Rad Review

If prosecuted by the US Department of Justice, what is the criminal penalty for knowingly disclosing a patient's protected health information (PHI)?

$50,000 fine and up to 1 year imprisonment

If the air kerma 4 feet from the x-ray table is 2 Gya, what is the dose at a distance of 8 feet? (Hint: Inverse square law)

0.5 Gya

Examples of means by which infectious microorganisms can be transmitted via indirect contact include: 1. a fomite. 2. a vector. 3. nasal or oral secretions.

1 and 2 only

From the following protocols for infection prevention, which apply to airborne precautions? 1. Have the patient wear a surgical mask 2. Personnel must wear an N95 filtered mask 3. Personnel must wear gowns for all interactions with infected patients

1 and 2 only

Skin discoloration owing to cyanosis may be observed in the 1. gums. 2. earlobes. 3. corneas.

1 and 2 only

Which of the following situations warrant the use of a nasoenteric tube rather than a nasogastric tube? 1. Reduced gastric peristalsis with normal intestinal peristalsis 2. Removal of gas or fluid from bowel obstruction 3. Overactive gastric emptying, preventing adequate nutrient absorption

1 and 2 only

OSL dosimeters may be worn as long as

1 quarter

What are the phases of the infection cycle?

1. Pathogenic organism 2. Reservoir of infection 3. Portal of exit 4. Means of transmission 5. Portal of entry 6. Susceptible host

What are the steps of venipuncture?

1. Wash hands 2.Put on gloves 3.Secure tourniquet in place 4.Select vein 5.Cleanse site of injection 6.Insert needle into vein

Examinations should be scheduled and performed in the following order:

1.Endoscopy 2.Urinary System 3.CT 4.Lower GI Series 5.Upper GI Series

The order for opening a sterile pack is:

1.Place pack on clean surface 2.Break seal and open pack 3.Unfold first corner of the pack away from you 4.Unfold both sides 5.Pull front portion of wrap towards you and drop it 6.Open inner wraps 7.Allow items to drop onto sterile field

The secondary protective barrier must overlap the primary protective barrier by at least:

1/2 inch

RAO of the sternum requires the left thorax to be elevated:

15-20 degrees

Under which of the following circumstances does alternation of the base sequence in a DNA macromolecule occur? 1. During random x-ray interaction with a water molecule 2. When high-energy radiation directly interacts with a DNA macromolecule 3. When low-energy radiation indirectly interacts with a water molecule

2 only. When high-energy radiation directly interacts with a DNA macromolecule. (Other damage to the nucleus may occur with the indirect affect)

The pelvocaliceal system will visualize approximately how many minutes after injection?

2-8 minutes

BUN levels prior to contrast procedures should be

8-25mg

In reviewing a patient's blood chemistry, which of the following blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ranges is considered normal?

8-25mg/ 100mL

The olecranon process in the image is labeled with the letter:

A

What is the superior vertebral notch labeled?

A

What is emphysema?

A condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, resulting in the overinflation of the alveolar walls.

What happens with the first-stage of a two-stage exposure switch is depressed?

A space charge is created, anode will begin to rotate, and electrons are liberated from the cathode. Only at the moment of exposure will voltage be applied.

Symptoms of shock may include: 1. Restlessness and apprehension 2. Pale, cool, and clammy skin 3. Systolic blood pressure less than 30 mm Hg A. 1, 2, and 3 B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 2

A. 1, 2, and 3

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters are sensitive to exposures as low as: A. 10 μGya B. 5 μGya C. 100 μGya D. 20 μGya

A. 10 μGya (OSL dosimeters are sensitive to exposures as low as 10 μGya, which makes them the most accurate personnel dosimeter available. This feature, along with their wide dynamic range and long-term stability, makes them ideal for personnel monitoring.)

The condition that results from a persistent fetal foramen ovale is A. an atrial septal defect B. a ventricular septal defect C. a patent ductus arteriosus D. coarctation of the aorta

A. An atrial septal defect

Which of the following devices permits the radiographer to vary the kilovoltage in the x-ray circuit? A. Autotransformer B. Induction motor C. Rectifier D. Prereading kilovoltmeter

A. Autotransformer

When a patient takes in a deep breath during chest radiography, the diaphragm: A. contracts and the dome moves downward. B. expands and the dome moves upward. C. contracts and the dome moves upward. D. expands and the dome moves downward.

A. Contracts and the dome moves downward.

The most common result of LET and the direct effect is: A. nothing. B. disruption of chemical bonds. C. cell death. D. cell line death.

A. Nothing (Most commonly, there is no effect as a result of LET or direct effect, although ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) must still be observed. Disruption of chemical bonds, cell death, and cell line death are all possible results, but none of these choices is the most common response.)

A CCD may be used in the television system instead of what device(s)? A. Vidicon and Plumbicon tubes B. C-arm C. Automatic brightness control D. Output phosphor

A. Vidicon and Plumbicon tubes

To prolong the life of the x-ray tube, all of the following procedures should be followed except: A. preheat anode with a single high-mA, high-kVp, longtime exposure. B. minimize rotor depression time. C. sequence exams so that the view requiring the largest exposure is first. D. keep heat units to a minimum.

A. preheat anode with a single high-mA, high-kVp, longtime exposure. This would result in overheating and possible damage to the anode.

What does dysplasia refer to?

Abnormal development of tissue

What is gross negligence?

An act that demonstrates reckless disregard for life or limb

What is pneumonia?

An acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is most frequently caused by a microorganism

In digital fluoroscopy and computed radiography, the energy must be changed to a digital format by a(n):

Analog-to-digital converter.

A pathologic condition that is characterized by increased mucus production in the bronchi causing hyperventilation of the lungs is:

Asthma

Difficulty in breathing precipitated by stress and causing bronchospasm best describes

Asthma

A pathological condition that results in the collapse of lung tissue:

Atelectasis

Two x-ray photons from the primary beam have interacted with atoms in a patient's body. After the interaction, one of the two photons was absorbed and the other photon scattered in a direction away from the image receptor. Both of these photons may now be classified as:

Attenuated photons

Which of the following are patients' rights? 1. To be able to examine her own medical records on request 2. To take possession of and permanently keep her radiographs 3. To have the opportunity to review and receive an itemized copy of her hospital bill A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3

B. 1 and 3 only

Before injecting a contrast agent, what must the radiographer do? 1. Determine whether there is a history of allergies or previous hypersensitivity to contrast media 2. Determine the extent of the patient's medical problems 3. Review possible reactions to the contrast agent being used A. 1 and 3 B. 1, 2, and 3 C. 1 D. 1 and 2

B. 1, 2, and 3.

Thermoluminescent dosimeters measure doses as low as: A. 5 μGya B. 50 μGya C. 100 μGya D. 500 μGya What is the primary material these dosimeters are comprised of?

B. 50 μGya Lithium fluoride crystals

One of the functions of the vacuum created by the glass envelope surrounding the working components of the x-ray tube is to: A. decrease the risk of electrical shock. B. allow free flow of electrons from cathode to anode. C. decrease the amount of leakage radiation leaving the tube. D. eliminate the buildup of heat units inside the tube.

B. Allow free flow of electrons from cathode to diode

Which of the following structures is most proximal? A. Ascending colon B. Cecum C. Descending colon D. Sigmoid

B. Cecum

Rotating anodes can tolerate higher instantaneous heat loads than stationary anodes because: A. rotating anodes are thicker than stationary anodes. B. heat is distributed over a larger area in rotating anodes. C. rotating anodes are made of materials that can withstand greater heat loading. D. none of the above; stationary anodes can actually tolerate higher heat loads than rotating anodes.

B. Heat is distributed over a larger area in rotating anodes.

A cross table lateral projection of the cervical spine of a trauma patient is to be taken with a mobile radiographic unit. In addition to using a high-speed image receptor system, the radiographer uses a stationary 8:1 grid. This results in the following change in absorbed dose for the patient: A. slight decrease. B. increase. C. extreme decrease. D. doubling.

B. Increase

During a radiographic examination, the probability of biologic damage to the patient increases as: A. less energy is absorbed by body atoms. B. more energy is absorbed by body atoms. C. normally aerated cells become deoxygenated. D. protein synthesis increases in the ribosomes.

B. More energy is absorbed by body atoms

Which of the following grid errors will result in an image that shows decreased IR exposure across the entire radiograph? A. Upside down B. Off-level C. Lateral decentering D. Grid-focus decentering

B. Off-level (An off-level grid means that no portion of the beam has a clear path through the grid, resulting in decreased density visible over the entire radiograph. The errors in choices A and D will both result in an image that shows normal density in the middle but decreased density on the sides. Lateral decentering of the grid results in visible cutoff more to one side of the radiograph. Be sure to review grid errors.)

Which of the following could be a side effect from antiarrhythmic medications?

Bradycardia

Geometric sharpness: 1. is defined in terms of the distinct shadow evident on an image. 2. should ideally originate from a point source. 3. is not dependent on the relationship of the object to the image detector or location within the x-ray beam. A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 2 only D. 1, 2, and 3

C. 1 and 2 only. (Sharpness is very dependent on the object-to-image distance (OID) and source-to-image distance (SID), so statement 3 is false.)

One of the factors that causes magnification of the radiographic image is: A. speed of the rotating anode. B. an increase in the source-to-object distance. C. a decrease in the source-to-object distance. D. kilovoltage range.

C. A decrease in the source-to-object distance

What occurs when radiation transfers its energy to the DNA or RNA? A. Indirect effect B. Cell death C. Direct effect D. Nothing

C. Direct effect

The energy stored in an OSL dosimeter is released by exposing it to: A. heat. B. white light. C. laser. D. ultrasound.

C. Laser

P/O stands for: A. post office. B. per os. C. postoperative. D. preoperative.

C. Postoperative. (Per os is abbreviated by PO)

The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb has what type of movement? A. Hinge B. Pivot C. Saddle D. Gliding

C. Saddle

Opposing voltage created in a conductor by passing alternating current through it describes: A. electromagnetism. B. electrodynamics. C. self-induction. D. mutual induction.

C. Self-induction

When adjacent mA stations are employed and exposure time is adjusted so as to achieve constant mAs, the resultant output radiation intensity must remain:

Constant

The Bucky slot cover must be at least: A. 0.50-mm lead equivalent. B. 0.25-mm aluminum equivalent. C. 0.10-mm lead equivalent. D. 0.25-mm lead equivalent.

D. 0.25-mm lead equivalent

A picture archiving and communication system may involve which of the following? 1. Hospital information system 2. Digital images 3. Radiology information system A. 2 B. 3 C. 2 and 3 D. 1, 2, and 3

D. 1, 2, and 3.

All the following statements regarding pediatric positioning are true except A for radiography of the kidneys, the CR should be directed midway between the diaphragm and the symphysis pubis. B if a pediatric patient is in respiratory distress, a chest radiograph should be obtained in the AP projection rather than in the standard PA projection. C chest radiography on a neonate should be performed in the supine position. D radiography of pediatric patients with a myelomeningocele defect should be performed in the supine position.

D. Radiography of a pediatric patient with a myelomeningocele defect should be performed in the supine position (Radiography of pediatric patients with a myelomeningocele defect should be performed in the prone position rather than in the routine supine position. The supine position would put unnecessary pressure on the protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord.)

The x-ray tube manufacturer's warm-up procedure should be followed to: A. prevent excessive evaporation of the filament. B. allow for slow heating of the filament. C. cause localized melting of the target. D. allow for even expansion of the target.

D. allow for even expansion of the target

Neglect or omission of reasonable care defines: A. respondeat superior. B. res ipsa loquitur. C. gross negligence. D. unintentional misconduct.

D. unintentional misconduct

Contrast is defined as:

Differences in adjacent densities on a radiograph

Which of the following medications would most likely be prescribed for a patient suffering from congestive heart failure or hypertension?

Diuretic

When are embryologic effects most likely to occur?

During the first trimester.

The anatomic neck in the image is labeled with the letter:

E

A condition caused by angling the x-ray tube against the main axis of the part is:

Foreshortening (Foreshortening is a distortion of shape caused by angling the x-ray tube along the main axis of the part. Elongation is a distortion of shape caused by angling the x-ray tube along the long axis of the part. Magnification is caused by either excessive object-to-image distance (OID) or insufficient source-to-image distance (SID). Minification does not occur.)

Vectorborne transmission occurs:

From animal to human

Beam quality is expressed using what unit of measurement?

Half-value layer

As low-energy x-rays are removed from the beam, it becomes:

Harder

Where in the small bowel does the greatest amount of absorption take place?

Jejunum

Lower LET absorption means: Higher?

Less radiation damage with lower LET absorption. More radiation damage with higher levels of LET absorption.

A compound's smallest component is the:

Molecule

How often must film badges be changed?

Monthly

What describes a patient that is unable to easily breathe when in the recumbent position?

Orthopnea

What is mitosis?

Process of somatic cell division

A patient who is diaphoretic is experiencing

Profuse sweating

What does mAs control?

Quantity of x-rays produced at the anode.

How does beam restriction affect contrast?

Shorter scale of contrast (Because it reduces the amount of scatter produced, beam restriction results in increased, not decreased, contrast. Choice C is correct because high contrast is also referred to as short-scale contrast.)

The simplest type of current, this voltage (and accompanying current) flows as a sine wave, begins at zero, peaks at full value at the crest of the wave, returns to zero, reverses, and again peaks on the inverse portion of the cycle at the trough. This describes:

Single-phase, two-pulse alternating current

How is damage to the cell being irradiated described?

Somatic effects (Damage from somatic effects is evident in the organism being irradiated. Most of the time these effects are benign. Genetic damage is passed to the next generation.)

Mutual induction is key to the operation of what device?

Step-up and Step-down transformers

What is differential absorption?

The variation in how the x-ray beam interacts with the body- Denser tissue absorbs xrays whereas less dense tissue transmits more xrays.

Describe somatic effects of radiation.

They are caused when a large dose of high-LET radiation is received by a large area of the body.

Special wiring patterns called wye, star, or delta produce what type of power?

Three-phase

What is Graves disease associated with?

Thyroid overactivity

The laws of electrostatics state that:

Unlike charges attract, like charges repel.

What takes into account the amount of time the beam is on and directed at a particular barrier?

Use factor (The amount of time the beam is on and directed at a particular barrier is called the use factor. Workload, measured in mA minutes per week, takes into account the volume and types of examinations performed in the room. Occupancy is a determinant of barrier thickness that simply takes into account who occupies a given area. There is no specific shielding factor.)

What is contained within the x-ray tube to prevent the filament's electrons from colliding with the atoms of gas?

Vacuum

What is the line focus principle?

When increasing the target angle, the larger the actual focal spot, the greater the heat capacity; the smaller the effective focal spot, the greater the spatial resolution.

In this diagram, B is the:

kVp select

How do we measure workload factor?

mA minutes per week, takes into account volumes and types of examinations in the room.