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What is APRA, its history and leaders?
political party founded by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (1924), which dominated Peruvian politics for decades. Largely synonymous with the so-called Aprista movement, it was dedicated to Latin American unity, the nationalization of foreign-owned enterprises, and an end to the exploitation of Indians. Supported by workers and middle-class liberals, the party wielded significant power, but conservative forces took extraordinary measures to prevent Haya de la Torre from ever gaining the presidency.
What do you know about the Inca Empire? What is the Tawantisuyo?
the Inca Empire, called Tawantinsuyu by its subjects, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The Inca civilization arose from the Peruvian highlands sometime in the early 13th century.
War of the Pacific
1879-1883: Peru and Bolivia against Chile over the control of lands that contained nitrates. Chile ended with control of nitrates, and they won the war.Bolivia was denied access to the sea.Peru lost respect and was in debt.There were more agreements that damaged Peru ́s economy and gave benefits to British bank houses.1890's: It was the end of the guano age.
Racial and social structure of the Peruvian society
45% Indians; 37% Mestizo; 15% White.Social Classes: elite (44 families); Serrano elite with haciendas; small urban middle class; poor or under the level of poverty (Indians) are 80% of the population.
Who was Alberto Fujimori? Explain his role in Peruvian politics.
Alberto Fujimori organized rondas campesinas, peasant groups that would defend themselves.1992. Fujimori suspended Constitution,in a autogolpe ("self-coup"). He is nowin jail in Peru.1995. He won the elections, due tosuccessful economic growth.2000. Dictatorial behavior, fraudulentelections.
Who were Fernando Belaúnde Terry and Juan Velasco Alvarado? Explain their role in Peruvian politics.
Fernando Belaúnde Terry: He was elected and he continued the reformsbut the Congress was hostile to them. There were ruralrebellions. He urged the Agrarian Reform.1968: Peruvian military seized power again. The government chose not to repress the rebellion but to support the reform. Surprisingly, the military becamesensitive to the people's needs and embraced the reforms.The revolution was coming from the top down, instead ofwaiting for the people's reaction.The military enhanced the importance of Indian heritage.Quechua became Peru's official second language andschool curricula approached Inca heritage.The military government wanted to build a new society. Juan Velasco Alvarado: He was the head of a military coup. Surprisingly,this coup lead to a reformist government, neither socialist nor capitalist.They wanted to help the poor and decrease the privileges of the minority.He promised an agrarian reform. In 1979 he hadexpropriated the majority of the agro-grazingland from hacendados and he gave it to thepeasants.
Explain the foundation of Peru: Pizzarro?
Francisco Pizarro (1475- 1541) and Diego de Almagro (1475- 1538) came form Panamá. In 1539 Pizarro founded Piura. He cought the Inka Atahualpa and he requested a ransom: 2 rooms full of silver and one full of gold. The Indians gavehim that and then Pizarro killed theking. He controlled Cuzco. In 1535 founded Lima, the City of the Kings
Importance of guano for Peruvian economy
Guano comes from the droppings of birds after eating fish. It is a great fertilizer.In 1841 the English bought this product and that triggered an interesting source of wealth forPeru. The main deposits were in islands offshore of Peru and they were public property.The government created a "consignment"system: they leased the property to private businesses.That arrangement produced a constant disagreement between government and merchant houses.
Which other products are important in Peruvian economy?
Peru ́s economy: other products were sugar,cotton, rubber, cattle, fishmeal, iron, and copper.
Importance of Perú in colonial times
Silver mines in Alto Peru produced wealth for Spain Foundation of University of San Marcos 1551 1569: Inquisition in Peru Lima dominates culturally, economically, and politically.Important port: Callao. Tupac Amaru:He was an Inca noble man duringthe Spanish ruling. He revolted against theSpanish rule in 1780-1781 and he became a national symbol.
What can you say about the production of coca in Peru, and its significance for the Inca people, in ancient times
South Americans have cultivated coca plants for about 8,000 years. Valuing the leaves as highly as gold, the Inca treasured coca not only for its myriad medicinal properties, but also for the integral part it played in their sacred rites and rituals.
What is a quipu
a set of knotted cords that the Inca used for keeping records