RAW- LESSON 2 Patterns of Development

Venn Diagram

According to the previous lesson about information organization, what technique is suitable in comparing two or three different things?

7. Problem-solution

• A pattern of development that focuses on either a problem or solution in a particular area or situation. • Probably the most useful pattern of text development in terms of expressing the writer's concern for other people. • A paragraph that uses problem-solution has three main parts: topic sentence introduces the solution to a problem, body sentences explain the problem and solution and ending sentence which calls readers to action.

6. Cause and effect

▪ Explains why something happens or what results a particular event produces. ▪ It is a practice of critical thinking for one must be able to logically trace connections among different ideas or phenomena in order to establish cause-effect relationships. ▪ A paragraph that emphasizes the causes begins with an effect; the purpose of the paragraph is to discuss how that effect came to be and to show what caused it. ▪ On the other hand, in a paragraph that emphasizes the effects begins with a particular cause, then explores the consequences.

4. Exemplification /Classification

➢ Classification is the method by which one divides things into groups, classes, or categories. ➢ Exemplification is the method of providing examples and illustrations in order to further clarify or explain a concept or subject matter. ➢ When you provide an example, you are taking one of the things that are classified.

Patterns of development

➢ These are structures writers use to organize their ideas. ➢ Used to arrange ideas to achieve the writer's purpose in writing the text. ➢ Determines the central idea of the text. 1. Text is generally considered as written material, made up of sentences, deals with cohesion. Text is a group of ideas put together to make a point or central idea. 2. Example writing from the book, letter or newspaper. 3. The understanding of the text requires an understanding of the discourse. As defined, discourse is the expression of ideas that a person can think of. I want that pair of shoes as a sample sentence gives us an idea that someone wants a particular pair of shoes; this idea is considered a discourse. In addition, the ideas in discourse may spark responses or may provoke an action. 4. In terms of text, it refers to the sum of the discourses. When we link the discourses together, it makes up a large unit of written language we call a text.

Figurative Description

-relies on creating likenesses between objects, often through simile (e.g. like a snowflake...or fragile as a snowflake...) or metaphor Example: The kitchen table, a long-lost remnant cut from sturdy oak, was sturdy like my father's hands, and as equally calloused by age and tempered by heat. The table had large welts that had grown even darker and more foreboding with age, and mother frequently commented on getting a new table because of these clear signs of progress, but father would have none of it—the table was as dear to him as his own child. After all, this was his grandfather's table, hand cut, the final essence of that old progenitor's largesse on the earth. Dumping this table would be akin to dumping my father's grandaddy. And such an act would be akin to murder itself. This table was like family.

Non-sequitur reasoning.

1. A non-sequitur is "a conclusion or inference which does not follow from the premise: a remark having no bearing on what has just been said" (Websters New World Dictionary). 2. Sentences and paragraphs should follow logically from one another. 3. If you begin a paragraph talking about the electoral college, you want each sentence in the paragraph to relate to that topic (i.e., don't suddenly begin a discussion of congressional decision-making half-way through the paragraph unless you are relating it directly to your electoral college discussion!).

Unfocused or unsupported argument.

1. Ask yourself how each sentence advances the point of individual paragraphs and what each paragraph does for your overall argument. 2. If a sentence or paragraph is irrelevant, poorly thought-out, or not supported with evidence or argumentation, get rid of it.

No clear thesis.

1. Be sure your reader can quickly identify what the argument in your paper or exam is going to be. 2. The thesis statement does not have to start with "In this paper I will argue that..." but it should be apparent to your reader within the first paragraph of the paper precisely what your argument will be.

Lack of editing

1. Proofread! Better yet, proofread and then have someone else proofread your paper as well. 2. And, strange as it may sound, one of the best ways to edit your paper is to read it aloud. 3. It's amazing the errors we find when reading something out loud. 4. Often, our brains simply fix errors for us when we are merely scanning it with our eyes. Reading our papers out loud allows us to find errors that our eyes would have missed!1. Proofread! Better yet, proofread and then have someone else proofread your paper as well. 2. And, strange as it may sound, one of the best ways to edit your paper is to read it aloud. 3. It's amazing the errors we find when reading something out loud. 4. Often, our brains simply fix errors for us when we are merely scanning it with our eyes. Reading our papers out loud allows us to find errors that our eyes would have missed!

Lack of transition sentences or ideas.

1. Use transitional devices to establish connections

a. Scientific definition - defines concepts in the most factual way. b. Subjective definition - defines complex terms in a personal way.

2 types of defining text

1. Objective Description 2. Subjective Description 3. Figurative Description

3 types of description

5. Comparison and contrast

A pattern of development in writing that is used when a writer would like to critically discuss two things in relation to each other by citing their similarities as well as their differences. ▪ Comparable points are the particular properties shared by two or more things that you compare or contrast. ▪ There are two approaches that a writer can do to discuss the similarities and difference. The first one is separately. The writer describes the first element then followed by the second element. The second is side-by-side.

8. Persuasion

A piece of writing used to convince readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic. • In writing persuasive texts, you must be prepared to provide strong and relevant pieces of evidence that will support your arguments to convince your readers. • A persuasive paragraph starts with a topic sentence. It states position or stand about something. The body sentences explain the reasons supporting the position or stand, and the closing sentence reiterates or intensifies the thesis statement.

-"To understand is to perceive patterns."

By PROF. ISAIAH BERLIN

1. No clear thesis 2. Unfocused or unsupported argument 3. Non-sequitur reasoning 4. Lack of transition sentences or ideas 5. Lack of editing

COMMON PITFALLS IN WRITING

Sample pattern in exemplification and classification

Classificaion 1 Characteristics Examples Classificaion 2 Characteristics Examples Classificaion 3 Characteristics Examples

Description

It is similar with narration for having many specific details, description "emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels. • It uses transitional devices that signal spatial order

Narration

It refers to a sequential telling of a story or recounting of a series of events. ▪ It supports the thesis statement with enough details which includes the elements of a story. ▪ It uses transitional devices that signal time order.

1. Narration 2. Description 3. Definition 4. Exemplification /Classification 5. Comparison and contrast 6. Cause and effect 7. Problem-solution 8. Persuasion

Patterns of Development in writing

Sight- Long white sand beaches Scent-Relaxing scent of fresh air Hearing- Melodic sound of waves Touch- calming effect or wam seawater Taste-Exotic food in local-style store

Sample of sensory words

1. To bring valuable and entertaining content to others 2. To define ourselves to others 3. To grow and nourish our relationships 4. To fulfill ourselves 5. To get the word out about causes or brands

Why do we post on social media?

Term Origin/Effect Definition/Function Antonyms&Synonyms Examples&Non-Examples

Writing a Definition Text

Subjective Description

includes attention to both the subject described and the writer's reactions (internal, personal) to that subject. Example: Our lives at home converged around the pleasantly shaped kitchen table. It was the magnet that drew our family together quite warmly. Cut from the sturdiest oak, the table was tough, smooth, and long enough for my mother, my two sisters, and me to work or play on at the same time. Our favorite light blue ceramic tile, stationed in the right corner, was the table's sole defense against the ravages of everything from a steaming teapot to the latest red-hot gadget from the Sears catalogue. More often than not, however, the heat would spread quickly beyond the small tile and onto the checkered oilcloth, which just as quickly exuded a rank and sour odor. Yet no matter how intensely the four of us competed for elbow room at the table, none dared venture near the lone dinner place arranged securely to the left of the tile. There was no telling when he would get home from work, but, when he did, he expected the food to be ready--steaming hot. He liked to eat right away--steak mostly--two bloody but thick pieces.

Objective Description

primarily factual, omitting any attention to the writer, especially with regards to the writer's feelings Example: The kitchen table is rectangular, seventy-two inches long and thirty inches wide. Made of a two-inch-thick piece of oak, its top is covered with a waxy oilcloth patterned in dark red and blue squares against a white background. In the right corner, close to the wall, a square blue ceramic tile serves as the protective base for a brown earthenware teapot. A single white placemat has been set to the left of the tile, with a knife and fork on either side of a white dinner plate, around nine inches in diameter. On the plate are two thick pieces of steak.

3.Definition

relies on creating likenesses between objects, often through simile (e.g. like a snowflake...or fragile as a snowflake...) or metaphor