Radt 2092 mock mid term 2

An overexposed image will result if the chosen ionization chamber is located beneath a structure that has a lower atomic number, or is thinner or less dense than the structure of interest.

False

CR images exposed with the back of the cassette positioned toward the x-ray source do not result in artifacts that require repeating.

False

During digitization, pixels receiving the greatest radiation exposure are assigned values that represent more brightness.

False

State whether the following statements relating to digital radiography artifacts are true or false. Double-exposures result in low-density images.

False

The AEC backup timer should be set at 100% to 150% of the expected manual exposure time to prevent overexposure.

False

The AEC's thyristor is automatically adjusted for different screen-film combinations before exposures are taken.

False

The DAP is a measure of the exposure after going through the patient.

False

The kVp should be decreased when using digital radiography (DR) versus screen-film radiography.

False

The mA should be set at the highest station to meet the minimum response time requirements accurately when using the AEC unit.

False

To reduce chest foreshortening in a PA chest projection (lateral decubitus position), the patient's midsagittal plane is positioned parallel with the IR.

False

Using a high-ratio grid will reduce radiation exposure.

False

When the marker is only faintly or partially demonstrated on the resulting projection, the information should be permanently added directly over the original marker.

False

A PA axial, ulnar-deviated wrist projection with poor positioning demonstrates a closed scaphocapitate joint and an open hamate-capitate joint. How should the positioning setup be adjusted for an optimal image to be obtained?

Increase the degree of external wrist rotation.

Match one of the following with each listed projection. Lateral finger projection

Phalanges demonstrate concavity on one side and convexity on the other.

PA finger projection

Phalanges demonstrate equal concavity.

A PA chest projection is displayed as if the viewer and patient were facing one another.

True

A PA oblique projection (RAO position) of lumbar vertebrae is displayed with the patient's right side on the viewer's left side.

True

A hypersthenic patient's thorax is wider than that of an asthenic patient.

True

A hyposthenic patient has a lower diaphragm than a sthenic patient.

True

A neonate's lungs are denser and demonstrate less image contrast than an adult's lungs.

True

An inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder is displayed with the anterior surface facing upward.

True

Compensating filters that are accurately positioned between the focal spot and patient will reduce radiation exposure.

True

During DR imaging, only the pixels receiving radiation exposure will send signals to the computer for processing.

True

Energy that is trapped in the computed radiography (CR) imaging plate when images are taken reflects the subject contrast of the imaged body part.

True

Female gonadal shielding should protect the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus.

True

If the AEC backup time is too short for the required exposure, the resulting image will be underexposed.

True

An optimal AP elbow projection is obtained when

the radial head superimposes the lateral aspect of the proximal ulna by 0.25 inch (0.6 cm).

To take advantage of the anode heel effect when imaging a forearm,

the wrist is positioned at the anode end of the x-ray tube.

Extremity images are displayed so that the anterior or lateral surfaces are facing the viewer.

False

Full lung expansion is demonstrated on a lateral neonatal or infant chest projection when the hemidiaphragms have a deep cephalic curvature.

False

In DR imaging, the thin-film transistor (TFT) receives the remnant radiation and converts it to light signals of varying intensity.

False

In cassette-based digital systems, only the area that was exposed to radiation is scanned during the exposure field recognition process.

False

PA oblique finger projection

Phalanges demonstrate more concavity on one side than on the other.

An optimal internally rotated AP oblique elbow projection will demonstrate all the following except the

radioulnar articulation as an open space.

A less than optimal lateral elbow projection demonstrating the radial head positioned posterior to the coronoid process

will also demonstrate the capitulum distal to the trochlea.

A less than optimal lateral elbow projection demonstrating the capitulum posterior to the medial trochlea

will be obtained when the distal forearm is elevated.

A poorly positioned PA oblique wrist projection demonstrates superimposition of the trapezoid and trapezium and the capitate is superimposed by the trapezoid. How should the positioning setup be adjusted to obtain an optimal projection?

Increase the degree of medial wrist rotation.

PA wrist projection obtained in radial deviation demonstrates 1. the lunate positioned distal to the ulna. 2. a foreshortened scaphoid. 3. closed CM joints. 4. an elongated scaphoid.

1 and 2 only

A lateral forearm projection obtained in a patient with the proximal humerus elevated and the wrist internally rotated demonstrates the 1. radial head posterior to the coronoid process. 2. pisiform anterior to the distal scaphoid. 3. capitulum distal to the medial trochlea. 4. pisiform distal to the distal scaphoid

1 and 3 only

Sharply recorded details are demonstrated on extremity images when 1. motion is controlled. 2. a large focal spot is used. 3. a small IR is used for computed radiography images. 4. a large OID is used.

1 and 3 only

The IP joint spaces on finger projections are open and demonstrated without distortion when the 1. central ray is aligned parallel with the IP joint spaces. 2. central ray is aligned perpendicular to the IP joint spaces. 3. IP joints are aligned parallel with the IR. 4. IP joints are aligned perpendicular to the IR.

1 and 4

A lateral elbow projection demonstrates the radial head situated anterior and proximal to the coronoid process. How was the patient positioned for such an image to be obtained? 1. The distal forearm was too high. 2. The distal forearm was too low. 3. The proximal humerus was too high. 4. The proximal humerus was too low.

1 and 4 only

A lateral elbow projection obtained with the distal forearm positioned too low and the proximal humerus positioned too high demonstrates the 1. radial head distal and posterior to the coronoid process. 2. radial head proximal and anterior to the coronoid process. 3. capitulum posterior and proximal to the medial trochlea. 4. capitulum anterior and distal to the medial trochlea.

1 and 4 only

A lateral wrist projection obtained with the wrist in slight internal rotation demonstrates the 1. distal scaphoid anterior to the pisiform. 2. radius posterior to the ulna. 3. distal scaphoid distal to the pisiform. 4. radius anterior to the ulna.

1 and 4 only

A PA hand projection obtained with the hand flexed demonstrates 1. foreshortened phalanges. 2. the thumb in a lateral projection. 3. closed IP joint spaces. 4. foreshortened metacarpals.

1, 2, 3, and 4

A PA wrist projection with accurate positioning demonstrates 1. an open radioulnar articulation. 2. the radial styloid in profile. 3. the long axes of the third metacarpal aligned with the midforearm. 4. open second through fifth MC joint spaces.

1, 2, 3, and 4

For a carpal canal wrist image, the 1. wrist is hyperextended until the long axes of the metacarpals are vertical. 2. hand is rotated 10 degrees internally until the fifth metacarpal is perpendicular to the IR. 3. central ray is angled 25 to 30 degrees proximally. 4. central ray is centered to the palm of the hand.

1, 2, 3, and 4 only

A lateral forearm projection with accurate positioning demonstrates 1. the distal scaphoid slightly distal to the pisiform. 2. the ulnar styloid in profile. 3. an open elbow joint space. 4. the radial tuberosity in profile.

1, 2, and 3 only

A lateral hand projection obtained with the hand in slight external rotation demonstrates the 1. shortest of the second through fourth metacarpals anteriorly situated. 2. radius posterior to the ulna. 3. second metacarpal posterior to the other metacarpals. 4. pisiform posterior to the distal scaphoid.

1, 2, and 3 only

An AP elbow projection with accurate positioning demonstrates 1. the medial and lateral humeral epicondyles in profile. 2. the radial tuberosity in profile medially. 3. an open capitulum-radial joint. 4. the ulna free of radial head and radial tuberosity superimposition.

1, 2, and 3 only

A PA wrist projection obtained with the wrist in a neutral position demonstrates 1. the scaphoid in partial foreshortening. 2. the center of the lunate positioned distal to the radioulnar articulation. 3. closed CM joints. 4. alignment of the long axis of the third metacarpal and radius.

1, 2, and 4 only

An AP forearm projection with accurate positioning demonstrates the 1. radial styloid in profile laterally. 2. radial head superimposing the ulna by 0.25 inch (0.6 cm). 3. ulnar styloid in profile laterally. 4. humeral epicondyles in profile.

1, 2, and 4 only

For an externally rotated AP oblique elbow projection with accurate positioning, the 1. capitulum is in profile. 2. capitulum-radial joint space is open. 3. coronoid process is in profile. 4. ulna is demonstrated without radial head superimposition.

1, 2, and 4 only

A lateral elbow projection with accurate positioning demonstrates 1. an open elbow joint space. 2. the radial head distal to the coronoid process. 3. the radius superimposing the radial tuberosity. 4. the anterior fat pad.

1, 3, and 4 only

An externally rotated PA oblique wrist projection with accurate positioning demonstrates 1. the trapezoid and trapezium without superimposition. 2. an open radioulnar articulation. 3. the ulnar styloid in profile. 4. superimposition of the medially located carpals.

1, 3, and 4 only

When the patient ulnar-deviates for a PA axial, ulnar-deviated wrist projection, the 1. first metacarpal and radius are aligned. 2. distal scaphoid shifts anteriorly. 3. lunate is demonstrated distal to the radius. 4. distal scaphoid shifts posteriorly.

1, 3, and 4 only

A scaphoid wrist fracture is suspected, and the patient is able to ulnar-deviate until the first metacarpal and radius are aligned.

15 degrees

A PA wrist projection obtained in slight external rotation demonstrates 1. superimposition of the laterally located carpal bones. 2. a closed radioulnar articulation. 3. open lateral carpal joint spaces. 4. the radial styloid in profile.

2 and 3 only

A lateral finger projection obtained with the finger in a 45-degree PA oblique projection demonstrates 1. equal soft tissue width on both sides of the phalanges. 2. more midshaft concavity on one side of the phalanges than on the opposite side. 3. twice as much soft tissue on one side of the phalanges as on the opposite side. 4. convexity on one side of the phalanges and concavity on the opposite side.

2 and 3 only

A PA wrist projection obtained with the hand flexed and the metacarpals at a 45-degree angle with the IR demonstrates 1. a closed radioulnar articulation. 2. foreshortened metacarpals. 3. a decrease in scaphoid foreshortening. 4. closed second through fifth carpometacarpal joint spaces.

2, 3, and 4 only

An AP elbow projection obtained with the elbow internally rotated demonstrates 1. the radial tuberosity in profile. 2. an open capitulum-radial joint space. 3. more than 0.25 inch (0.6 cm) of radial head and ulnar superimposition. 4. less than 0.25 inch (0.6 cm) of radial head and ulnar superimposition.

2 and 3 only

A lateral wrist projection obtained with the elbow flexed 90 degrees and the humerus placed parallel with the IR demonstrates 1. the ulnar styloid distal to the midline of the ulnar head. 2. superimposition of the radius and ulna. 3. superimposition of the distal scaphoid and pisiform. 4. the ulnar styloid in profile.

2, 3, and 4 only

Match the central ray angulation used for the listed PA axial, ulnar-deviated wrist projections. A scaphoid waist fracture is suspected, and the patient is unable to ulnar-deviate the wrist.

20 degrees

Match the central ray angulation used for the listed PA axial, ulnar-deviated wrist projections. A distal scaphoid fracture is suspected, and the patient is able to ulnar-deviate until the first metacarpal and radius are aligned.

20 to 25 degrees

A lateral elbow projection obtained with the wrist and hand pronated demonstrates 1. the radial head anterior to the coronoid. 2. the radial tuberosity in profile anteriorly. 3. an open elbow joint. 4. the radial tuberosity in profile posteriorly.

3 and 4 only

An AP forearm projection obtained with the wrist and elbow in lateral rotation demonstrates 1. superimposed first and second metacarpal bases. 2. the proximal radius superimposed over the ulna by more than 0.25 inch (0.6 cm). 3. superimposed fourth and fifth metacarpal bases. 4. the proximal radius and ulna without superimposition.

3 and 4 only

An internally rotated AP oblique elbow projection with accurate positioning demonstrates which of the following structures in profile? 1. Capitulum 2. Radial head 3. Medial trochlea 4. Coronoid process

3 and 4 only

A right lateral fourth finger projection obtained with the hand internally rotated to 20 degrees demonstrates 1. equal soft tissue width on both sides of the phalanges. 2. more phalangeal midshaft concavity on the side facing the fifth finger. 3. convexity on one side of the phalanges and concavity on the opposite side. 4. greater phalangeal midshaft concavity on the side facing the fifth finger.

4 only

Which of the following technical factors should be chosen when 20 mAs is desired and the patient being imaged has difficulty remaining still?

400 mA at 0.05 sec

A proximal scaphoid fracture is suspected, and the patient is unable to ulnar-deviate the wrist.

5 to 10 degrees

Which of the following projections is used to prevent crossing of the forearm bones?

AP projection

A neonate AP chest projection demonstrates the left posterior ribs with greater length than the right posterior ribs. How should the positioning setup be changed to obtain an optimal projection?

Angle the central ray toward the patient's right side.

State where the soft tissue structures that can be used to indicate joint effusion are located on the following projections. Lateral wrist

Anteriorly

A 45-degree PA oblique chest projection (LAO position) demonstrates the heart shadow without vertebral column superimposition. How should the positioning setup be adjusted to obtain an optimal image?

Decrease the degree of patient rotation.

How is a patient positioned for a PA wrist projection to superimpose the anterior and posterior margins of the distal radius and obtain open radioscaphoid and radiolunate joint spaces?

Depress the proximal forearm.

A less than optimal ulnar-deviated PA axial (scaphoid) wrist projection demonstrates closed scaphotrapezium, scaphotrapezoidal, and CM joint spaces. How should the positioning setup be adjusted to obtain an optimal projection?

Extend the hand, positioning it flat against the IR.

A decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) means that there has been a decrease in the noise signals in comparison to the desired signals.

False

A lateral foot projection is displayed as if it were hanging from the toes.

False

A left lateral chest projection is displayed with the patient facing the viewer's left side.

False

A sthenic patient's thorax is longer than that of an asthenic patient.

False

An AP axial chest projection (lordotic position) demonstrates the clavicles superimposing the lung apices and the anterior ribs inferior to their corresponding posterior ribs. How should the positioning setup be changed to obtain an optimal projection?

Increase the degree of midcoronal plane tilt with the IR.

A tangential, inferosuperior carpal canal wrist projection with poor positioning demonstrates superimposition of the pisiform and hamulus of the hamate. How should the positioning setup be adjusted for an optimal image to be obtained?

Internally rotate the hand.

A PA oblique wrist projection with poor positioning demonstrates an obscured trapeziotrapezoidal joint space and excessive trapezoid and capitate superimposition. How should the positioning setup be adjusted for an optimal image to be obtained?

Internally rotate the wrist.

PA wrist

Laterally

Ulnar-deviated PA axial wrist

Laterally

Optimal contrast, density, and penetration have been achieved on AP abdominal projections when which anatomic structures are demonstrated?

Psoas major muscle, kidneys, inferior ribs, and lumbar transverse processes

Which side of the arm is positioned against the IR for the following lateral finger projections Second finger

Radial

An AP chest projection (lateral decubitus position) obtained with the right side positioned against the imaging table will best demonstrate which of the following conditions?

Right pleural effusion

Which of the following is not true about an optimal axiolateral elbow projection (Coyle method)?

The capitulum and medial trochlea demonstrate slight superimposition.

A less than optimal PA wrist projection demonstrates an elongated scaphoid and the second through fourth metacarpals superimposing the CM joint spaces. Which of the following is true about this projection?

The hand was overflexed.

If the AEC is used on peripheral or very small anatomy where the activated chamber(s) is not completely covered by the anatomy, the capacitor will quickly reach its maximum level, resulting in an underexposed image.

True

If the image histogram is positioned farther to the right than the LUT, the algorithm applied during the automatic rescaling process will move the values toward the right to align them with the values in the LUT.

True

Low contrast is the indicator of high exposure values and quantum noise is the indicator for low exposure values in digital radiography.

True

Motion on an image that resulted when a patient yawned during the exposure is considered voluntary.

True

Natural background radiation can cause fog to appear on the image.

True

Overexposures of 100% more than the ideal exposure can be rescaled without losing image quality during digital radiography.

True

Penetration and contrast scale are controlled by kVp when using the automatic exposure control (AEC) unit.

True

Phantom images occur when the imaging plate (IP) is not adequately erased before using.

True

Shielding of the eyes, thyroid, breasts, and gonads should occur when they lie within 2 inches (5 cm) of the primary beam.

True

Shuttering adds a black background around the exposure field.

True

The asthenic patient has the longest and narrowest thorax.

True

The exposure field recognition process is not performed in DR imaging.

True

The farther from the central ray one moves, the greater will be the angle of divergence.

True

The image matrix is the layout of pixels in rows and columns.

True

The least amount of x-ray beam divergence is at the central ray.

True

The volume of interest (VOI) on a histogram graph identifies S2 as the maximum useful signal.

True

To prevent radial deviation on a lateral wrist projection for a patient with large muscular or thick proximal forearms, the proximal forearm should hang off the IR.

True

When an angled central ray is used to record a structure, the structure is projected in the same direction that the x-rays are traveling.

True

When operating mobile radiography units, a source-skin distance of at least 12 inches (30 cm) must be maintained.

True

Which side of the arm is positioned against the IR for the following lateral finger projections? Fourth finger

Ulnar

State the degree of central ray angulation that should be used for an ulnar-deviated PA axial (scaphoid) wrist projection being obtained to demonstrate a proximal scaphoid fracture.

Use a 10-degree angle if the first metacarpal and ulna are aligned.

Which of the follow statements is true as demonstrated on a lateral elbow projection?

When the wrist is in a lateral projection, the radial tuberosity is superimposed by the radius.

An optimal ulnar-deviated PA axial (scaphoid) wrist projection demonstrates all the following except

a closed radioscaphoid joint space.

An AP neonate abdomen projection that was obtained with the patient in a slight RPO position will demonstrate

a wider right iliac wing.

To best demonstrate intraperitoneal air,

allow the patient to be positioned upright for 5 to 20 minutes prior to obtaining the exposure for an upright AP abdomen projection.

A neonate lateral chest projection taken without full inspiration

demonstrates the hemidiaphragms situated high in the thorax with an exaggerated cephalic curvature.

The trapezium is demonstrated without superimposition of other anatomy on a lateral wrist projection when the patient

depresses the distal first metacarpal.

An IR that is large enough to extend at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) beyond the elbow and wrist joints for a forearm projection is

needed to record the elbow and wrist on the image.

A less than optimal PA finger projection demonstrates unequal soft tissue width and midshaft concavity on each side of the phalanges. The side of the phalanges with the greatest midshaft concavity is facing the shortest finger metacarpal. All the following are true about this projection except that the

projection will demonstrate more soft tissue width on the lateral surface.

A tangential, inferosuperior projection carpal canal wrist projection with accurate positioning demonstrates

the carpal canal.

An optimally positioned PA wrist projection demonstrates all of the following except

the pronator fat stripe.

A less than optimal AP elbow projection demonstrating the ulna without radial head superimposition

was obtained with the elbow in external rotation.

A less than optimal lateral hand projection demonstrating the longest of the second through fifth metacarpal midshafts situated anterior to the others

was obtained with the hand internally rotated.

A less than optimal lateral wrist projection demonstrating the distal scaphoid anterior to the pisiform

was obtained with the wrist internally rotated.

An AP abdomen projection demonstrates greater distances from the left lumbar vertebral pedicle to the spinous process than the right pedicles to the spinous process. The projection

was taken with the patient in a LPO position.