Race and Minorities Exam 2

Rufino Contreras

27 year old farm worker who protested the dreadful work conditions of lettuce pickers was shot and killed in February 1979.

Patricia Williams

African American woman with impeccable credit and a high-paying job; she applied for a home loan and was immediately approved, but once the bank found out she was black it asked for a larger down payment and increased her interest rate.

George Wallace

Alabama governor who stood in 1963 on the steps of the University of Alabama to block the entrance of two black students to the all-white university; taught Republicans two strategic lessons: first was that politicians who opposed racial justice could garner great support from white voters and second he promted white supremacy but not explicitly.

racially polarized

American electorate has the majoirity of whites tilted toward the GOP, while the majority of nonwhites lean towards the Democratic party.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

President Johnson signed into law that the acts of voter discrimination and literacy tests were prohibited and that federal government had the power to oversee voter registration.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spaniard who was first to land on the mainland of the U.S. and called it La Florida.

affrimitive action

a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities; encourage employers seeking to create integrated institutions to consider race, ethnicity, and gender in their hiring, admittance, and other decisions; seek proactively to redress historic patterns of domination, to combat present-day discriminationm and to ensure equal access to opportunities.

split labor market

a labor market must have at least two groups of workers whose price of labor differs for the same work, or would differ if they did the same work; steered by struggles of three groups: business elite( (run and own the companies and, through union norganizing, hae secured a decent wage and fair working conditions), higher paid labor (live in constant threat of cheap labor, whic business elite can hire to cut costs), and cheap labor.

Cesar Chavez

a migrant worker from southern Arizona who emerged as an outspoken critic of migrant worker exploitation; organized workers, leading fasts, strikes, demonstrations, and nationwide boycotts to win contracts for poor migrant workers who picked grapes, berries, lettuce, and other crops under oppressive conditions.

gentrification

a process of neighborhood change by which relatively affluent people move into an area populated by poorer residents; usually is not motivated by the governmant or mass eviction rather it is initiated by middle-class people who begin to move into an area of the city that is attractive, these privlegeed newcomers begin to fix up the neighborhood thus improving its housing stock and opening up quaint coffee shops and restaurants whic causes the property values and taxes to spike thus forcing the landlords to raise the rent.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

abolished national-origin quotas; established limitations on the number of visas allotted each year to most immigrants, it did not limit family reunification visas, which allowed immigrants with family members in U.S. to be admitted.

supply-side economics

aka Reaganomics; once the government pulls out of the market (primarily by cutting taxes to the wealthy) the wealthy will invest money they usually dedicated to taxes into new capital ventures, which in turn will lead to cheaper production, which in turn will lead to lower prices and increased demand, thereby expanding the economy.

racial uprisings

aka race riots; tensions between blacks and whites heated up; one of the worst occurred in Chicago in the summer of 1919: 17 year old black boy swam to the "white side" of a bathing beach and was pelted with rocks by white swimmers, the teeneager Eugene Williams was drowned, this sparked a week-long event that left 38 people dead, 500 injured, and 1000 homeless.

sit-ins

among the first major demonstrations invented and orchestrated by students; on February 1, 1960, four black freshman at Greensboro's North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College took seats at a "whites-only" lunch counter at the local Woolworth department store, which led to many more of these.

Clarence Thomas

an African American who was nominated in 1991 to the Supreme Court by George H. W. Bush, was protested by many civial rights organizations like the NAACP and the Urban League bacause he opposed many policies designed to bring about rcial equality.

environmental racism

any policy, practice, or directive that disproportionately disadvantages (intentionally or unintentionally) nonwhite communities.

discursive cooptation

appropriating the language of the civil rights movement while promoting agendas aimed at dismantling the movement.

civil society

area of social life where we find public debate, community organizing, and citizen-led political mobilization.

homosocial reproduction

authorities tend to fill positions of power with people like themselves.

Wilma Mankiller

became first woman Chief of the Cherokee Nation.

economic factors

because on average whites are more wealthy than nonwhites, perhaps racial segregation is due, not to mechanisms of racial domination, but to class-based inequalities.

Great Migration

between 1910-1930, over 1.5 million blacks travled north and another 3 million between 1940-1960.

New Deal

birthed unemployment insurance, minimum wage workday limitations, and veteran assistance, but these programs were crafted to accomodate racial dominations; initiated by Preseident Franklin D. Roosevelt.

brain drain

black inner-city neighborhoods; the more educated, wealthy, and privleged left behind families who constituted "the truly disadvantaged".

principle-implementation gap

can be explained by examining whites' ideas about how race works in the world: most whites explain racial disparities by blaming the victim; example: whites seem to disapprove of discrimination in housing and racial segregation but are unwilling to support federal programs aimed at combating these problems.

Gunnar Myrdal

coined term "underclass" in 1962 to describe the throngs of "unemployed unemplyables" pushed out of work by the motors of deindustrialization.

Civil Rights Movement

collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at dismantling the white power structure by abolishing racial segregation, nonwhite disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation; Emmett Till's murder energized many to start this movement

threat hypothesis

compared to whites who live in racially homogenous areas, whites who live near nonwhites are more likely to develop racist attitudes about nonwhite people.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

covered mployment practices of all businesses with 25+ employees (later 15+); prohibited different voting registration standards; prohibited discrimination in public accomodations and facilities; crated he Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate complaints against employers.

Indian termination policy

ended federal recognition of tribes, made American Indians subject to state/federal laws, terminated federal aid/services for people on tribal lands, withdrew land from protected status and much of it went to non-Indians, increased poverty on reservations; occupation of Alcatraz made this end.

ethnic community thesis

ethnic enclaves are sought out by immigrants who could afford to live elsewhere; some immigrants prefer living in areas where a good number of their neighbors eat the same food, celebrate the same holidays, and speak their native language.

white flight

fearing racial integration, many whites who had the means to do so sold their houses in the city and fled to the suburbs; began in the 1950s spurred on by deindustrialization.

felon disenfranchisement

felons and ex-felons are not allowed to vote; most states started this after the ratification of the 15th amendment which gave black men the right to vote; states where blacks constituted a significant proportion of the prison population more likely to adopt ad expand upon these laws.

Medgar Evers

first NAACP field secretary who was fatally shot in the back on the steps of his home.

David Duke

former Grand Wizard of KKK who won a seat in the Lousiana House of Representatives.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

founded in 1957 from which teh MIA gave way to this bigger organization; would serve as the key organization of the civil rights struggle; would organize many mass demonstrations, marches, boycotts, and rallies; under encouragement of Ella Baker, it would help to run Citizenship Schools, or mini-courses that taught blacks to read so they could pass restrictive voting tests.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

founded in 1960; incorporated into one organization hundreds of politically mobilized young people, many of whom were college students.

American Indian Movement

founded in 1968; between 1969-1978 American Indian activists participated in acts of civial disobedience that involved over seventy property seizures, including, in 1972, a week-long takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters.

Chris Simcox

founder and president of the Minuteman Defense Corps.

Eugene "Bull" Connor

four black girls were murdered when whites bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham where this police chief ordered firefighters to aim their water cannons at the legs of demonstrating black children since the cannons were known to break legs.

welfare

government provisions intended to help disadvantaged people, including those who are poor, elderly, war veterans, unemployed, and disabled.

corporate welfare

government provisions reserved exclusively for corporations or industries, payments and benefits including grants, contracts, subsidies, tax relief, low-interst loans, and government services.

urban renewal

government was given right to seize an individual's property not for its own use but for reassignment to another individual for his use ad profit.

public housing

government-owned units provided at low rates to poor residents; plays large part in reinforcing and reproducing advanced marginality.

housing discrimination

have found multisided discrimination against nonwhites through audit studies.

segregated labor force

history of racial domination in the U.S. economy has left us with this type of work force; helps to explain the income inequality across race since wages are lower in majority-nonwhite jobs than in majority-white jobs.

Kevin Phillips

important in publicizing the way of thinking of the "Southern Strategy" which helped to get Richard Nixon into presidency throught the "emerging Republican Party".

tribal termination

in 1953, Congress enacted legislation that divested the federal government of trust responsibilities to Indian country; state governments given legal jurisdiction over Indian reservations and, between 1953-1973, 109 tribes were terminated in the eyes of the federal government.

freedom rides

in 1961; supreme court had just outlawed racial segregation in interstate bue terminals, and a small group of activists, made up of white and black members of a group called the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), decided to test the new ruling, group decided to charter two buses to ride from Washington D.C. to New Orleans, they got as far as Birmingham where the activists were beaten so severely by a white mob that these events were put on hold, members of Nashville's SNCC stepped in thus offering replacement riders and encouraging the rides to continue.

Robert Moses

in New York City between 1946-1953, this powerful and infamous city planner evicted hundreds of thousands from their homes and tore the homes down.

freedom summer

in summer of 1964, 1000 volunteers were trained in nonviolent tactics and sent to Mississippi in a massive project, volunteers lived with black families and worked toward two important goals: first was increasing voter registration and second was bringing quality education to Mississippi's poorest areas through the establishment of Freedom Schools.

President Franklin D. Rooselvelt

initiated several programs dealing with welfare, work, and war designed to unlift Americans in response to the Great Depression.

spatial mismatch thesis

jobs that employed large numbers of semi-skilled black workers (manufacturing jobs) were moved in large numbers from the central city to the suburbs at the end of the 20th century.

Reverend T. J. Jemison

led a boycott against segregated buses in Baton Rouge years before the Montgomery bus boycott.

redlining

lenders refused to offer mortgages and home loans in nonwhite neighborhoods through this discriminatory pratice; derives from the lenders' practice of taking a city map and drawing in red ink a border around nonwhite neighborhoods.

deindustrialization

manufacturing jobs began to disappear from the Northeast and Midwest.

residential segregation

many black who wanted to leave the ghetto, and who had the measn to do so, simply couldn't because of entrenched racial segregation and the virtual absence of fair housing policy enforcement.

social mobility

movement within the ranking system of stratification; involves intragenerational mobility and intergenerational mobility.

pan-ethnic movement

movements based on a unified racil identity that trancends ethnic, national, or religious differences.

reparations

movements recognize the deciding role history plays in modern life and struggle to obtain some sort of recompense from countries that benefited from past forms of racial oppression.

segmented assimilation theory

new immigrants either join the ranks of the economically privlegeed, the economically downtrodden, or the moderately prosperous ethnic community.

spatial assimilation thesis

new immigrants self-segregate in enclaves and rely on the enclave economy for their start, after some time in the enclave immigrants having acquired savings and improved their English skills look for a new place to live one that can offer a higher standard of living; advanced by Douglas Massey.

meritocracy

notion that one succeeds only on the basis of her or his own abilities.

opportunity hoarding

occurs when members of one race "acquire access to a resource that is valuable, renewable, and subject to monopoly" and guard that resource from members of other races.

Selma to Montgomery March

on March 7, 1965, less than a month after a Selma police officer shot and killed Jimmy Lee Jackson during a mass gathering, hundreds of activitsts lined up in pairs and began this march, though they never made it out of Selma as sheriff and deputies using billy clubs and tear gas attacked the peaceful marchers thus forcing them to retreat.

white fight

on fearing racial integration, whites chose to ward off nonwhite families through intimidation tactics, protests, and violence.

secondary sector

one of the economic sectors which involves manufacturing that tranforms raw materials into usable goods.

tertiary sector

one of the economic sectors which involves the production and distribution of service and hgh-nd services increases so low-end services also increase.

primary sector

one of the economic sectors which involves the production of raw materials.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

one of the first major demonstartions of the civil rights movement; brgan a few days after December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks refused to relinguish her bus seat to a white man.

poverty line

one's income is not enough to sustain a decent standard of living; roughly 20% of American citizens live below this.

tyranny of the majority

our political system often is steered by majority interests that overrun minority rights and concerns; term come from Alexis de Tocqueville's "Democracy in America" (1835).

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin in hotels, theatres, transportation, restaurants, and the workplace.

24th Amendment

outlawed poll taxes.

wealth

owned assets that yield monetary return, such as stocks and bonds, savings accounts, houses and real estate, and business and farm ownership.

Ella Baker

part of SCLC and encouraged Citizenship Schools; ahe believed deeply in the goals of the SCLC but was critical of the style of charismatic (masculine) leadership taht emerged within the organization; she was instrumental in the formation of the SNCC.

implicit racial appeals

politicians hoping to secure whites' support by "playing the race card" must do so through this; power of this today is due to the powerful egalitarian norms about race anda party system based on the cleavage of race; politicians do this when these two contradictory conditions hold: they wish to avoid violating the norm of racial equality and they face incentives to mobilize racially resentful white voters

colonias

small settlements that have sprung up around the fields where migrant workers toil; made up of low-cost housing, or, in some cases, lines of dilapidated shacks built of pieces of discarded sheet metal, old tires, and scrap wood.

covenants

sougth to uphold the "desirable residential characteristics" of a neighborhood; could restrict the purchase of land or property to certain religious or racial groups.

superficial representation

speaks to the process of appointing to political positions nonwhites disconnected from the needs and problems of most nonwhite citizens; cares only about diversity in skin color, not diversity in political conviction.

GI Bill of Rights

the Selective Service Readjustment Act, though goes more popularly by this name, which helped millions of veterans buy homes, go to college, get by on unemployment insurance, finance small businesses, and buy farmland.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

the dominant black protest organization that preceded the modern Civil Rights Movement; founded in 1909 by black and white intellectuals, this was a formal bureaucratic organization based in New York that did battle with racial domination primarily in the courts.

class privleges

the skills, education, training immigrants bing with them.

stratification

the social hierarchu that rewards some activities more than others.

Mexican Repatriation Programs

thousands of Mexican families were rounded up and sent via trian back to Mexico.

Jimmie Lee Jackson

tried to stop his grandmother and grandfather from getting beaten in the massacre of a church and ended up getting shot by a police officer.

glass ceilings

unspoken obstacles to advancement designed to handicap members of dominated groups.

income

wages and salaries earned from employment, retirement, or government aid.

Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth

was fond of quoting Jesus's injunction that "one must lose his life to find it" because he had been whipped and beaten with chains for trying to enroll his children in an all-white public school and also had his Birmingham house bombed one Christmas Eve.

Jessie Jackson

was runner-up for the Democratic nomination who accused the Bush campaign of tapping into whites' fears of blacks, especially their fear of the black male rapist and his white woman victims (Willie Horton commercial), and once he mentioned this Bush's ratings began to drop but it was too late.

share cropping

white planters gave blacks a small piece of land on which to grow crops and live (often in squalid shacks), in return blacks gave white planters a portion of their crop; normally left with enough to survive, not to profit.

Viloa Liuzzo

white woman who was instrumental in organizing the Selma to Montgomery March and who was killed by Klansmen on the final day of the march.

Andrew Goodman

white, UW student involved in the Freedom Rides of 1961 who was one of four killed.

United Farm Workers of America

Cesar Chavez founded this labor union dedicated to "provide farm workers and other working people with the inspiration and tools to share in society's bounty".

New Deal

FDR's response to the Great Depression; initiated social programs dealing with welfare, work, unemployment insurance, minimum wage, workday limitations, and veteran assistance.

James R. Jones

Great Dragon of KKK.

substantive representation

Marshall's appointment to the bench was an example of this; genuine political representation marked by a correspondence between the goals of nonwhite representatives and those of nonwhite citizens; requires not only that political representatives be drawn from nonwhite communities but also that they be committed to working on behalf of those communities.

Claudette Colvin

Nine months before Rosa Parks, she, a fiftee year old woman, had been expelled from a bus under similiar circumstances, though soon after she became pregnant and was deemed by black clergy and other organizers an unfit face for the movement.

ethnic enclave

semi-autonomonous economy, large or small, that is owned, operated, and managed by members of the same immigrant or ethnic community.

advanced marginality

sever spatial and social segregation of the ghetto's residents, marked by their amputationfrom America's economic prosperity, national security, collective imagination and memory, and welfare state services.

coded language

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tribal sovereignty

power of the Indian tribes to act as semi-autonomous states, designing and running their own system of governance; aka Indian self-determination; allowed many tribes to chart their own course on matters of economic development, political decision making, and the management of natural resources; as a result, several tribes exercising this have developed new economic initiatives and have invested in reservation communities, ensuring that American Indian resources benefit American Indian people instead of outside investors; works best when Indian Nations develop proficient institutions rooted in the cultural foundations of the tribe.

ethnocentrism

practice of intentionally or unintentionally evaluating another culture in terms of your own culture's assumptions and viewing the other culture as inferior to your own.

gerrymandering

process by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage; term coined around beginning of 19th century when American statesman Elbridge Gerry (who would serve as country's fifth vice president) created an irregularly shaped political district to secure his reelection.

interracialism

process of forming a racially integrated political community that works toward a common goal.

Voting Rights Act of1965

prohibited vote dilution or anything leading to fewer opportunities for minorities to vote; banned literacy tests; addressed language barriers: multilingual ballots required in districts with at least 5% of the population in a sigle minority group; abolished poll taxes;appointed federal examiners and observers; required "preclearance" for any new voting statutes: jurisdictions had to clear voting statutes with Attorney General or U.S. District Court; controversial because it shifted power from state to federal government.

intangible human capital

qualities that make a person appear to be a more valuable worker (not formal credentials).

black ghetto

racial institution marked by social isolation and economic vulnerability first formed when blacks emigrated north during the early 20th century.

racial and ethnic stratification

refers to the clustering of particular racial or ethnic groups at particular levels of the social stratification system.

descriptive representation

representatives whose backgrounds mirror their constituents.

gated communities

residentia areas fortified by high walls and security forces, to enter, one must pass through a large gate sometimes enabled by round-the-clock guards and surveillance cameras.

natural inequality

resukts from innate differences in ability.

structured inequality

results from social stratification and not from innate differences.