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The NAICS code for Google is 518210. Based on the NAICS classification at the following link, is Google a goods-producing or service-providing industry? https://www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag_index_naics.htm a) Service-providing b) Goods-producing

a) Service-providing

Which of the following statements would be true from the perspective of the prototype theory of categories? a) Some cars are more car-like than others. b) Different cultures have different values concerning cars. c) A car is only a car if it has four wheels, an internal combustion engine, and is operated by a driver. d) We categorize something as a car based on a set of features that we all agree upon.

a) Some cars are more car-like than others.

Lamar is doing research for his paper on the effects of temperature on a person's attitude. He searches the following query: "do people get angry at the weather." The words the and at are examples of what kind of word? a) Stop words b) Prefacing words c) Key words d) Stem words

a) Stop words

Match each example to the type of metadata that best describes it (administrative, structural, descriptive): a) Technical relationships among components of information resources b) Ownerships and rights information about information resources c) Metadata that represents or describes an information resource

a) Structural b) Administrative c) Descriptive

Match each example to the type of metadata that best describes it (administrative, structural, descriptive): a) Technical relationships among components of information resources b) Ownership and rights information about information resources c) Metadata that represents or describes an information resource

a) Structural b) Administrative c) Descriptive

You have a collection that consists of episodes of TV shows. In your information system, each episode is represented as multiple components: video files, metadata about each file, metadata about the show as a whole, thumbnail images used to browse the show, etc. Metadata that describes in what order video files should be played is an example of what kind of metadata? a) Structural metadata b) Descriptive metadata c) Differential metadata d) Administrative metadata

a) Structural metadata

In the schema.org schema for Organization (https://schema.org/Organization), what is the expected type of the "location" element? Remember: the "expected type" is the kind of information that can appear as the value of the element, according to schema.org. Select all that apply. Hint: there can be more than one. a) text b) place c) organization d) person e) postal address f) event

a) Text, b) Place, e) Postal address

If ____________ is a collection, then ____________ is a resource in that collection. Select all that apply. a) The faculty at the iSchool, Ryan O'Grady b) National Museum of the American Indian , the Navajo Indian Reservation in the Southwest United States c) McKeldin Library, Hornblake Library d) Disney+, The Mandalorian e) University of Maryland Libraries , a copy of Thomas Friedman's The World Is Flat

a) The faculty at the iSchool, Ryan O'Grady d) Disney+, The Mandalorian e) University of Maryland Libraries , a copy of Thomas Friedman's The World Is Flat

In the following metadata record, which of the following things is an element name, and which is an element value? { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "address": { "@type": "PostalAddress", "addressLocality": "Paris, France", "postalCode": "F-75002", "streetAddress": "38 avenue de l'Opera" }, "email": "secretariat(at)google.org", "faxNumber": "( 33 1) 42 68 53 01", "member": [ { "@type": "Organization" }, { "@type": "Organization" } ], "alumni": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Jack Dan" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "John Smith" } ], "name": "Google.org (GOOG)", "telephone": "( 33 1) 42 68 53 00" } a) "http://schema.org" b) "Organization" c) "addressLocality" d) streetAddress" e) "Paris, France"

a) Value b) Value c) Name d) Name e) Value

What kinds of document features can help increase the relevance score of a document? In other words, which of the following can help with Search Engine Optimization? Select all that apply. a) Words in large or bold font b) Incoming links from reputable Web sites c) Prototypical categories d) Words in the page title

a) Words in large or bold font b) Incoming links from reputable Web sites d) Words in the page title

When might you want to Google Scholar instead of doing a traditional Google search? Select all that apply. a) doing research for a class to find a specific article b) looking for patent information c) looking for U.S. legal court opinions d) looking for the full text of a book

a) doing research for a class to find a specific article c) looking for U.S. legal court opinions Google Scholar: use for when doing research for a class to find a specific article, scholarly literature in journals, and looking for U.S. legal court opinions. Google Books: use for when looking for the full text of a book. And you could use Google Patents when looking for patent information.

Which of the following is the best definition of a token in an information retrieval system? a) A user's query b) An entry in the index that represents a word or phrase from a searchable document c) An algorithm that ranks documents d) The frequency of a term in a document

b) An entry in the index that represents a word or phrase from a searchable document

A degrading accusation targeted towards you has been posted on a website without your permission. Upon finding it, you proceed to contact the site's administrators, asking them to take it down because the information is false and damaging to your reputation. They refuse to grant your request. What ethical value are the website owners violating? a) Access b) Control c) Security d) Pragmatics

b) Control

The NAICS code for Google is 518210. Based on the NAICS classification at the following link, what subsector of the Information sector does Google fall into? https://www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag_index_naics.htm a) Other Information Services b) Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services c) Web search d) Internet Publishing and Broadcasting

b) Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services

Emmanuel is a performance artist. During his most recent show, instead of walking out onto the stage when the curtain came up, he sat in the audience among his fans, scrolling through his phone, unnoticed by any of the audience members. 20 minutes later, when people started getting surly that the show hadn't started yet, Emmanuel walked onto the stage, picked up a sledge hammer, and smashed his phone to pieces. Then he walked off the stage. Suzy, age 4, used finger paint to create a rainbow on her parents' bathroom door. Michelangelo took four years to create the fresco on the wall of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. It is widely considered to be one of the greatest masterpieces of the Renaissance period. All three of these things would be categorized as art, even though there's nothing really in common among them. According to the classical theory of categories, there should be one or more necessary and sufficient conditions for deciding whether or not something is art. But if we took a broader look at art as a category, we would find a network of overlapping similarities. This more flexible view of categories is known as ... a) Prototype theory b) Family resemblance theory c) The similarity paradigm d) Categorical imperative

b) Family resemblance theory

Which of the following is a statistical measure that serves as a starting point for calculating how search results will be ranked? a) Metadata thingy b) TF * IDF c) Matching algorithm d) N-gram logarithm

b) TF * IDF

Which one of the following is the best reason to eliminate stop words from the indexing process? a) They can't be crawled during the acquisition process b) They have high document frequency c) They only work in unsupervised learning algorithms d) They don't translate well to other languages

b) They have high document frequency

You are creating a metadata record according to the schema.org schema for "Person". You are encoding this record in JSON. Your metadata record is for a person named Leslie. Leslie holds two jobs: dog walker, and cashier. What is the correct way to express the information about Leslie's two jobs, in your record? a) "jobTitle": ["Dog walker", "Cashier"], b) "jobTitle": "Dog walker", "jobTitle":"Cashier", c) "jobTitles":"Dog walker","Cashier", d) "jobs":["Dog walker"],[Cashier"],

c) "jobTitles":"Dog walker","Cashier",

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of content (where content is one component of the information architecture ecology)? Assume that you are an information architect developing a web site for an online retail shoe store. a) Images of individual shoes for sale b) Metadata records representing individual shoes for sale c) A competitor's advertising campaign

c) A competitor's advertising campaign

Which one of the following is the best definition of a controlled vocabulary? a) A traditional classification that assigns a resource to one - and only one - descriptive category b) A group of resources that has been selected for some purpose c) A fixed list of terms that can be used to describe resources in a domain d) The process of identifying the facets that characterize a domain

c) A fixed list of terms that can be used to describe resources in a domain

The reading from Arthur (1992) states that cognitive maps are an important aspect of understanding people's navigation and wayfinding processes. Which of the following is the best definition of what a cognitive map is? a) A diagram that users draw with software or paper/pencil to sketch out the information need. b) A tool that information architects use to show users where things are on a Web site c) A mental representation of a physical space or information space d)An MRI image of the spatial reasoning regions of the human brain.

c) A mental representation of a physical space or information space

You've been hired as an information manager by a local hospital, where they use DoseNet, an information system to prescribe medications (the doctors), dispense medications (the pharmacists), and administer medications (the nurses). They have decided to convert from U.S. customary units of volume (teaspoon, pint, gallon, etc.) to metric units of volume (milliliter, liter, etc.). A mistake in the conversion process could have dire consequences, including pain, sickness, and death due to inaccurate dose volumes. You need to set up a system for converting and testing this information system that emphasizes, more than anything else, the value of ... a) Liberty b) Access c) Accuracy d) Representation

c) Accuracy

Which of the following statements would be true from the perspective of the family resemblance theory of categories? a) A car is only a car if it has four wheels, an internal combustion engine, and is operated by a driver. b) Some cousins are more cousin-like than others. c) Category members can be grouped together based on overlapping similarities between members. d) The hierarchical parent of the category embodies the characteristics that all child members must have.

c) Category members can be grouped together based on overlapping similarities between members.

Which theory of categories has the strict interpretation that an item can only belong to a category if it meets all of the requirements for membership in that category? a) Basic level theory b) Prototype theory c) Classical view d) Family resemblance theory

c) Classical view

A group of information resources that have been selected for some purpose is known as a..... a) schema b) facet c) collection d) relevance criterion

c) Collection

The little program that follows links around the Web to discover new and updated pages for search engine indexes is called: a) TF/IDF bot b) Stemmer c) Crawler d) Acquisition algorithm

c) Crawler

You got a summer internship in the Registrar's office and received training about the strict confidentiality of student records. You agree that student records should be confidential, so when your roommate asks you to look up his girlfriend's transcript, you say, "No way!" A few weeks later, you're at a party where this guy is really getting on your nerves by bragging about the exemplary grades he receives in all the hardest courses. You're dying to call his bluff, so you pull up the registrar's system on your phone and learn that the guy got a C in Freshman English. You may feel smugly satisfied, but you actually just violated which of these ethical principles? a) Rawlsian justice: veil of ignorance b) Derridean: right to difference c) Deontology: categorical imperative d) Utilitarianism: principle of utility

c) Deontology: categorical imperative

Which document would be retrieved and most highly ranked by the following query? Query: university of maryland offers information science major for undergraduate students a) Doc344: New scholarship opportunities are offered by many universities in Maryland b) Doc184: Many University of Maryland alumni donate a portion of their monthly income to the university c) Doc79: University of Maryland's President Pines declares, "Information Science major has a bright future" d) Doc12: University of Maryland graduate program

c) Doc79: University of Maryland's President Pines declares, "Information Science major has a bright future"

Which of the following types of categories best describes the kinds of categories that appear in the NAICS Classification? a) Classical categories b)Cultural categories c) Institutional categories d) Individual categories

c) Institutional categories Institutional categories are categories that are identified and listed by people within the context of formal institutions. These formal lists of categories are classifications, and NAICS is a classification.

What type of index is used by information retrieval systems, where each entry in the index consists of a token and document IDs that correspond to that token? a) Metadata index b) Hash index c) Inverted index d) N-gram index

c) Inverted index

If I called your parents every time you had a late assignment, which of your personal rights would I be violating? (hint: this is not a trick question) a) Equal representation b) Confidentiality c) Privacy d) Liberty

c) Privacy

Imagine you are designing a patient intake process for a medical clinic and have several options for collecting basic demographic information about the patients. You decide to collect marital status data through a conversation between doctor and patient instead of having patients check a box on a form. When deciding whether to have this conversation at the front desk, in the lobby, or in an exam room, which of the following values is most in play? (hint: this is not a trick question) a) Access b) Ownership c) Privacy d) Identity

c) Privacy

What kind of algorithm results in a ranked list of results? a) Listing algorithm b) Matching algorithm c) Ranking algorithm d) Stemming algorithm

c) Ranking algorithm

_________ means stripping words of morphological variants and indexing the root meaning. a) Navigating b) Shortening c) Stemming d) Satisficing

c) Stemming

In the NISO (2004) reading for Unit 3, there's a story about an oral history collection, which consists of tape recordings of interviews. Each interview contains multiple tapes, so when the tapes are stored in a library, there needs to be metadata about each tape that identifies which interview the tape belongs to and whether the tape is the first, second, third, etc. tape in the sequence for that interview. Which of the following categories best describes the types of elements that record this information? a) differenital metadata b) descriptive metadata c) structural metadata d) administrative metadata

c) Structural metadata

Which one of the following is NOT a conceptual component of metadata? a) Content standards b) Metadata schemas c) User interfaces d) Information resources

c) User interfaces

The International Children's Digital Library is a good example of: a) Using a thesaurus to describe education resources b) JSON+LD code for metadata c) Using Dublin Core as an information system

c) Using Dublin Core as an information system

Which of the following is NOT something a metadata schema specifies to constrain the possible values of metadata elements? a) data types b) formatting rules such as ISO-8601 c) syntax for metadata encoding, such as JSON d) controlled vocabularies

c) syntax for metadata encoding, such as JSON

You are creating a metadata record according to the schema.org schema for "Person". You are encoding this record in JSON. Your metadata record is for a person named Leslie. Leslie holds two jobs: roofer, and laundryperson. What is the correct way to express the information about Leslie's two jobs in your record? a) {"jobTitle": "roofer", "jobTitle":"laundryperson"} b) None of these options c) "jobTitle":{"roofer","laundryperson"} d) "jobTitle": ["roofer", "laundryperson"],

d) "jobTitle": ["roofer", "laundryperson"],

Which theory of categories has the strict interpretation that an item can only belong to a category if it meets all of the requirements for membership in that category? a) Family resemblance theory b) Basic level theory c) Prototype theory d) Classical view

d) Classical view

"Date", "Title", and "Creator" are best described as examples of: a) encoding syntaxes b) element names c) schemas d) element values

d) Element names

Emmanuel is a performance artist. During his most recent show, instead of walking out onto the stage when the curtain came up, he sat in the audience among his fans, scrolling through his phone, unnoticed by any of the audience members. 20 minutes later, when people started getting surly that the show hadn't started yet, Emmanuel walked onto the stage, picked up a sledge hammer, and smashed his phone to pieces. Then he walked off the stage. Suzy, age 4, used finger paint to create a rainbow on her parents' bathroom door. Michelangelo took four years to create the fresco on the wall of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. It is widely considered to be one of the greatest masterpieces of the Renaissance period. All three of these things would be categorized as art, even though there's nothing really in common among them. According to the classical theory of categories, there should be one or more necessary and sufficient conditions for deciding whether or not something is art. But if we took a broader look at art as a category, we would find a network of overlapping similarities. This more flexible view of categories is known as ... a) Categorical imperative b) The similarity paradigm c) Prototype theory d) Family resemblance theory

d) Family resemblance theory

The acronym AA being used for both American Airlines and Alcoholics Anonymous is an example of what? a) Taxonomy b) Synonymy c) Controlled vocabulary d) Polysemy

d) Polysemy

Which of the following statements would be true from the perspective of the prototype theory of categories? a) Different cultures have different values concerning cars. b)A car is only a car if it has four wheels, an internal combustion engine, and is operated by a driver. c) We categorize something as a car based on a set of features that we all agree upon. d) Some cars are more car-like than others, in that some are closer to our mental ideal or stereotype of a car.

d) Some cars are more car-like than others, in that some are closer to our mental ideal or stereotype of a car.

Describe what Advertisements, Organic Results, and Knowledge Panels are.

Advertisements: appear at the top of many search results and have been paid for by the advertiser (in this case, UMGC) to advertise their business or product. Organic Results: appears below the ads and is the result that, based on the algorithm, was determined to be the best result (most relevant and quality) for your search. Knowledge Panels: automatically generated for various people, places, and organizations by pulling content from the web. In this case, the information about University of Maryland appears to have been pulled from Wikipedia.

A taxonomy is best described as representing a system of ______(categories / classification)________.

Classification

Would you consider Netflix to be best described as a collection or as an information resource?

Collection

A group of information resources that have been selected for some purpose is known as a _____________. A group of metadata elements that have been selected for some purpose, to describe or represent a certain kind of information resource in a certain domain, is known as a _____________.

Collection Schema

Metadata records are used to represent information resources within the context of _______.

Collections

The ecology of interrelated things an Information Architect needs to understand

Context, content, users

Consider the following two documents: Doc 1 There are these two young fish swimming along, and they happen to meet an older fish swimming the other way, who nods at them and says, "Morning, boys, how's the water?" And the two young fish swim on for a bit, and then eventually one of them looks over at the other and goes, "What the hell is water?" Doc 2 But one day as the queen was walking by the side of the river, at the bottom of the garden, she saw a poor little fish, that had thrown itself out of the water, and lay gasping and nearly dead on the bank. Then the queen took pity on the little fish, and threw it back again into the river; and before it swam away it lifted its head out of the water and said, 'I know what your wish is, and it shall be fulfilled...' What is the Tf*IDf score for each document, for the query "fish water"? Based on these scores, which document should be ranked first?

Doc 1 Tf*IDf: 5/2 = 2.5 Doc 2 Tf*IDf: 4/2 = 2 Doc 1 ranks first.

True or False It is possible to develop a single classification that accurately and completely organizes everything in the universe.

False; Classifications are context-dependent, developed for a particular use, to serve a particular purpose. There is no ultimate classification system; it is impossible to divide up the world in a way that accurately or completely represents everything in it, from everyone's perspective, for every possible use case.

What kind of navigation is a list of links on the side of the screen and is shown throughout every page?

Global navigation

Fancy Building Inc. has NAICS code 236116. Based on the NAICS classification at the following link, Fancy Building Inc. is a ____(goods-producing industry / service-providing industry)____. Based on the NAICS classification, Fancy Building Inc. is in the economic sector ___________, and the subsector _____________.

Goods-producing industry Construction Construction of buildings

Doc 1 has a Tf*IDf score of 0.75 for Query 1. Doc 2 has a Tf*IDf score of 0.55 for Query 1. Doc 3 has a Tf*IDf score of 1.75 for Query 1. In response to Query 1, in what order should these documents be ranked?

Ranked First --> Doc 3 Ranked Second --> Doc 1 Ranked Third --> Doc 2

Topicality, recency, authority, bias, humor, aesthetic appeal : These are all examples of __________, which are factors that people consciously and subconsciously use to make relevance assessments when they are determining whether an information resource is relevant to their needs.

Relevance criteria

_______________ is the word that describes users' tendency to stop looking for information as soon as they have found something with a reasonable chance (not an optimal chance) of meeting their information need.

Satisficing

A fan website (https://www.giantbomb.com/profile/wakka/lists/the-150-original-pokemon/59579/) contains a list of 150 Pokemon characters. Clicking on any given character leads to a page of information and statistics about the character. True or False: This page represents a collection of information resources.

True

The McMaster Carr website has a page that lists every kind of tape the company sells. True or False: this page represents a collection of information resources.

True

True or False Institutional categories are developed intentionally, while cultural categories and individual categories tend to emerge "organically" or through unintentional processes.

True

True or False: Institutional categories are developed intentionally, while cultural categories tend to emerge "organically" or through unintentional processes.

True

True or False: Usability research shows that users are more likely to scan the words on a webpage, rather than deeply read them.

True

Congratulations! You've been hired as the information architect for Dirt Cheap Airlines. Your first week on the job, you sketch an awesome mock-up of a new section for the Web site that will help potential customers figure out the complicated pricing structure of Dirt Cheap Airlines. Bursting with pride, you bring the sketches to your boss. She tosses them in the trash and tells you that Dirt Cheap does not want customers to figure out their pricing structure because if it's easy to learn how quickly all the surcharges add up ($25 for carry-ons, $5 for each trip to the lavatory, etc.), they would lose a lot of their business. Thinking in terms of the IA ecology model, you created the mock-ups because you were thinking about __(users / content / context)______. Your boss's reaction made you realize that _____ (users / content / context)_______ is also an important consideration in developing a Web site.

Users Context

Consider the following document: Doc 1 There are these two young fish swimming along, and they happen to meet an older fish swimming the other way, who nods at them and says, "Morning, boys, how's the water?" And the two young fish swim on for a bit, and then eventually one of them looks over at the other and goes, "What the hell is water?" What is the Tf*IDf score for the query "fish", for Doc 1? a) 3 b) .75 c) 1 d) 2

a) 3

Which of the following statements would be true from the perspective of the family resemblance theory of categories? a) Category members can be grouped together based on overlapping similarities between members. b) The hierarchical parent of the category embodies the characteristics that all child members must have. c) Some cousins are more cousin-like than others. d) A car is only a car if it has four wheels, an internal combustion engine, and is operated by a driver.

a) Category members can be grouped together based on overlapping similarities between members Instead of a list of required characteristics that all members must have, family resemblance acknowledges that there might be two or more members of the same category that don't have any features in common with each other. Instead, each member has enough features in common with some other members of the category.

Imagine that you see this tweet: https://twitter.com/HaggertyNews/status/621482436887736320 and want to check whether it is accurate using a reverse image search. What do you learn? a) I find information that verifies that the claim about the hospital bill is true b) I find information that shows the claim about the hospital bill is false

a) I find information that verifies that the claim about the hospital bill is true Reverse image search provides search results that include an article from Snopes, the fact checking organization, that verifies that the claim about the hospital bill is true.

Use the drop-down menus to identify the correct category type (Institutional, Cultural, Individual) for each example: a) The folders or screens you use to organize apps on your phone: b) The product categories on E-Bay: c) The terms in Urban Dictionary: d) Words used within the hacking community, like "zero day," "white hat," and "doxing": e) The industries in the NAICS classification: f) The sections of Kim Kardashian's closet:

a) Individual b) Institutional c) Cultural d) Cultural e) Institutional f) Individual

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of context (where context is one component of the information architecture ecology)? Assume that you are an information architect developing a web site for an online retail shoe store. a) metadata about and images of individual shoes for sale b) competing shoe stores c) the store's brand and its mission d) the weather (and the styles of shoes that folks might want to wear)

a) Metadata about and images of individual shoes for sale (metadata is CONTENT).

Which one of the following statements is most true about the relationship between metadata elements and relevance criteria? a) Metadata elements should enable information seekers to use their relevance criteria to assess resources b) In information systems, metadata elements have to be created before the relevance criteria c) Content standards make relevance criteria fit the correct metadata elements d) Relevance criteria enable information seekers to create the right metadata elements

a) Metadata elements should enable information seekers to use their relevance criteria to assess resources

Which of the following is NOT a common strategy that an information architect might use to help users navigate an information system? a) Providing machine-readable metadata to optimize how a website appears in web search engine results b) Creating regions or chunks of logically related content on a page c) Supporting scanning by providing headings, short and narrow paragraphs, and lists d)Employing conventions of design, including icons, visual hierarchies, familiar layouts e)Showing users breadcrumbs and other kinds of positional indicators of users' location within the hierarchy of content

a) Providing machine-readable metadata to optimize how a website appears in web search engine results

Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of tokenization performed by an information retrieval system? a) Relevance feedback: detecting which documents a user accepts or rejects from a result set b) Stop words: dropping common words (the, and, a, of, ...) from the indexing process or grouping them into N-grams c) Stemming: stripping words of morphological variants, such as plurals or verb tenses d) N-gram detection: Discovering multi-word phrases that should be indexed as one token.

a) Relevance feedback: detecting which documents a user accepts or rejects from a result set

When you do a Google search, results with a small "Ad" at the top left indicates that those results are....

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