Quizlet 11,12, & 13
Michael and Kayla are concerned because they noticed their 10-year-old son, Tom, engaging in sex play with a male friend. They ask a psychologist what she thinks. What did she probably say?
"Same-sex play among young adolescents is more common than many would think and nothing to worry about."
Approximately what percentage of American adolescents have had sexual intercourse before the end of their sophomore year of high school
40%
Although Miguel and Luis both consider themselves to be Hispanic, Miguel's parents were born in Mexico while Luis's family has been in the United States for three generations. What do you predict about these youths' school engagement and performance?
A. Miguel is more likely to drop out of high school. B. Miguel is likely to achieve more in school than Luis. C. Miguel's stronger sense of family obligation will contribute to his school success. (D. ) All of the above are true.
Sexual activity in adolescence is motivated by
A. desire to enhance status with peers. B. love and the desire for a serious emotional relationship. C. hormones. (D.) All of the above are true.
Tim and Carol are upset because they recently discovered that their 13-year-old daughter has already engaged in sexual intercourse. What other types of problems is their daughter likely to have?
A. drug and alcohol problems B. low interest in academics C. tolerance of deviant behavior (D) All of the above.
What type of behaviors does the term noncoital activity refer to?
A. kissing B. touching parts of each other's body through clothes C. touching or kissing each other's naked body (D) All of the above behaviors are considered noncoital.
Which of the following is not one of the popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents?
Although not supported by research, all of the above are popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents.
_______________ is an example of an internalizing disorder; _______________ is an example of an externalizing disorder.
Anxiety; delinquency
Approximately what percent of high school seniors have tried alcohol? What about marijuana?
Approximately 70% of adolescents have tried alcohol and approximately 46% of high school seniors have tried marijuana.
Ann, a 17-year-old, is still a virgin. If you had to guess, what race/ethnicity is Ann likely to be
Asian American
Which ethnic group, on average, has the highest level of educational achievement?
Asian Americans
Which adolescent is least likely to exhibit high academic achievement?
Benny, whose parents do not want to pressure him, but argue with his teachers about his grades
is the peak month for adolescents in a serious relationship to have their first intercourse.
December
According to research presented in the textbook, who is more likely to be sexually active: Ingrid, who lives in a single-parent home, or Leanne, who lives in a two-parent home
Ingrid
Why should data that is obtained by asking adolescents to self-report whether they are still virgins be interpreted with caution?
It is dependent on how adolescents interpret what it means to be a "virgin."
What do researchers believe explains why some individuals who engage in precocious, promiscuous, or unprotected sex are also highly likely to engage in other types of delinquent behavior?
It is likely that risky sexual behavior and other types of risky behavior are both symptoms of a certain personality profile which makes individuals more likely to behave risky in general.
Which of the following is the most likely scenario for adolescent sexual activity
It takes place in the boy's home on a weekday after school.
Which of the following is an example of school performance?
Kelly received a C on her report card.
Which adolescent is most likely to engage in sexual intercourse at the youngest age
Laurence, a Black adolescent
Jeannette, a 17-year-old, has decided to engage in sexual intercourse with her boyfriend. Tammy, also 17, has decided to abstain from sex until she is older. Which adolescent is more likely to experience psychological disturbances?
Normative sexual activity during late adolescence is not associated with psychological disturbance
Which of the following is the best explanation of serious problem behavior during adolescence?
Problem behavior is likely to be a sign that something is wrong.
Which of the following adolescents is more likely to move toward intercourse at an earlier age without as many intervening steps?
Richard, a Black adolescent
Denise has just been caught vandalizing public property for the fourth time this year. What is probably true of her early home and school life?
She probably had problems at home and school at an early age.
Which of the following is least likely to explain why growing up in a single-parent home affects girls' sexual behavior more than boys' sexual behavior
Social influences on sexual behavior are weaker for girls than for boys, thereby leading to fewer restraints on girls' sexual activities.
Jacob and Stephen just got a project back from their teacher that they had worked on together. They received a D on the project. Jacob said that it was because the project was too hard. Stephen said it was because they hadn't worked hard enough on the project. Which adolescent is most likely to try harder on future projects?
Stephen
According to the textbook, which of the following is not true in classrooms in which teachers are very performance-oriented?
Students are likely to actually learn the material.
Which of the following statements about adolescent cigarette use is true?
The huge increase in the price of cigarettes over the last couple decades has led to a sharp decrease in the percentage of smoking adolescents.
Until recently, what aspect of teenage sexuality did social scientists focus on?
Until fairly recently, researchers only focused on the problematic aspects of adolescent sexuality (precocious sex, promiscuous sex, unsafe sex, etc.)
Al's parents expect him to receive all As on his report card, play quarterback for the football team, and win the election for senior class president. When Al came home with a B+ on his report card, his parents grounded him for a month. Al probably will develop:
a fear of failure.
According to social control theory, delinquency is caused by:
a lack of bonds to the family, the school, or the workplace.
Professor Umbridge takes pleasure in making her students look foolish. She stresses the importance of grades more than mastery of the course material. Her students are likely to demonstrate all of the following, except:
a need to outperform their classmates.
In the United States today, the peer group is most likely to have _______ influence on an adolescent's academic achievement
a negative
Fourteen-year-old Sarah began "acting out" behaviors that her teacher had never observed in her before, such as a decline in self-esteem, sexual promiscuity, and risky behavior. Sarah's teacher suspects that Sarah is:
a victim of sexual abuse
Peter, who does exceptionally well in school, is likely to attribute his academic successes and failures to causes such as:
ability and effort.
An analysis of "virginity pledges" that encourage adolescents to promise to abstain from premarital sex has found that:
about 82% of adolescents who take a virginity pledge will deny having done so five years later.
Alice has worked all evening on a psychology assignment that is not being graded. She has a very strong:
achievement motivation.
The extent to which an individual strives for success is referred to as:
achievement motivation.
Which substance is most commonly used and abused by adolescents?
alcohol
Which list correctly ranks substances used by high school seniors from most to least popular?
alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, inhalants
Dara suffers from depression. What type of disorder does depression reflect?
an internalizing disorder
Boys' initial interest in sex is motivated by ________ hormones, whereas girls' initial interest in sex is motivated by _______.
androgen; androgens and estrogen
Which of the following is considered an "internalizing disorder"?
anxiety
What is the best way to conceptualize adolescent sexual development?
as gradual stages of increasing intimacy
When Ken is alone, he fantasizes about supermodels and masturbates. This type of behavior is called:
autoerotic
High school dropouts are more likely than high school graduates to do all of the following, except:
begin working earlier.
Experts who accept that sex is part of life for the average American teenager believe that all of the following create difficulties for our society, except:
beginning sex education too early
Which of the following is not associated with risky sex behavior
being exposed to pornography
Industrialized societies place a great deal of emphasis on all of the following, except:
cooperation
Lydia's family is always going to art shows, concerts, and poetry readings. They have a large amount of:
cultural capital.
Which of the following is not identified in the textbook as one of the factors that researchers study in connection with how home environment influences adolescents' level of achievement?
cultural factors
Which of the following is the best predictor of occupational success?
educational attainment
Professor Bertrande understands that most adolescents she talks to are not likely to engage in abstinence. Her research has demonstrated that the next best way for adolescents to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases is:
effective condom use during sex.
John and Mary want their children to develop a strong achievement motivation. In addition to using an authoritative parenting style, they also should:
encourage their children's successes.
Tory is performance motivated and believes that intelligence is a fixed trait. Based on this combination, Tory probably focuses on:
external rewards.
Theodore has been referred to as an "acting-out" adolescent. He engages in delinquent behavior. Theodore is most likely exhibiting:
externalizing symptomatology.
Performance motivation is most similar to:
extrinsic motivation.
Both _____________ are cause by a bacterium, whereas ____________ are caused by a virus
gonorrhea and chlamydia; herpes and human papilloma virus
In addition to parental supervision, what else might help decrease the probability of adolescent sexual activity?
having adolescents participate in after-school programs
Two characteristics of authoritative parents that positively influence their children's school performance are ______ and ______.
healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; less tendency to be over-controlling
Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus
herpes
Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's adolescents have __________levels of educational attainment and ___________ levels of academic achievement.
higher; lower
What family factor appears to predict adolescent sexual involvement, especially among girls?
household composition
For adolescent boys, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse?
increased levels of androgens
Alice has a substance abuse problem. Which of the following problems is she also likely to have?
internalizing and externalizing disorders are both likely to accompany substance use problems
Mastery motivation is most similar to:
intrinsic motivation.
Denise Kandel is most likely to argue that:
involvement in a given problem behavior may lead to involvement in other problem behaviors.
Current research suggests that sexual intercourse during the high school years
is part of the normative experience of adolescence in America.
Shawn is told by his teacher that the task he is working on is too difficult for him. Therefore, Shawn believes that failure is inevitable. He is likely to develop:
learned helplessness.
Researchers have found that with respect to reporting their sexual activity
males tend to overstate their level of activity
Leroy plays video games not because he will win anything by doing well, or because anyone approves of his increasing skill, but because he enjoys getting better at the games. His behavior is an example of:
mastery motivation.
One disturbing finding is that there appears to be a drop in students' _____ motivation as they transition from elementary into secondary school; which could be due to the fact that _____.
mastery motivation; teachers become more performance-oriented during this time
Which of the following illustrates the typical sequence of sexual behavior among adolescents?
masturbation; feeling breasts through clothes; feeling a penis under clothes; sexual intercourse
Dr. Worthy studies achievement attributions. According to the textbook, she would be assessing the ways in which individuals attribute their performance to a combination of all of the following factors, except:
motivation
The textbook suggests all of the following as ways to increase use of contraceptives among adolescents, except:
offer sex education that teaches the fundamentals of contraceptive use once adolescents become sexually active.
According to a study of more than 10,000 American adolescents, approximately _____ of all teenagers report having an anxiety disorder by age 18 and ______ of these individuals developed an anxiety disorder before turning 12.
one-third; almost all
Which of the following is not a good predictor of whether adolescents will engage in sexual activity?
parent-adolescent communication
Research assessing parent-adolescent communication about sex has found all of the following, except:
parent-adolescent communication about sex significantly lowers adolescents' likelihood of being sexually active.
Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ______________ in evaluative situations.
performance
Every time that Frank receives an A on his report card, his grandmother gives him $50. However, if Frank receives a C, he is grounded for 2 weeks. Frank will probably develop:
performance motivation.
Motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance is called:
performance motivation.
Mary comes from an economically disadvantaged household. Her mother went to the school counselor to find out what could be done to help Mary overcome her disadvantage. What did the counselor suggest would help?
positive relations at home
The term "______ syndrome" refers to covariation among various types of externalizing disorders that results from an underlying trait of unconventionality found in the adolescent's personality and social environment.
problem behavior
Which of the following is not considered an aspect of positive sexual development that the majority of adolescents face?
reconciling feelings of sexual arousal with one's religious beliefs
Early sexuality for males is tinged with elements of ________, whereas for females it is more linked to feelings of _______________.
recreation; intimacy
Approximately how many teenagers develop drinking problems or permit alcohol to adversely affect their schooling or personal relationships?
relatively few
Levels of educational attainment in America have _____ over the past six decades.
risen
A particular concern regarding the faster progression of sexual activity is an increased
risk of pregnancy
Professor Snapes is conducting research on sexual harassment of adolescents. He is likely to learn all of the following, except:
school-based programs aimed at reducing sexual harassment, such as a program called Safe Dates, have had long-term success.
Antonio is very confident about his abilities; he has a strong sense of:
self-efficacy.
Even though Chloe works very hard in school, she gives her classmates the impression that she is uninterested in school in order to have an excuse for her poor performance. What type of behavior is this?
self-handicapping
Which of the following is not typically considered to be autoerotic behavior during adolescence?
sexual intercourse
Beginning on Isaac's 13th birthday, his father wants to start a series of conversations with him about sex and the "birds and the bees." This process is called
sexual socialization
Harry has failed ninth grade this year and has not learned the material he needs to go on to higher grade levels. However, his teachers are debating letting him go on to tenth grade next year so that he does not feel left behind or lose touch with his same-age friends. This practice is called:
social promotion.
What is the main reason that many achievement-related issues take on new significance during adolescence?
social transitions
An explanation of why students' motivation and school achievement drop as they transition into secondary school is that:
teachers focus on grades (performance goals) rather than mastery of the material.
Boys' and girls' initial interest in sex is influenced primarily by the surge in levels of
testosterone
The impact of friends on adolescents' school performance depends on:
the academic orientation of the peer group.
For adolescent girls, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse?
the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity
The common factor with respect to comorbidity in internalizing disorders is:
the subjective state of distress.
Most research with respect to oral sex between adolescents has indicated that
the vast majority of teenagers who engage in oral sex also engage in sexual (vaginal) intercourse and promiscuity is not the norm for either activity
"Sexual socialization" refers to
the way in which an individual is exposed to and educated about sexuality
As compared with females whose first intercourse occurs after age 18, those who engage in sexual intercourse at a younger age are likely to report that:
their first sexual experience was involuntary
Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a parasite
trichomoniasis
Sex play that is innocuous during childhood is no longer innocuous during adolescence because:
with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility
Which of the following statements about boys' first sexual experience is false?
A boy's first sexual partner is likely to be someone he's in love with.
Compared with studies conducted in the mid-1990s
A. the adolescents who choose to engage in sexual intercourse are doing so at an earlier age. B. fewer adolescents today are engaging in sexual intercourse. C. regional and ethnic variations make it difficult to generalize about an average age for sexual intercourse for American adolescents. (D) All of the above.
Which of the following statements about parent-adolescent communication about sex is not true?
Adolescents are more receptive to having one "big talk" about sex than having multiple conversations over a period of time.
Amy is a "straight" 16-year-old adolescent. Kelly, also 16, has discovered that she has homosexual interests. Which girl is most confused about her gender identity because of her sexual orientation?
Amy and Kelly are likely to be equally confused because gender identity is separate from sexual orientation
Which of the following adolescents is not likely to develop a performance-orientation?
Autumn, whose parents encourage her autonomy
Members of which of the following racial groups are most likely to become sexually experienced at earlier ages?
Black adolescents
Which scenario best represents adolescent alcohol use in today's society?
Brian first tried alcohol at the beginning of high school and now, at 17, uses it only occasionally.
Carol has just learned that her son, Mike, has been caught shoplifting for the fifth time. Carol told the police that Mike is just reacting to the stress of going through puberty. How accurate is Carol's idea?
Carol is incorrect. Problem behavior is virtually never a direct consequence of going through the normative adolescent changes.
Christi suffers from depression. She also gets in fights at school to express her anger and sadness. Christi's problems fall into which category?
Christi has comorbid disorders
Connie believes that intelligence is fixed. Which of the following is most likely true for Connie?
Connie is likely to be performance-oriented.
Which of the following statements regarding social roles and achievement is not true?
During adolescence, most individuals solidify career choices.
Glen and Laura ask a counselor what they can do to help protect their teenage son, Jason, from abusing drugs. What might the counselor suggest?
Get Jason involved in a religious group.
Jim and his mom are in an argument because his mom found out that Jim has smoked marijuana. Jim's defense is, "Half the senior class is doing it!" How accurate is Jim's statement?
It is almost accurate—about 46% of all high school seniors have tried marijuana.
Peter's parents caught him drinking alcohol with a couple of his friends and now they're worried. They think his alcohol use might turn into a long-term problem. Which of the following best illustrates the nature of adolescent drug use?
Many adolescents experiment with alcohol in high school without growing into adult alcoholics.
Which statement about underachievement is false?
Many underachievers receive far better grades in school that you would expect based on intelligence tests.
Alejandra, a Hispanic adolescent, is best friends with Mina, a foreign-born Hispanic adolescent. Which statement is most likely true about their drug use?
Mina will use fewer drugs than Alejandra.
How does the average age of first intercourse vary by geographical region
The average age of first intercourse varies considerably around the world
According to the textbook, which of the following is a reason that career counselors (especially on college campuses) have come to play an increasingly important role individuals' career decision making?
The labor market is changing so quickly that it is difficult for adolescents to obtain accurate information about careers from their families.
Which one of the following is not a reason that the cognitive changes of adolescence affect achievement?
The personal fable inherent in adolescence will make it difficult for older high school students to realize that, if they do not hard try in school, they may not be accepted into their first- or second-choice universities.
Bill is a very feminine man. Based on this sex-role behavior, one would predict that Bill is probably:
There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual orientation
What would a social control theorist say about an adolescent who engages in risk-taking behavior?
They have a weak attachment to society.
According to Mischel's classic study conducted nearly 50 years ago, what would you predict about Evelyn, who, in elementary and high school always scored at the top of her class, and now, as an adult, is a successful executive?
When Evelyn was a preschooler, it is likely that, when given the choice between eating one marshmallow now or waiting 15 minutes to get two of them, she was able to wait.
Corrina is concerned because she learned that her 13-year-old son, Henry, and her 17-year-old son, Hector, were caught drinking. Are either of these teenagers likely to become addicted to alcohol?
Yes, Henry is likely to be addicted to alcohol as an adult.
The transition from school to work is _________ defined transition.
a socially
The textbook lists all of the following as reasons why sexuality in adolescence is a particularly important period during the life cycle, except:
adolescence is the time when erotic feelings first emerge
Which of the following parenting styles is associated with adolescents' development of mastery motivation and academic achievement?
authoritative
The sexual ______ of males and females may be similar, but the sexual _____ of males and females is quite different.
behavior; socialization
Which of the following would be considered a status offense?
being truant from school
Students' motivation and school performance _______ when they enter into secondary school.
decrease
Estimates of the prevalence of sexual intercourse among adolescents
depend on the wording of the questions
Which behavior would not be seen as a manifestation of lack of impulse control?
depression
The neurotransmitter associated with the experience of pleasure that is implicated in substance abuse problems is known as:
dopamine
According to national surveys, sexual activity among adolescents is occurring ______ it has in past decades.
earlier than
The most common reasons that 14- to 15-year-olds give for abstaining from sex are
fear of disease and fear of pregnancy
The greatest increase in the prevalence of premarital intercourse has been among which group?
females
Mrs. Kumin wants to help her lower-achieving students. She should:
help them learn to attribute their performance to factors that are under their control.
Generalizing from the textbook, if Nicky's parents want to slow down her sexual involvement, which of her parents should talk to her about sex?
her mother
Alcohol and tobacco use among adolescents is more common ______; however, illicit drug use (mainly marijuana) is more common _____.
in most European countries than in the United States; in the United States than in European countries
Margie sees herself as competent and genuinely enjoys learning. Manny experiences a great deal of anxiety and hesitation when facing a challenge because he doubts his abilities. All he wants to do is receive high grades so his parents won't punish him. Both are A students. Margie is most likely ________ motivated and Manny is most likely ________ motivated.
mastery; performance
The text suggests that one set of factors that may differentiate the academically "rich" from the academically "poor" early in the educational setting is _________ and _________.
motivation to succeed; beliefs about the causes of success and failure
Externalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect an antisocial syndrome just as internalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect the common underlying factor of:
negative emotionality.
Which aspect of parent-adolescent communication about sex is likely to have a meaningful effect on the adolescent's behavior?
parent-child communication specifically focused on the topic of contraception lowers the rate of risky sex