Race & Ethnicity (Ch. 5-8)
Between 1925 and 1975, the prison population remained the same, fluctuating between 100,000 and 200,000 prisoners. By 2000, the prison population reached what number?
1,400,000
In what years were the percentages of black students in U.S. public schools roughly equal?
1970, 1980, and 2000
How much has public housing inventory fallen since 1991?
20 percent
What would be an example of what Bruce Western calls "deterrence"?
A person who refrains from stealing a designer dress when she realizes she would end up paying more in legal fines than the cost of the dress if she got caught.
Chapter 8 contains a long discussion of Abercrombie and Fitch. What is the main argument of that passage?
Abercrombie has learned how to sell white privilege by manufacturing a "look."
Antiracist Aesthetics
An artistic approach that seeks somehow to throw a wrench in the grinding gears of racism, forcing its audience to confront American racial history honestly and courageously. (page 287)
Fear of Crime
Anxiety about becoming a victim of a crime as opposed to the actual probability of becoming a victim of a crime. (page 214)
Environmental Racism
Any environmental policy, practice, or directive that disproportionately disadvantages (intentionally or unintentionally) nonwhite communities. (page 196)
Cultural Appropriation
Cultural appropriation occurs when members of one ethnic or racial group adopt a cultural product associated with another. (page 308)
What is one way that the "code of the street" is supported by mainstream corporations?
Designers like Louis Vuitton and Versace embrace the hip-hop styles, influences, and even musicians in their advertising and brand marketing.
Where can we find the roots of our problematic ideas about "cultural authenticity"?
European colonizers
Some conservative politicians reacted to the Boston Marathon bombings by calling for a freeze on immigration reform. Which belief does their behavior reinforce?
Immigrants make the country less safe.
How did the white public justify the existence of lynch mobs?
Lynch mobs supposedly kept white women safe from black male rapists.
What makes some comedy fit into the racist aesthetic and other comedy fit into the antiracist aesthetic?
Racist comedy relies on stereotypes; antiracist comedy uses humor to break down stereotypes.
Which of the following has been identified as a potential problem for the efficacy of affirmative action policies?
Sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that minority students from the most privileged families reap the lion's share of the benefits afforded by affirmative action.
What is one way that racism is embedded in the structure of schools, as described in the textbook?
Students are tracked such that whites and Asians have disproportionate access to the most intellectually stimulating classes.
According to sociologist Georg Simmel, what happens when lower classes begin to copy the fashions of the upper class?
The upper class abandons the style and finds something new.
What is one reason why sociologists believe immigrants may commit less crime?
Their neighborhoods often have codes of informal social control.
What role did many real estate agents play in "white flight"?
They exploited whites' fears of racial integration and encouraged them to sell their homes fast
What is one reason that the antiracist aesthetic is not featured as prominently in venues such as art museums?
Whites are overrepresented in positions of power in such venues.
Which of the following is an example of antiracist appropriation?
a white novelist who researches the lives and experiences of an indigenous tribe in order to portray tribal members in their full humanity
Which of the following is most likely to work as a form of "cultural capital?"
ability to distinguish between works of classical music
An art museum recently decreased the price of admission, instituted admission-free Sundays, and offered free art education classes at a nearby low-income public school. These efforts can help the museum to:
increase attendance among the poor and working class
The clip from Crips and Bloods: Made in America focuses on police harassment of young black men and women in Los Angeles in the 1960s. According to the text, such racial targeting is caused in large part by
institutional racism in policing
What form of art does Chapter 8 highlight as a "hotbed of the antiracist aesthetic"?
poetry
The debate over Chief Illiniwek is ultimately a debate about
the ethics of cultural appropriation.
Which kind of crime grosses between $300 billion and $660 billion each year?
white-collar
Approximately ______ percent of first-year students enrolled in America's top universities are white students who failed to satisfy their universities' minimum requirements.
15
In which year was the first American-Indian-controlled school established on the Navajo reservation?
1966
According to the textbook, roughly 25 percent of black and Latino families renting their homes spend at least what percent of their income on housing?
50 percent
Racial Terrorism
A form of ethnic violence which continued in the United States even after the end of slavery, often in the form of lynch mobs. (page 177)
Minstrelsy
A form of popular entertainment that ruled the American stage between 1830 and 1910, in which whites performed in blackface and purported to represent authentic African-American life. Minstrel shows featured a collection of stock characters that portrayed blacks as lazy, ignorant, subservient, buffoonish, and childish. (page 282)
education gap
A gap in educational opportunities that separates whites and Asians, on the one hand, and African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans, on the other. (page 259)
Narrowcasting
A kind of artistic segregation, in which television producers target specific racial or ethnic groups with programs supposedly designed to speak to those groups' unique needs and lifestyles, where "black programs" are pitched at black viewers, "Jewish programs" at Jewish viewers, "Hispanic programs" at Hispanic viewers, and so forth. (page 304)
White Flight
A migratory process whereby many whites, fearing racial integration, sold their houses in the city and fled to the suburbs. (page 176)
stereotype threat
A negative stereotype about a racial group can make members of that group conscious of the fact that any of their actions that happen to align with that stereotype end up verifying the stereotype, making it more real in the eyes of others and, perhaps, even of themselves; being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. (page 269)
Why might immigrant women be more prone to become the repeated victims of intimate partner violence than native-born American women?
A woman's risk of partner abuse increases the more isolated she is from the wider society, and immigrant women are perhaps the most isolated in America; many abuse programs and shelters are located in nonimmigrant neighborhoods.
Which of the following statements is true?
African Americans in many metropolitan areas live in a condition of hypersegregation.
Lowbrow Art
Also known as "popular culture," comprises art forms that are considered more ordinary and associated with the tastes and lifestyles of "the masses," and which is more or less bereft of cultural capital. (page 305)
The young people featured in the clip are attempting to relearn their native language as a part of their education with Native elders. According to the text, why would this type of education been unlikely before the Civil Rights Movement?
American Indians did not regain full control over the education of their children until the Civil Rights Era.
boarding schools
As part of the white agenda to Anglicize America's indigenous population at the beginning of the twentieth century, American Indian parents were forced to send their children to boarding schools run by Christian missionaries and, later on, by the federal government. (page 246)
In what ways did housing segregation help reinforce racial inequality in the middle of the twentieth century?
Blacks had lower wages than whites but higher average rent, making it difficult to accumulate wealth.
When Eric Garner, a black man, was killed by the police in 2014, his only official crime was selling loose cigarettes. What might be another reason that the police attacked him?
Both whites and nonwhites believe that black men are more prone to violence than white men.
Mass Incarceration
Comparatively and historically high rates of imprisonment in the United States, predominantly of African-American men. (page 207)
Which best summarizes educational current completion rates by race?
Completion rates for both high school and college have increased for all racial groups.
cultural and social capital
Cultural capital refers to the sum total of one's knowledge of established and exalted cultural activities and practices, while social capital includes all the resources one accrues by virtue of being connected to a network of people. (page 261)
model minority
Ever since the nineteenth century, white America has regarded its Asian inhabitants as constituting a "model minority." That is, "more obedient and industrious" than other minorities. (page 266)
What were the findings of audit studies conducted by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development about racial discrimination in housing?
High levels of housing discrimination is still experienced by blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans.
Racist Aesthetics
If the white aesthetic seeks to normalize whiteness, the racist aesthetic seeks to depict people of color in negative ways. If the white aesthetic ignores people of color, the racist aesthetic represents them—but never in their full humanity. Rather, it distorts and stereotypes; it infantilizes and demonizes. (page 287)
White Aesthetics
Images of whiteness often are understated and subtle. They rely on an unspoken edict that treats the white body and the white experience as normal, an edict that, for some of us, connects with our innermost presuppositions about the world. (page 287)
According to the textbook, what is one political consequence of being imprisoned?
In many states, felons lose the right to vote.
How did urban development projects immediately following World War II affect housing opportunities for nonwhites?
It evicted many from their homes, forcing them into overcrowded slums.
After George Zimmerman shot and killed Trayvon Martin in 2012, the police did not arrest him because of the Stand Your Ground law. What was the supposed purpose of this law?
It gave people the right to defend themselves against someone they perceived as a threat.
According to the textbook authors, why might urban and suburban Americans be so quick to stereotype all rural, white Americans as intolerant and racist zealots?
It prevents them from having to face their own racist attitudes.
Aside from limiting professional options for nonwhite models, what is one consequence of the overrepresentation of white models in the fashion industry?
It reinforces the features of white women as the standards of beauty.
Jasper, a young black man in Chicago, gets by as a low-level drug dealer. Given studies cited in the textbook, what can we likely conclude about his income and hours worked doing so?
Jasper probably makes close-to or less-than minimum wage, with hours that add up to only part-time work.
In the 1920s and 1930s, why did some recent immigrants, such as Germans and Irish, leave the slum and assimilate into the American mainstream but others, such as the Chinese, did not?
Laws and customs, based on the "racial uniform" did not allow the Chinese to live anywhere else.
eurocentric curriculum
Many educators favor Eurocentric knowledge and cultural styles over non-Eurocentric ones, even if the latter are not avowedly anti-intellectual. (page 255)
The clip points out that since 1492, approximately 300 Native American languages in North America have become extinct. Which of the following best explains why many these languages have been lost?
Many languages were lost when whites sought to "civilize" America's indigenous people by forcing them to assimilate to Anglo-American society.
In what way does whiteness impact the field of anthropology?
Marginalized populations are treated as exotic objects of study.
How did the "hyperghetto" form?
Middle- and upper-class blacks fled the ghetto after legal segregation was overturned, leaving only low-income families.
Child psychologists Hart and Risley examined speech patterns across families of different social class backgrounds. Which of the following best describes their findings?
Middle-class children receive more praise and hear more utterances than poor children.
What are the origins of the term "redlining"?
Neighborhoods with 5 percent or more African Americans were colored red on a map and made ineligible for government-backed loans
White-Collar Crime
Nonviolent and often financially motivated crimes committed by more privileged members of society, such as computer hacking, fraud, identity theft, environmental law violations, tax evasion, bribery, counterfeiting, money laundering, and embezzling. (page 224)
In the 1960s, politicians began what has come to be known as the "war on drugs," a product of which includes increased imprisonments for nonviolent drug offenses. Which of the following was one result of the war on drugs during the 1970s?
Potential race rioters were arrested.
Police State
Refers to the heightened surveillance and police repression, such as curfews, found in nonwhite metropolitan areas. (page 231)
Why are Native American reservations often the target of environmental racism, such as locations for dump sites and mining operations?
Reservations are not subject to state regulations about dumping.
Which of the following represents a symbolic cost of segregation?
Segregation creates the appearance that racial divisions are real, natural, and unchanging.
In the clip from In Whose Honor? Charlene Teters, a Native American, was interviewed about her attitude about the Chief Illiniwek mascot. She held which of the following positions on the mascot?
She opposed the mascot because it symbolized that people in power controlled and owned Illiniwek culture.
In one research experiment, teachers were asked to examine the definitions students attached to words and to evaluate those students' verbal skills. Researchers did not vary the definitions but did vary the race of the students. What did the research find?
Teachers gave lower grades to black students.
Deterrent Effect
The argument that prisons discourage would-be criminals from committing crimes. (page 240)
separate is not equal
The case put forth by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP in 1954 that racially segregated schools were separate but anything but equal; the Supreme Court ruled on behalf of the NAACP, dismantling the legal basis of racial segregation. (page 251)
Highbrow Art
The collection of art forms associated with an upper-class taste and lifestyle, which is rich in cultural capital. (page 305)
Underground Economy
The combined forms of enterprise classified as criminal under current law, as well as any other economic activity that is unrecorded and untaxed by the government. (page 224)
What were the aims of U.S. government relocation programs targeted at Native Americans following World War II?
The government wanted to move Native Americans to urban centers to advance assimilation and tribal dissolution.
Which of the following were findings of the Detroit Area Survey?
The majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 50 percent black and 50 percent white, while 84 percent of white respondents said they would not enter such a neighborhood.
According the text, "Racist appropriation can be used to exoticize the nonwhite groups and, therefore, to contribute to their status as Other" (p. 311). How does this statement relate to the University of Illinois Chief Illiniwek mascot controversy?
The mascot could be understood as presenting Native Americans as an ancient people, not a community that still exists today.
What was the impact of the University of California's ban on race-conscious admissions?
The percentage of black first-year students decreased by 50 percent in one year.
Racialization of Neighborhoods
The rise of industrialism, which facilitated the rise of cities, attracted thousands of people—immigrants, blacks, Mexicans, whites, Asians—to roiling metropolises. As they poured into cities, some ethnic groups tended to cluster together in neighborhoods, many living in crowded, dilapidated slums. (page 170)
Advanced Marginality
The severe spatial and social segregation of the ghetto's residents, marked by their amputation from America's economic prosperity, national security, collective imagination and memory, and state services. (page 189)
A group of students argue with their professor that their assigned history text is inadequate because it ignores the influence of slave revolts in achieving emancipation. According to Prudence Carter, how should we understand their behavior?
The students are resistant to a curriculum that does not adequately represent their heritage.
What usually happens to the very small number of qualified white and Asian applicants who are denied admission to a particular university due to affirmative action policies?
They are admitted to other institutions of equal stature.
In what way are the young people featured in The Young Ancestors similar to many of Native American youth of the Indian boarding schools era described at the beginning of Chapter 7?
They are resisting the demise of their tribal languages and cultures
Causes and Consequences of Segregation
Throughout the nineteenth century, whites and nonwhites lived relatively close together, interacting with one another on a daily basis, but the rise of industrialism brought thousands to live in crowded, dilapidated slums. As the twentieth century marched forward, prosperous European immigrant families were able to move out of the slums and assimilate into the white American mainstream. Meanwhile, those who wore the badge of otherness—the "racial uniform," in the words of American sociologist Robert Park—were forbidden by law and custom to live anywhere else. (page 183)
Consider the figure below, "Effects of Stereotype Threat." What should we understand from this graph?
When students are made to feel that their performance must counter stereotypes, they are less likely to perform to the best of their ability.
Monica is a twenty-two-year-old woman, who, like other women, has a one in five chance of being raped in her lifetime. Who is most likely to perpetrate sexual violence against her?
a boyfriend
Which of the following is a potentially negative consequence of nonwhite artists having to rely predominantly on white sponsors to fund their art?
a loss of control over the representation of racism and people of color in their art
While books that are often held up as classics in the U.S. educational system—such as Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn—are widely regarded as being universally applicable, writing by marginalized groups—such as Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings—is often considered:
a particular perspective
Which of the following terms pertains to neighborhoods marked by severe spatial and social segregation and by an amputation from America's economic prosperity, national security, collective imagination and memory, and state services?
advanced marginality
Appropriating another group's culture but refusing to use the art to further racial domination is an example of what?
antiracist cultural appropriation
One study analyzed more than 900 films and found that, with few exceptions, which group was represented as "Public Enemy Number One"?
arabs
What is one way that progressive intellectual movements, such as feminism, are dominated by a white framework?
attempting to speak for women of color
When boxer Mike Tyson was accused of raping Desiree Washington, a young black woman, many prominent African Americans, eager to quash the "black male rapist" trope, rushed to Tyson's side. This situation is an example of what?
black protectionism
According to opinion polls, what was one of the primary concerns of U.S. voters during the mid-1960s?
civil rights
A settlement located near agricultural fields consisting of dilapidated shacks, low-cost housing, and inhabited primarily by U.S. citizens and migrant farm workers is an example of a:
colonia
What is one way antiracist art responds to the racist aesthetic?
correcting distorted representations of nonwhites
What is the way for nonwhite artists to free themselves from the dominance of the white gaze?
depict people of color as full, complex humans
In an hour-long TV drama about the "typical American high school," you observe that only one person of color appears on the screen. Noticing this and how it fails to treat the experiences of people of color as central to the American experience is to do what?
detect whiteness in art
African Americans have grown so used to being pulled over by the police that many speak of being stopped on account of DWB. What does "DWB" stand for?
driving while black
Which of the following life experiences has been linked to job loss, depression, residential instability, and relocating to poorer, more violent neighborhoods and is twice as likely to happen to women as men?
eviction
What two factors contribute to many black and Latino families facing the burden of rising housing costs?
exclusion from both well-paying jobs and the mortgage market
Which best describes the relationship between the educational policies applied to African Americans and American Indians during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
exclusion/ reeducation
Nonwhite urban neighborhoods like the ones described in the film have seen a DECREASE in surveillance and police repression since the era of Civil Rights protest.
false
Which of the following directly contributed to white flight out of urban centers and into the suburbs?
federal government loan programs
What was the primary objective of cultural reeducation of American Indians?
force them to assimilate into Anglo-American society and culture
How many Americans buy something each year as part of the underground economy?
four in five
Based on the clip from My Brooklyn, white flight after the Great Depression was driven by which of the following?
government incentives encouraging whites to move to the suburbs
Research shows that students of color are about 10 percent more likely to experience what in college classrooms compared to their white peers?
harassment and feelings of being unwelcome
Audience conduct that is "orderly, regulated, learned, prosperous, and civilized" is characteristic of:
highbrow culture
What is the social force driving the transformation of the racial makeup of many majority-white small towns?
immigration
Gentrification is a contentious issue in many cities throughout the United States, such as San Francisco and Washington, DC. Based on the findings in the clip from My Brooklyn, we would conclude which of the following about gentrification in these other cities?
it is not an inevitable process, but is driven by political factors & government policy
As the children of Jewish shopkeepers assimilated into whiteness and took leave of their families' shops in the inner city, what immigrant group has often stepped in to take their place, particularly in black ghettos?
koreans
According to the figure below, "Lifetime Likelihood of Imprisonment," which group has a higher chance of imprisonment than white men?
latino men
Shamus Khan argues that highly privileged students at the nation's most elite private schools benefit most from:
learning an attitude of cultural ease
Consider the following scenario: "A qualified applicant is rejected from a top university because the spot was reserved for another type of student." What is the most likely reason the seat was reserved for the second applicant?
legacy admit
What roadblock strategy was responsible for slowing the pace of desegregation?
legislative acts known as "public placement"
The fact that most art museums were closed on Sunday and had high entrance fees had what effect in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?
limited the enjoyment of art primarily to the white leisure class
What is one way the Federal Housing Administration contributed to the exclusion of nonwhites from the private housing market?
loan denial to nonwhites
What is the most widely used drug in the United States?
marijuana
What is an example of cultural appropriation?
mass production and sale of the Palestinian kaffiyeh in the United States
The textbook authors find both Booker T. Washington's and W. E. B. Du Bois's platforms lacking what?
means to organize for civil rights
Black Entertainment Television (BET) is an example of what concept?
narrowcasting
The textbook authors use the example that Latina/o teens are more likely than Anglo teens to "make fun of people who try to do well in school" to illustrate which concept?
oppositional culture
Though often forced to attend boarding schools run by Christian missionaries and later the federal government, American Indian students regularly resisted this "indoctrination into whiteness." Which of the following, as described in Chapter 7, is an example of such resistance?
performing important ceremonies in secret
What has been a consequence of cities renovating central-city areas to entice upper-class individuals and families?
poor families being pushed to the suburbs, cut off from employment opportunities and services
In An American Dilemma, Gunnar Myrdal argued that segregation was furthered by which group's sense of status competition?
poor whites
Which features of affirmative action do most Americans overestimate?
prevalence and power
In most U.S. public universities, the fact that Muslim students are required to attend classes during Ramadan is an example of what?
privileging of certain groups' history, culture, and needs over others'
Textbook writers describing the penning of the Declaration of Independence without acknowledging the influence of the governance of the Iroquois Nation is one example of what?
racial domination
Norman Rockwell's paintings and country music songs that reminisce over the "good old days" are examples of what concept?
racial nostalgia
The clip from My Brooklyn documents redlining in some neighborhoods but not others. What was the result of this process of redlining?
racial residential segregation
Teters and others who opposed the University of Illinois Chief Illiniwek mascot would consider the mascot a form of what the text terms
racist appropriation
A banker that refused to give financially qualified buyers a mortgage because their desired home was in a nonwhite area marked as too risky for a loan was engaged in what discriminatory practice?
redlining
According to sociologist Bruce Western, what are the three ways that prisons might possibly reduce crime?
rehabilitation, incapacitation, and deterrence
Achieving commercial success at the expense of a political message or an artist's authenticity is often referred to as what?
selling out
Familism is a variant of _____________ having to do with one's attachment to, and reliance on, family-based relationships.
social capital
The "discovery" of quilts crafted by the African American women of Gee's Bend, Alabama, did not make them more _______ but it did label them ___________.
special; art
Elvis Presley's reputation as the "king of rock-and-roll" could be considered a result of
strategic amnesia
The sale of imitation Native American headdresses at popular music festivals by non-Native groups to be worn predominantly by non-Native Americans, thereby weakening the political and cultural significance of the headdress, is an example of:
strategic amnesia
Towns that hung signs reading "Whites Only within City Limits after Dark" were known as:
sundown towns
The U.S. government program that ran from 1942 through 1964 to recruit Mexican nationals and has been referred to as "legalized slavery" was called what?
the Bracero program
The text points out that historically, police officers "have served as the primary guardians of white supremacy" (p. 233). The clip shows that, in 1965, this was still true in some important ways. What example from the film clip best illustrates these racially motivated injustices?
the LAPD used force to keep black residents away from white neighborhoods
What events prompted the passage of the 1968 Civil Rights Act?
the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the subsequent urban uprisings
As Michael Tonry writes in Malign Neglect, "Through [the twentieth century] in periods of high intolerance of drug use, minority group stereotypes have been associated with deviant drug use." What would be an example of this phenomenon?
the association of the Chinese with opium dens during the early twentieth century
Which of the following concepts from the text is most clearly represented in the film clip from Crips and Bloods: Made in America?
the criminalization of dark skin
Allison, a young African American mother of three, wants to move out of her predominantly black neighborhood because, as she tells people, "It is safer to raise my children in the suburbs." Allison's notions about her neighborhood safety are not matched by arrest rates for her current neighborhood versus the suburb where she desires to move, where violent crime is 30 percent more likely. Allison's reactions demonstrate:
the fear of crime stemming from racial stereotypes does not just impact whites as people in the stereotyped racial and ethnic group can internalize the fears as well
Facing high levels of environmental hazards, being isolated from economic opportunities, neglected by political leaders, and feeling stigmatized by a "blemish of place" are common experiences by residents of what two types of neighborhoods?
the ghetto and poor, rural white areas
Designers like Louis Vuitton and Versace embrace the hip-hop styles, influences, and even musicians in their advertising and brand marketing.
the increased probability that a black man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school would end up incarcerated at some point in his lifetime
The symphony, as a cultural organization, is an example of what?
the institutionalization of artistic divisions between highbrow and lowbrow culture
What were the two important institutions that arose to control and confine nonwhites—African Americans in particular?
the lynch mob and the prison
The film illustrates a disagreement between younger and older generations about how to collectively respond to police brutality after the incidents that led to the Watts riots. Which of the following best describes this disagreement?
the older generation felt that reserved, nonviolent protest was preferable
Since when have nonwhite urban neighborhoods have been subjected to heightened surveillance and police repression?
the racial uprisings of the 1960s
Portraying people of color in a stereotypical and distorted manner is an example of what?
the racist aesthetic
What is Victoria's Secret's "Sexy Little Geisha" merchandise an example of?
the racist aesthetic
Where have almost half of all new immigrants since the 1990s settled?
the suburbs
An increase in double-eyelid surgeries by Asian Americans is an example of an outcome from the internalization of what?
the white aesthetic
Your textbook mentions films like Mississippi Burning, To Kill a Mockingbird, Black Hawk Down, and The Matrix. What common movie theme do these films present?
the white savior theme
According to the text, what was the main purpose of Indian boarding schools in the first few decades of the twentieth century?
to force Native Americans to assimilate to into Anglo-American society and strip them of their Indian culture
Which quadrant in the figure below represents zero segregation? Which quadrant represents the highest levels of segregation?
upper right; lower left
Bartholomew Whitehouse, a panhandler and former slave, was arrested in 1898 and imprisoned for six months without trial. Which law allowed this to occur?
vagabond laws
An artistic depiction of American society that doesn't include nonwhites or any signs of racial domination is an example of what?
white aesthetic
In 2008, Bernie Madoff, a former Wall Street broker, committed an elaborate Ponzi scheme and was found guilty of making fraudulent investments totaling over $60 billion. What is this type of crime called?
white-collar crime
Based on the chart below, "Diversity Experiences in Each Group's Typical Neighborhood, 2010," which racial/ethnic group is most likely to live in a segregated neighborhood?
whites
Representations of Egyptian queen Cleopatra as a white woman by neoclassical American and European sculptors are an example of what?
whites dominating images of beauty
The biggest increase in specific prison populations occurred between 1980 and 2011, a jump from 15,118 to 111,387. This represented a 587 percent increase in the number of _____ imprisoned.
women
