quota cutie
b
Detection of the sound of a bell ringing is referred to as a _______. Once you interpret the stimulus as the sound of your alarm clock, it is referred to as a _______. a. perception; sensory adaptation b. sensation; perception c. perception; sensation d. sensory code; perception
d
Dizygotic twins a. have identical DNA. b. appear to be identical. c. rarely resemble each other. d. grow from separate zygotes.
b
Dopamine is most directly involved in a. inhibiting neurons. b. signaling pleasure. c. reducing pain perception. d. slowing heart rate.
a
Each of our _______ consists of tightly coiled DNA. a. chromosomes b. cell proteins c. nucleotides d. amino acids
d
Even though your body changes and you develop new physical and behavioral characteristics, your _______ never changes. a. archetype b. phenotype c. appearance d. genotype
d
Experiments with split-brained patients have illustrated that a. it is impossible to speak without two connected cerebral hemispheres. b. the left hemisphere is the less dominant, non-verbal hemisphere. c. information cannot be processed in the right hemisphere in these patients. d. consciousness is not dependent on the language center of the brain.
a
Following a head injury, Maria experienced a dramatic personality change. She now gambles heavily, swears and yells at work, and has difficulty planning ahead. She most likely experienced damage to her a. prefrontal cortex. b. basal ganglia. c. occipital lobe. d. central sulcus.
b
Freud's interpretation of dreams included the idea of _______ content, the features of the dream that are obvious to the dreamer. a. latent b. manifest c. actual d. fictional
b
Gerard's mother has noticed that he becomes very upset when she leaves for work in the morning. When she gets home, he is resistant to her attempts to bond with him. Gerard is displaying a. disorganized attachment. b. ambivalent attachment. c. secure attachment. d. avoidant attachment.
c
How do gene mutations contribute to evolution? a. Beneficial mutations are passed on to several members of a generation, quickly taking hold in a population. b. Unfavorable mutations have a more significant effect on genes than do favorable mutations, so they are spread through the population. c. Natural selection favors beneficial mutations, so they survive and are passed on to future generations. d. Beneficial and unfavorable mutations take hold in the population equally over numerous generations.
c
An unethical experimenter wants to test the relationship between discomfort and aggression. On a hot day, she turns off the air conditioning in one dorm and leaves it on in another, then has her research assistants count occurrences of verbal aggression in common areas of the buildings. Students in the air-conditioned dorm would be the _______, and students in the overheated dorm would be the _______. a. representative sample; random sample b. study population; sampling frame c. control group; experimental group d. independent sample; dependent sample
a
Any substance that can potentially harm the fetus during birth is called a a. teratogen. b. pollutant. c. plasticity factor. d. cell death agent.
c
At about eight months of age, as a part of normal attachment development, infants begin to show a. rooting reflexes. b. avoidant attachment. c. stranger anxiety. d. ambivalent attachment.
d
In experimental research, which of the following variables is controlled by the researcher? a. Confounding b. Experimental c. Dependent d. Independent
a
In order for our visual system to work properly, the lens must focus light onto the a. retina. b. iris. c. pupil. d. cornea.
d
Inhibitory synapses a. cannot exist in the same part of the body as excitatory synapses. b. increase the likelihood that a neuron will reach the firing threshold. c. trigger action potentials. d. hyperpolarize neurons.
b
Kobe, a native English speaker, has moved to Germany and is learning to speak German. Which brain region is likely to show the greatest plasticity? a. Limbic system b. Temporal lobe c. Prefrontal cortex d. Parietal lobe
b
Kohlberg constructed his theory of moral reasoning by asking people to decide how a fictional character, Heinz, should respond to a moral dilemma. Kohlberg was most interested in the a. number of times people changed their minds while deciding. b. reasoning by which people reached their decisions. c. degree of empathy in the decision-making process. d. degree of justice in the decision-making process.
d
Lila is 18 months old and is no longer surprised when her mother hides her ball, only to reveal it again in a different position in front of her. What cognitive milestone is Lila displaying? a. Concrete operations b. Object recognition c. Conservation d. Object permanence
c
Narcolepsy is mainly the result of a deficiency in the _______ receptors. a. dopamine b. serotonin c. hypocretin d. acetylcholine
a
Neurotransmitters influence the polarization of a neuron by a. causing receptor channels to open, allowing positively charged sodium ions to flow into the neuron. b. crossing into the neuron, bringing their charge with them. c. causing neurons to expel sodium ions. d. blocking ion flow.
a
Piaget's theory of development has been referred to as _______ because in his view, children adapt to the world by actively building and organizing their experiences. a. constructivism b. postconventional c. egocentrism d. psychosocial
b
Preoperational children are often described as _______ because they do not understand that different people can have different points of view. a. logical b. egocentric c. constructivist d. preconventional
c
Size constancy refers to a. the changes that occur in your visual acuity, based on how large an object is. b. your perception that an object retains the same shape, regardless of the angle from which you view it. c. your perception that an object remains the same size, even as you get closer or farther away. d. your ability to accurately judge the color of an object across different lighting contexts.
d
Sleep paralysis is a phenomenon associated with a. sleep apnea. b. sudden urges to sleep. c. accumulation of a sleep debt. d. falling asleep or awakening.
b
Slow-wave sleep is so named because an electroencephalogram (EEG) of a person's brain in that stage of sleep will show a. low-amplitude spikes of electrical activity. b. low-frequency, high-amplitude cycles of activity. c. high-frequency cycles of activity. d. asynchronous, high-frequency activity.
d
Some of the many things that can cause an eardrum to rupture are an ear infection, SCUBA diving, and poking the ear with a sharp object. Which of the following might a ruptured eardrum cause? a. Incoming sounds will be scrambled and more difficult for the brain to decode. b. Loud noises will pass on to the ossicles, but soft sounds will not. c. Vibrations in the middle ear will be too violent for the bones to withstand. d. Environmental bacteria will be more likely to get into the middle ear.
b (b yung nasa answer key, dahil yata "required" so mas matetest yung competitiveness)
Students _______ would be the most representative sample for a study of competitiveness in high school. a. competing in sports b. in a required health class c. in advanced math classes d. who agree to do the study during lunch
d
Thanks to _______, we can distinguish sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami tastes. a. locations on the tongue where each taste is processed b. a high concentration of salty and sweet receptors c. the presence of five categories of taste buds d. specialized taste receptors
b
The _______ theory of color vision is the idea that color vision is based on a system of paired opposites of color. a. trichromatic b. opponent-process c. duplex d. binocular
a
The action potential of a neuron is best compared to a. liquid starting to spill over the rim of a cup when just enough force is applied. b. a baseball traveling farther when it is thrown harder. c. a heavier bowling ball knocking down more pins than a lighter ball does. d. the speed of a remote-controlled car depending on the battery charge.
b
The activation-synthesis hypothesis about dreams states that dreams are a. fulfillments of the wishes of the dreamer. b. the result of random activation throughout the cortex. c. experienced only during non-REM sleep. d. primarily negative, without any positive emotions.
a
The easy problem of consciousness can be solved by a. defining different conscious experiences in terms of different brain states. b. asking participants to be introspective during conscious experiences. c. focusing on people's subjective conscious experiences. d. defining how unconscious perceptions appear to be conscious.
c
The fusion of your father's sperm and your mother's egg is referred to as a. gene expression. b. spermatization. c. fertilization. d. epigenetics.
c
The olfactory system routes information directly to the _______ of the brain. a. parietal cortex b. lateral geniculate nucleus c. olfactory bulb d. fovea
c
The peripheral nervous system is divided into the _______ nervous system and the _______ nervous system. a. central; autonomic b. spinal cord; somatic c. somatic; autonomic d. sympathetic; motor
c
The photoreceptors we need to appreciate a blue sky on a sunny day are the _______, whereas the photoreceptors we use to detect the stars outside at night are the _______. a. cones; hair cells b. Meissner's corpuscles; rods c. cones; rods d. rods; cones
d
The reason that we have blind spots in our visual fields is that a. it is impossible for our visual systems to accurately compress visual information. b. we move our eyes almost constantly, usually about every 50 milliseconds. c. there are no rods in the fovea. d. there are no photoreceptors on the optic disc.
b
The receptor cells that are specialized to detect vibrations along the cochlear membrane are called a. ossicles. b. hair cells. c. stapes. d. cones.
d
The sensation of a fly landing on your arm is weaker than the sensation of being hit with a dodgeball because a. the dodgeball triggers faster moving action potentials from each sensory neuron. b. the dodgeball triggers a more negatively charged action potential. c. the fly depolarizes neurons, but the dodgeball hyperpolarizes neurons. d. the dodgeball triggers more action potentials per second from each sensory neuron.
a
The sensory receptors in your skin that are specialized to report information about changes in temperature are the a. free nerve endings. b. hair follicle receptors. c. Meissner's corpuscles. d. Pacinian corpuscles.
b
The study of how physical events, such as lights and sounds, affect our senses is called a. psychoanalysis. b. psychophysics. c. Gestalt psychology. d. neuropsychology.
b
The transitions between sleep stages are triggered by _______, while REM sleep seems to be a function of the _______. a. the pons; basal forebrain b. hypocretin in the hypothalamus; pons c. the hypothalamus; basal forebrain d. the subcoeruleus; pons
a
Thinning of the top layer of the cortex in adolescence is a good indicator of the neurodevelopmental process called a. synapse rearrangement. b. demyelination. c. differentiation. d. cell death.
c
Tiny bones called _______ transmit vibrations to the inner ear. a. middle canals b. ventricles c. ossicles d. tympana
b
To identify the most popular exhibits at a science museum, visitors were asked every day for six weeks to rate how much they enjoyed each exhibit. The data were analyzed to look for age and sex differences in exhibit preferences. This was an example of a. naturalistic observation. b. survey research. c. case study research. d. experimental research.
d
To prove that electrical stimulation can produce intense feelings of anxiety, the mad scientist would stimulate his victim's a. basal ganglia. b. corpus callosum. c. temporal lobe. d. amygdala.
a
Twins who do not share 100 percent of their genes are called a. dizygotic. b. monozygotic. c. identical. d. discordant.
d
Two reflexes that help an infant receive nourishment are the _______ reflex, or the turning of the head in response to a brush of the cheek, and the _______ reflex, primarily for intake of breast milk. a. grasping; sucking b. rooting; grasping c. sucking; rooting d. rooting; sucking
d
Vision and hearing are different a. sensory receptors. b. adequate stimuli. c. waves of energy. d. sensory modalities.
d
What is the primary difference between a hypothesis and a theory? a. A hypothesis is based on a hunch, and a theory is based on data. b. A hypothesis is an untested theory. c. Hypotheses are used to generate theories. d. A theory is a collection of data-based hypotheses.
b
When you drink coffee, the perceptual experience, called _______, is the combination of information from your taste receptors and your olfactory receptors. a. taste b. flavor c. smell d. gustation
a
Which approach would be most appropriate for testing the hypothesis that taking practice tests improves learning more than studying alone does? a. Experimental research b. Correlational research c. Surveys of representative samples of students d. Case studies of high-achieving students
a
Which confounding variable is teased out when psychologists study the traits of identical twins? a. Similar environments shared by relatives b. Shared zygotes of monozygotic twins c. The influence of dysfunctional alleles d. The genetic influence of the huntingtin gene
d
Which neurotransmitter would you be most likely to find in the synaptic cleft between a motor neuron and a muscle? a. GABA b. Serotonin c. Glutamate d. Acetylcholine
c
Which of the following constitutes a false alarm in signal detection theory? a. You hear your teakettle whistling, and you turn off the stove. b. You are focused on studying, and you do not notice your roommate leaving for dinner. c. You turn off the radio to answer your phone, but the phone is not ringing. d. You expect your nephew to cry when he falls, but he doesn't.
d
Which of the following demonstrates the concept of habituation? a. A toddler repeats an activity in the same way multiple times. b. An infant shows a preference for viewing a single object over multiple objects. c. A baby stares into her mother's eyes while breast feeding. d. A baby glances at a familiar stuffed animal, then stares at a new one.
d
Which of the following examples best captures the concept of sleep debt? a. Research shows that one minute of lost sleep translates to a one-second reduction in your life span. b. You always sleep eight hours a night, even if you go to bed late. c. You generally need about five hours of sleep after you have had a nap. d. After staying up for three days, you will sleep much longer than normal.
c
Which of the following is most consistent with a typical NREM dream? a. You remember that all of the sounds and colors in your dream were completely pleasurable. b. You remember being chased by two dogs and a cat. c. You remember that you had been dreaming about something, but the memory is not vivid. d. You clearly recall walking along a mountain ridge and feared falling over a cliff.
c
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the size cue for monocular depth perception? a. While walking down a street, you can tell that something is close if it doesn't move as quickly as you move. b. While turning the pages of your book, you perceive the pages as moving rectangles. c. While walking on the beach, you perceive that your friend is far away because he looks very small. d. While riding on the train, the world seems to race past you as if it were moving and you were stationary.
c
Which statement about vesicles is accurate? a. They are responsible for the breakdown of used neurotransmitters. b. They bind neurotransmitters released by axon terminals. c. They empty neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. d. They are the only places where two neurons touch.
a
Which statement best describes a valid gene—environment interaction on behavior? a. Identical twins adopted by different families often display behaviors typical of their adoptive families. b. In rats, littermates reared by mothers of different strains display the same exploratory behavior as their biological siblings. c. Two people with the same phenotype may not share the same genotype. d. Shrews raised in a lab without their mother fail to nurture their young.
d
Which statement is consistent with research on cognitive processing and aging? a. Older people typically respond faster than younger people in memory experiments. b. Fluid intelligence develops and improves from adolescence through old age. c. Memory decline in older people is the result of an enlargement of the hippocampus. d. Crystallized intelligence continues to grow throughout the aging process.
d
Which statement regarding brain development is true? a. Adult brains are better able to recover from injury than children's brains. b. Young children's brains do not experience synapse rearrangement. c. The final stage of plasticity occurs during the adolescent years. d. Children's brains are much more plastic than adults' brains.
b
Which theory outlines a series of stages that occur throughout the lifespan and involve tension between conflicting ways of interacting with others? a. Freud's psychosexual theory b. Erikson's psychosocial theory c. Piaget's constructivist theory d. Bowlby's attachment theory
a
Which type of neuron is most common in the brain? a. Interneuron b. Motor neuron c. Sensory neuron d. Sympathetic neuron
a
Xander has taken a medication that is an endorphin antagonist. Which side effect is most likely? a. Increased pain sensitivity b. Impaired motor control c. Reduced sensitivity to touch and pressure d. Impulsivity
d
You are recruited for a psychological study. The experimenter begins by having you focus on his voice, close your eyes, and listen to his suggestions. He asks you to extend your arm and tells you that you are holding a heavy ball, at which point you feel your arm start to fall. You are likely participating in a. a polygraph test. b. the hypnotic factor inventory. c. the trance theory of hypnosis. d. the Stanford hypnotic susceptibility test.
a
You attend a lecture in which the speaker explains how vision organizes images. This is most likely a lecture about a. Gestalt psychology. b. neurophysiology. c. psychophysics. d. psychoanalysis.
a
You awaken some nights gasping for air, and your roommate tells you that you snore loudly, even when you are just dozing. Your symptoms are consistent with a. sleep apnea. b. narcolepsy. c. sleep-state misperception. d. insomnia.
b
You have misplaced your cell phone, and you ask a friend to call you so you can hear its high-pitched, musical ring. Assuming the ringer is on and is loud enough to hear, what would tell your brain that the phone is somewhere directly to your right? a. You hear the ring in your right ear but not in your left ear. b. The ringer sounds slightly louder in your right ear than in your left ear. c. The pitch of the ring sounds slightly higher in your right ear than in your left ear. d. The bass notes of the ring are heard in your right ear but not in your left ear.
a
You would expect that your pupils would be smallest when you are a. sitting on the beach on a very sunny day. b. reading a book in a moderately lit room. c. watching TV in a dimly lit room. d. navigating through a dark forest at night.
a
_______ are collections of 50-150 cells and are located on the surface of your tongue, back of your mouth, and roof of your mouth. a. Taste buds b. Taste receptor cells c. Taste pores d. Tastants
a
_______ cues to depth are dependent on information from both eyes. a. Binocular b. Monocular c. Gestalt d. Just noticeable difference (JND)
b
"Green is the prettiest color" is a _______ hypothesis because it is _______. a. poor; not true b. poor; not testable c. good; testable d. good; true
b
A 70-year-old woman who is given a touch-screen tablet becomes hopelessly frustrated when she tries to use it. Which of the following best explains her lack of success? a. A decline in crystallized intelligence makes it difficult for her to apply previous knowledge to a new situation. b. A decline in fluid intelligence keeps her from reasoning abstractly when confronted with an unfamiliar object. c. The similarity between her laptop computer and the tablet causes confusion between crystallized and fluid intelligence. d. The unfamiliarity of the tablet's technology causes a breakdown of her crystallized intelligence.
b
A _______ is the region of space where stimuli affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system. a. Merkel's disc b. receptive field c. rod d. photon
c
A child finds a five-dollar bill beside her teacher's desk. Which scenario describes the application of preconventional moral reasoning? a. The child wants her teacher to like her, so she gives him the money. b. The child knows that stealing is wrong, so she leaves the money where she found it. c. The child is afraid she'll get in trouble if she takes the money, so she gives it to her teacher. d. The child knows it is wrong to keep the money, but she slips it into her pocket, anyway.
d
A doctor needs a brain imaging technique that shows brain structure but not brain function. Which technique should the doctor choose? a. Electroencephalography (EEG) b. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) c. Positron emission tomography (PET) d. Computed tomography (CT)
d
A neuron with _______ would be expected to have the slowest-moving action potential. a. a well-myelinated, thick axon b. many nodes of Ranvier c. an unmyelinated, thick axon d. an unmyelinated, thin axon
c
A news organization wanted to predict who would win the next U.S. presidential election. They sent an opinion poll to every fiftieth person on a list of students enrolled at a nearby college. Which of the following is the study population? a. Americans in general b. College students in general c. Students at this particular college d. Students who return the questionnaire
c
A patient has a dangerously low heart rate and is having difficulty breathing. The neurotransmitter that would be most helpful to him is a. acetylcholine. b. serotonin. c. norepinephrine. d. GABA.
c
A professor wanted to learn more about the body image concerns of young teenage girls. She randomly selected 200 girls from local middle schools to complete her questionnaire. These girls were a. a random population. b. an experimental group. c. a representative sample. d. the sampling frame.
d
A research team was investigating the impact of stereotypes on performance. In one group, women read a magazine article about why the structure of men's brains makes them better at math. In the second group, women read a magazine article saying there are no biological differences in the mathematical abilities of men and women. All women in the study then took a challenging math test. Researchers scored the number of items women answered correctly. In this study, which of the following was the dependent variable? a. How difficult women found the test b. Women's beliefs about their math abilities c. Which article the women read d. Women's scores on the math test
a
A researcher plans to study changes in patients' brain activity as Alzheimer's disease progresses by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygen content. The appropriate brain imaging technique to use is a. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). b. computed tomography (CT). c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). d. electroencephalography (EEG).
a
A researcher would be most likely to find a negative correlation between _______ and _______. a. shyness; party attendance b. hopelessness; depression c. conscientiousness; grade point average (GPA) d. occupational success; self-esteem
d
A researcher would most likely use _______ to investigate which brain areas are active during speech? a. computed tomography (CT) b. X-ray c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
b
A scientist has inserted an electrode into the frontal lobe of a monkey. Electrical stimulation would most likely cause the monkey to a. feel no pain. b. make a kicking motion. c. demonstrate behaviors of intense anxiety. d. respond as if it were hearing other monkeys' screeches.
d
A split-brained patient is so named because his or her _______ has been severed in order to limit the severity of seizures. a. thalamus b. hypothalamus c. frontal lobe d. corpus callosum
a
A technique that tracks blood flow to measure brain activity is a. positron emission tomography (PET). b. the electroencephalogram (EEG). c. computed tomography (CT). d. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
c
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which question best corresponds with an adolescent's search for identity? a. What activities am I good at, compared to other people? b. Which adults can I trust, and which are not trustworthy? c. How can I fit in socially with the people around me? d. What rules can I break without getting caught?
a
Accounting for differences in subjective experiences among people is the a. hard problem of consciousness. b. easy problem of consciousness. c. qualia of consciousness. d. unconscious part of experience.
b
After a skydiving accident, an MRI showed damage to Rose's cerebellum. She is most likely to have difficulty with a. reading. b. practicing yoga. c. controlling emotions. d. understanding speech.
b
After being diagnosed with thyroid cancer, Kaela had her thyroid removed. The effects of this are likely to include a. an inability to regulate her endocrine system. b. changes in metabolism. c. difficulty breaking down sugar. d. an inability to trigger the fight-or-flight response.
c
After her stroke, Mei was able to hear, smell, and taste normally. However, she had difficulty with her vision. She most likely experienced damage to her a. prefrontal cortex. b. limbic system. c. occipital lobe. d. thalamus.
d
All of the following are female secondary sex characteristics except a. wide hips. b. breast development. c. soft skin. d. ovaries.
c
Alzheimer's disease is dementia that is caused by a. normal slowing of cognition due to rapid aging of the frontal cortex. b. random cell death primarily in the temporal lobe. c. the build-up of amyloid in and outside of acetylcholine neurons. d. diets high in fat, which cause the slow disintegration of brain cells.
b
Both the sense of taste and the sense of smell rely on cells designed to detect a. vibrations. b. chemicals. c. temperature. d. air pressure.
b
Circadian rhythms are regulated by the _______ of the hypothalamus. a. ventromedial nucleus b. suprachiasmatic nucleus c. anterior portion d. lateral section
b
Computed tomography (CT) scans a. provide less detailed brain images than transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). b. show brain structures but not areas of brain activity. c. require the injection of radioactive markers. d. measure the response of brain tissue to magnetic fields.
