mozambique, and enters the Indian Ocean's Mozambique Channel near Chinde.

Periods/they have the same number of valance electrons

What are the horizontal rows on the periodic table called? Why are they arranged this way?

Groups / Families and have similar properties

What are the vertical columns on the periodic table called? Why are they arranged this way?

The Mariana Trench

What is the deepest point of all the world's oceans?

Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared Waves, Visible Light, Ultraviolet Waves, X-rays, Gamma Rays

What is the electromagnetic spectrum in order?

Venus

What is the hottest planet in our solar system?

Mutualism

What is the relationship called when both organisms benefit?

Commensalism

What is the relationship called when one organism benefits and the other is unaffected?

Parasitism

What is the relationship called when one organism is harmed and the other benefits?

Law of Conservation of Energy

What law states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed only changed from one form to another?

Law of Conservation of Matter (Mass)

What law states that regardless of how substances within a closed system are changed, the total mass remains the same?

32 (degrees Fahrenheit)

What temperature does water freeze at in Fahrenheit?

Newton's First Law

Which of Newton's three laws states that an object in motion will remain in motion in a constant straight line unless it is acted upon by an external force. (An object at rest will stay at rest)?

Newton's Second Law

Which of Newton's three laws states that an outside force acting on an object is equated to the mass of the object times its acceleration (F=MA)?

Newton's Third Law

Which of Newton's three laws states that for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force?

General Anton Denikin

White general who headed the 150,000 strong largest White army that was defeated by the Red Army during the summer of 1919 in Ukraine.

Sir Isaac Newton

Who theorized that gravitational force keeps the planets orbiting the sun

Copernicus

Who was the first to say that the sun was the center of our solar system?

Battle of Hastings

William the Conqueror killed Harold Godwinson, took over Anglo-Saxon England.

(Mount) Kilimanjaro

With its three volcanic cones, Kibo, Mawenzi and Shira, it is a dormant volcanic mountain in Tanzania. It is the highest mountain in Africa and the highest free-standing mountain (not part of a mountain range) in the world at 5,895 metres (19,341 ft) above sea level. (One of the Seven Summits)

Battle of the Plains of Abraham

Wolfe and Montcalm were killed in this British victory at Quebec City.

Index of Forbidden Books

Written by Pope Paul IV as part of the Counter-Reformation. It forbade Catholics from reading books considered "harmful" to faith and morals. This indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas.

(Virginia) Woolf

Wrote "Mrs. Dalloway" (1925) and "To the Lighthouse" (1927). She is a notable feminist because of her essay "A Room of One's Own" (1929), in which she argued that a woman must have money and space in order to write and express herself.

(Edgar Allan) Poe

Wrote The Raven, Annabel Lee, and A Dream Within a Dream.

(William) Shakespeare

Wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language.

Boxer Rebellion

Xenophobic Chinese revolt that included siege of Peking embassies.

Thermopylae

____ (480 BC) was the first battle of the second Persian invasion of Greece. Although the Persians under Xerxes I and his general Mardonius defeated the Spartans, King Leonidas and his Spartan troops put up a heroic defense of the pass at ____ (the "hot gates"). THIS IS SPAAAARTA!!!!

Sino-Japanese

____ War (1937-1945): Japan's invasion of China was the primary cause of World War II in East Asia.

Marshall Plan

a massive American aid program announced in 1947 to help European nations recover from World War II

Alexander III

a repressive Czar who worked with Russian nobles to bring stability

stem cycle

a unique type of body cell that can divide and review themselves for long periods of time

chromosome

a....... is one long continuous thread of DNA that consists of the numerous genes along with regulatory information

Warsaw Pact

alliance formed in 1949 by Soviet Union and nations of Eastern Europe

Nestor Makno

anarchist who led a huge peasant army that controlled parts of Ukraine after the Germans had fallen back.

Whites

anti-Bolshevik forces in the Russian Civil War. Shared a common hatred of the Bolsheviks. Played upon anti-Semitism by denouncing Trotsky and other Jewish Bolsheviks. Popular opinion was rallied against them when the Allies intervened on their "side" and they were more Brutal than their counterparts

Nevsky Prospect

around where the upper-and-middle class residential districts and the palatial buildings of imperial government lay in Petrograd. Long street. Shows segregation.

Alexander II

assassinated by the People's Will, essentially ending any hope of autocratic reform in Russia

Willaim I

became Kaiser of the German Empire in 1871

Sergey Witte

became prime minister for Nicolas II. Eager to make Russia a modern industrial power if the tsar granted minimal reforms. Got Nicolas to rescind redemption payments, allow religious toleration in Poland, allow Poles/Lithuanians to use their own languages, turn political trials back to regular courts, and abolish some restrictions on Jews. Eventually dismissed...

All-Russian Congress of Soviets

began at the end of March 1917. brings together representatives of other soviets that had sprung up after revolution. Transforms Petrograd Soviet into a national body, est. a central executive committee dominated by members of the Petrograd Soviet. Increased popular pressure for radicalization of Revolution.

Russian Civil War

began in 1918 when Kornilov and other generals raised armies to fight the Bolsheviks. Whites vs. Reds. Reds won.

Alexander Herzen

called for "Land and Freedom" in Russia in hopes of an autocratic implosion leaving peasants to live in independent villages

Petrograd

city with a lot of social polarization.

Bismarck

conservative realist who used war and diplomacy to unite Germany

Russian Socialist Soviet Republic

created by the third All-Russian Congress of Soviets. A federation of soviet republics in which Russia's interests still remained paramount.

Second French Empire

created from a Romantic Nationalism created in a plebiscite in 1852

START

dealt with long-range missiles; Bush and Gorgachev; reduction in long-range nuclear missiles

Octobrists

dominated the 1907 (third) Duma. Believed that the tsar's promises in his manifesto of October 1905 represented sufficient reform and wanted to stop at that.

Treaty of Westphalia

ended 30 Years' War

Revolution of 1905

ended in failure but there was a little reform although really it was still tsarist. Heightened divisions among exiled Russian socialists.

General Alexsandr Kolchak

established a dictatorship in Siberia, claiming to be the new government of Russia. Backed by Britain and France.

Red Guard

factory workers' militias

Black Hundreds

fanatical Russian nationalists, perhaps instigated by Orthodox priests, who unleashed a wave of violence against Jews. Led by small traders and agricultural laborers who feared that economic change would cost them. Also by police who opposed political reform. Continued to beat up opponents of tsar.

James I

first Stuart king of England

Victor Emmanuel II

first king of Italy

Progressive Bloc

formed by some liberal members of the Duma, including Kadets. Committed to working with the tsar in hopes of encouraging reform.

February Revolution

general strike closes down Petrograd, Russian soldiers mutiny, Bolsheviks and others are arrested because they want to go further than demonstrations, Nicolas 2 abdicated and provisional government was set up awkwardly duly serving with the Petrograd Soviet.

(Mount) Kailas

h A peak in its namesake range Range which forms part of the Transhimalaya in Tibet. It is considered a sacred place in four religions: Bön, Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. The mountain lies near Lake Manasarovar and Lake Rakshastal in Tibet.

Ras Dashen

highest mountain in Ethiopia.

Napoleon III

his extension of liberal rights such as worker unions and public works could not overcome his failures in foreign policy in Europe and Mexico

War Communism

how the Bolsheviks reacted to the crisis in the summer of 1918 of food shortages and famine. Appropriated heavy industries and gradually put an end to private trade. Created "committees of poor peasants." Forcibly requisitioned food and raw materials, turning poor peasants against wealthier ones. May have saved the Revolution but it took the terrible toll of decline in industrial production.

Alexei

ill only son of the Romanovs. Hemophiliac and heir to the throne. Healed by Rasputin.

White Terror

in Finalnd, this took 80,000 victims among those who had supported the Revolution.

Conference of Public Figures

in early august 1917 these people pledged Kornilov their support—influential leaders drawn from industry, commerce, banking, military

War Industries Committee

industrialists formed this with permission of the tsar in 1915 in order to expedite wartime production. Delegations of workers were added.

United Nations

international organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and progress

Order Number One

issued by the soviet on march 1 1917. claimed for the Petrograd Soviet the authority to cancel orders of the provisional government on military matters and called for the election of soldiers' committees in every unit.

Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov)

leader of the Bolsheviks. family was nonhereditary nobility due to result of loyal service. got a law degree. Exiled to Siberia. Also exiled in Switzerland. Believed that Marxist analysis could be applied to the backwards Russia. Rejected all compromise. Instead of believing in social experiences of the workers, believed that only a small minority of workers would achieve consciousness and that they should join with intellectuals in a party that would direct the masses. Thought capitalism was ripe for a fall around the time of the war. Wanted to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat.

Count Cavour

liberal realist who utilized by diplomacy and war to unite the Kingdom of Italy

Tsarina Alexandra

loathed by her subjects. Born in Germany. Granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Raised in England. Converted to Russian Orthodoxy. Had an ill son. Friends with Rasputin a lot. Extended influence over weak-willed husband; conservative. Was not a German agent but served their purposes well.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

march 3, 1918. signed w/ Russia's Bolshevik government and Germany. Gave up one-fourth of the surface of what had been imperial European Russia—very fertile land, most of iron and steel production. Agreed to German occupation of Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia. Acquiesced to pulling Russian troops out of Ukraine and Finland(Germans then occupied all of these areas and set up puppet regimes and got Ukraine into a harsh treaty). This angered the leftist Socialist Revolutionaries who then ended their cooperation with the Bolsheviks.

Pravda

means truth. The Bolshevik party's newspaper whose offices were shut down by provisional government troops.

Tannenberg

most disastrous military defeat of the Russians where 100,000 Russian troops were captured

binary fission

most prokaryotes reproduce through ........... the asexual reproduction of a single-celled organism by which the cell divides into 2 cells of the same size

Kulaks

name for wealthier peasants.

Pyotr Stolypin

named by Nicolas 2 as prime minister. Did undertake some rural reforms beginning in 1906

Satellite nation

nation that is dominated politically and economically by a more powerful nation.

Duma

national representative assembly; created by the October Manifesto; had little real power. Met for the first time in April 1906.

Soviets

neighborhood councils made up of delegates from factories, shops, trade unions, and political parties that helped organize strikes (legalized in Dec.). St. Petersburg workers' councils, the establishment of which were championed by the Mensheviks. Willing to collaborate with liberals.

General Lavr Kornilov

newly appointed commander in chief of the army in 1917 who seemed an obvious candidate to overthrow the provisional government. Tough, decorated Cossack. Escaped from Hungary after being captured during the Great War and was a favorite of the Kadets.

La Nina

occurs when trade winds in the pacific are usually strong and surface water is colder than normal

Petrograd Soviet

of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Members included several hundred workers. Elected officers, discussed ways to defend Petrograd against German military attack, and sent representatives to encourage the formation of soviets in other cities. Menshevik-dominated. Bolshevik leaders held back.

April Crisis

of the provisional government. Was when the minister of foreign affairs, a leader of the Kadets, added something that called for "war to decisive victory" and other stuff to an official communication to the allies. Protests and demonstrations against the war by the Petrograd Soviet ensued, leading to his resignation.

Red Terror

officially began in September 1918, following attempts on the lives of several Bolshevik leaders, including Lenin. Government decrees gave the Cheka almost unlimited authority and set up forced labor camps to incarcerate those considered enemies.

chromatid

one half of a duplicated chromosome is called a ........... Together the 2 identical....... are called sister.......Sister.... are held together at the centromere

Internationalists

opposed the war; viewed it as a struggle between capitalist powers in which workers were but pawns.

Commissars

people who would spread news of the revolution to distant reaches of the old empire. Did this in the October revolution and ones before. Also, after the Russian Civil War, they reestablished Bolshevik authority over border lands like Georgia, Ukraine, and Turkistan.

Reign of Charles II

period of Restoration

SALT II

planned reduction in missiles that is canceled when Soviets invade Afghanistan

Liberal constitutionalism

played a role in the expanding domain of Russian public opinion since the 1860s. believers in this were gentry, leaders of local assemblies, and members of the expanding professional classes. Some state bureaucrats too.

Glasnot

policy in the Soviet Union of speaking openly about problems.

Socialist Revolutionaries

populists. Largest radical group. Believed the peasants would one day overthrow the tsar and only revolution could bring reform.

October Revolution

provisional government collapsed, Kerensky left Petrograd, not a lot of opposition, just neutrality.. not a lot of violence... Bolsheviks now held power in Petrograd

Renaissance

rebirth

Renaissance Humanism

rebirth in classical tradition not spontaneous, but full of passion

Edict of Nantes

religious freedom for Huguenots

Austro-Prussian War

removed Austria from a unified Germany

habeas corpus

right of people to be safe from unfair imprisonment

Stolypin's neckties

ropes of the gallows used to execute more than 1,000 people. These hangings occurred due to an august decree by the tsar that established military field courts that could summarily convict and sentence civilians accused of violent political crimes.

Moscow

russia's second city. Less socially polarized than Russia. Insurrection there began after the first favorable reports from Petrograd arrived. A week of fighting and then provisional govt. forces surrendered.

Danish War

saw a united Austro-Prussian force remove foreign influence from Germany

Francis Joseph I

signed Ausgleich in 1867 in hopes of bringing stability to his empire

centromere

sister chromatids are held together at the....., a region of the condensed chromosome that looks pinched

Non-alignment movement

started in India of countries that did not want to be on either side of the Cold War; irony in Cuban's membership shows its uselessness

cavaliers

supporters of Charles I

roundheads

supporters of Oliver Cromwell

Menshiviks

the "minority;" those who believed that the proletariat revolution lay in the future but not until after the bourgeois uprising. Believed that their historic role ws to mobilize support for their party through propaganda, undertake timely liberal alliances, and reject terror—sought to be a large party of extreme revolutionary opposition.

Cuban missile crisis

the 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba

Korean War

the cold war conflict in which UN soliders fought to defend South Korea from takeover by Communist North Korea, ending a stalemate in 1953

Revolutionary defensism

the demand of the Petrograd Soviet and accepted by the provisional government which was a middle position between conservatives and radicals. Wanted "peace without annexations and indemnities;" also demanded that Russian military capacity be fully maintained.

mitosis

the division of the cell nucleus and its contents. During..... the nucleus membrane dissolves, the duplicated DNA condenses around proteins and separates and the 2 new nuclei form

Russia

the emancipation of serfs did not increase the urbanization of this state

cytokinesis

the process that divides the cell cytoplasm

El Nino

the warming of the pacific ocean off the cost of western south america that occurs to every 3 to 10 years

cell cycle

the... ......... is the regular pattern of growth, DNA DUPLICATION, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells

Afghanistan 1979

they try to rebel and Soviets crush them; Carter puts embargo on grain; boycotts Moscow Olympics

Ottoman Empire

this shrinking state posed a problem for the BOP politics of Europe

Great Britain

this state stabilized with legislation such as the Reform Act of 1867 and Education Act of 1870

Crimean War

this war saw Russian power checked by a Franco-British force

Defensists

those among Russian socialists who argued that Russian workers should defend their country against German attack.

Jewish Pale

those provinces where Jews were allowed to settle in Russia and where they faced endemic anti-Semitism and occasional bloody pogroms.

Ekaterinburg

town in the Ural Mountains whereto Bolshevik guards moved Nicolas II and his family. They were executed on the orders of the local soviet on july 17.

Franco-Prussian War

united Germany; ended Second French Empire

Austro-Piedmont War

united northern Italy

State Council

upper assembly decreed to be established by the tsar. Loyal people. Counteracted the influence of the Duma.

The Taming of the Shre

w1590s Shakespeare Comedy: Katherina (Kate) Minola Bianca - sister of Katherina Baptista - father of Katherina and Bianca Petruchio - suitor of Katherina

(George Bernard) Sha

wAuthor of "Pygmalion".

Warsa

wCapital of Poland.

Mosco

wCapital of Russia.

(Jack) Le

wCurrent Treasurer of the United States.

(Queen) Victoria

was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. From 1 May 1876, she used the additional title of Empress of India.

Kornilov Affair

when Kornilov was going to throw a coup and people supported him but there was a misunderstanding between him and Kerensky because kerensky believed that he would forma military government to restore order at first but remain loyal to him and the idea of a democratic government. Kornilov actually liked military style and authority, probably wanted to seize power and impose a right-wing military regime. Kornilov called on the army to be loyal to Russia and aid the dying motherland. There was never an actual coup d'état in this example of counter-revolution but it aided the Bolsheviks, who were able to portray themselves as the only possible saviors of the Revolution.

July Days

when the Bolsheviks rose in insurrection but ended up failing. This hardened political lines in Russia. Bolsheviks were arrested.

Tulum

•The site of a Pre-Columbian Maya walled city serving as a major port for Cobá. •The ruins are situated on 12-meter (39 ft) tall cliffs, along the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula on the Caribbean Sea in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico.Tulum was one of the last cities inhabited and built by the Mayas.