RBT Exam
When using shaping as a teaching procedure, you should never backup and reinforce previous responses.
False
Examples of impairment in communication
Limited or complete absence of vocal speech, difficulty understanding language, repetitive language
T o F, family involvement in treatment is a key recommendation for ABA-based intervention
True
T o F, intensive interventions are a key recommendation for ABA- based intervention
True
T o F, the DOS assess communication skills
True
T o F, there is a correlation between the time a child begins intervention and their prognosis
True
T o F: A back-up reinforcer is a primary or secondary reinforcer selected by the client
True
T o F: Continuous reinforcement is used when teaching a new response
True
T o F: Fixed ratio and variable ratio schedules of reinforcement are both based on # of responses
True
T o F: Initially when using shaping, reinforcement is provided for a response that is similar to the target response
True
T o F: Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement both strengthen behavior
True
T o F: Relationship building strategies should be used all the time, during every session
True
T o F: To thin an interval schedule gradually increase the duration of the time interval that must elapse before the reinforcer can be delivered
True
Prevalence
1 in 59 children in the US, 1 in 37 boys, 4x more common in boys
Why would a parent choose an ABA-based intervention for their child?
ABA-based interventions are supported by the Surgeon General, are known to improve language acquisition, and has the strongest scientific support showing effectiveness in treating individuals with autism)
What are the 7 dimensions of behavior?
Applied, Behavioral, Analytic, Technological, Conceptually Systematic, Effective, Generalizable
The DSM 5 now considers what under the umbrella of ASD
Autistic Disorder, Asperger's syndrome, PDD-NOS
Who argued for an analysis and examination of the 3 term contingency?
BF Skinner
Why is it so important to establish yourself as a reinforcer through relationship building?
Bc the client will be motivated by you and fewer contrived reinforcers will need to be used during sessions, sessions will be more enjoyable, sessions will become more productive
Joey sees that Tom has some of his favorite crackers for snack time. Joey asks Tom for some of his crackers. Tom happily shares his crackers with Joey. Which of the following is part of the three-term contingency for the behavior of asking for crackers
Consequence = joey is given crackers by Tom
Jake is a teacher and has been teaching his student, Sarah to write her name. After a few days of teaching, Sarah wrote her name independently for the first time. What type of reinforcement should Jake provide for this response? a. Sarah's favorite snack or toy b.A highly enthusiastic praise statement c. Increased physical interaction such as high fives d. All of the above
D. all the above
Teaching a client to read words by first teaching the skill of labeling letters, then the skill of saying the sounds of letters, and then sounding out multiple letters in a row to read a word describes what type of teaching
Discrete Trial Teaching
The term that refers to the instruction or question that begins a trial is ______________.
Discriminative Stimulus
Pairing yourself w preferred activities, making activities more fun when you're involved, and giving free access to preferred activities are all strategies that help you ____
Establish yourself as the reinforcer
T o F : Shaping is only used to teach language skills?
F
T o F, a schedule of reinforcement is a rule specifying which occurences of reinforcement will be scored
F
T/F: Student initiation is a characteristic of DTT
F
T o F all children with ASD will exhibit a skill deficit in the exact same way
F A L S E
T o F, challenging behavior is the most common attribute observed by children w autism
F A L S E !!!!!!
Changing both antecedents and consequences should not be done in the same intervention to avoid confusion - T or F?
False
Operant behavior is assessed and modified by manipulating observable antecedents- T or F?
False
T o F Symptoms of autism begin after 12-13 mos of age
False
T o F, Doctor screenings have an 85% accuracy rate and that rate increases at the next screening when deficits are more obvious
False
T o F, Forming relationships with other people is something that should come easily to all clients with SD
False
T o F, Never allow free access to preferred activities. These should always be reserved as reinforcement for completing work tasks
False
T o F, behavioral excesses must first be reduced before behavioral deficits can be addressed
False
T o F: showing the child the correct response is a key component of differential reinforcement
False
In the DTT flow chart, when is errorless teaching applied?
Following the discriminative stimulus (SD)
At what point should you begin building a positive relationship with the client?
From the beginning
When thinning a ratio schedule, you should ______________ increase the number of responses required for reinforcement.
Gradually
What is a preference to play alone an example of?
Impairment in social interaction
When responses are not reinforced as often, we call this a:
Intermittent schedule of reinforcement
You know you have a strong, positive relationship when both you and the client __________ when you're together
Laugh and smile often
Fill in the blank: _________ is a change in behavior that endures over time.
Learning
Sandra is diagnosed with ASD, has a job with a part-time job coach, lives in an apartment with a roommate, and attends weekly classes to assist her with life skills such as paying bills and how to make a shopping list. What level of support might best describe her severity level?
Lvl 1
What types of professions typically give the autism diagnosis?
Neurologists, psychologists, and developmental pediatricians
Is lack of vocal speech always a characteristic demonstrated by individuals with autism?
No
Must behavior change occur in humans to be generalizable?
No
Sitting with a client while they watch a favorite tv show, playing basketball with a client who enjoys shooting hoops, and giving the client his/her preferred snack are all examples of
Pairing yourself with a fun activity
A child attempts to pet a dog and the dog barks loudly at the child, causing her to startle and never pet that dog again. What consequence has influenced her future behavior?
Positive Punishment
When a stimulus follows a particular response and increases the probability that the response will occur again, what has occurred?
Positive Reinforcement
Antecedent events occur
Prior to a specific response
Reinforcement is a _____ in which behavior is followed by some ______ that increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again
Process, consequence
When looking at a single trial and how it involves the three-term contingency, the consequence would be ____________.
Reinforcement or SD
Bobby flaps his hands rapidly and speaks intelligently about the train schedules he knows. These are examples of what behaviors?
Repetitive and stereotyped
Observing if a child can imitate you playing with a toy, follow a point, and point to a light are all examples of what?
Screening activities a parent can do at home
The coach of a basketball team providing praise to her players each time they throw the ball more accurately is an example of what?
Shaping
Paying attention to changes in the client's behavior that might indicate illness and to make changes accordingly is which relationship building strategy?
Showing care and respect
Little interest in sharing information with others and limited eye contact are examples of:
Social impairment
Errorless teaching is a prompting procedure that does not allow the client to make an error.
T
Every time Steven is in the grocery store with his father he asks for a lollipop. His father always says, "No." Steven throws himself on the ground and screams. After a couple of minutes, his father always buys him the lollipop. In this example, a functional relationship exists between
The behaviors of falling on the ground and screaming and the consequence of getting the lollipops
interval schedules of reinforcement are based on
Time
Operant behavior is controlled by antecedent and consequent events- T or F?
True
T/F: During discrete trial teaching, if the client responds correctly, reinforcement is given. If the client responds incorrectly, error correction is provided. Following either reinforcement or error correction, there is a 3-5 second inter-trial interval.
True
T/F: In order for a student to eventually respond correctly and without assistance, prompts should be faded gradually and differential reinforcement should be used.
True
an example of respondent behavior is
Watering eyes when cutting an onion
Ratio schedules of reinforcement are based on _____
a specific number of responses
Jenny is a Registered Behavior Technician. She is working with a client and shaping the response of saying "Help." Which response should she reinforce? a: Elp b: Puh c: Huh d: all of these
a: Elp
Schedule thinning is important because: a: it matches reinforcement in natural environment and makes the response resistant to extinction b: it is easier to use c: most people prefer to earn reinforcement less often d: research had proved it is more preferred by learners
a: it matches reinforcement in natural environment and makes the response resistant to extinction
During __ reinforcement, behavior is followed by the __ of a consequence. a: negative; removal b: positive; removal c: positive; subtraction d: positive; elimination
a: negative; removal
operant behavior is controlled by
antecedents and consequences
Behavioral excesses are to behavioral deficits as tantrums is to
attention skills
With extinction, ____________ responses are reinforced and with continuous reinforcement ____________ responses are reinforced. a: every, no b: no, every c: no, no d: every, every
b: no, every
During ___ reinforcement, behavior is followed by the ___ of a consequence. a: negative; addition b: positive; addition c: positive; subtraction d: positive; elimination
b: positive; addition
The result of reinforcement is that behavior is ___. a: weakened b: strengthened c: reduced d: eliminated
b: strengthened
When a schedule of reinforcement is fixed, ___. a: the rule about reinforcement always changes b: the rule about reinforcement never changes c: the rule about reinforcement sometimes changes d: there are not rules about reinforcement
b: the rule about reinforcement never changes
A token economy uses a symbol or tokens that are earned and can then be exchanged for a:
back-up reinforcer
When a client correctly says the word "juice" and reinforcement is provided, previous responses such as "juh" and "joo" should:
be put on extinction
A schedule of reinforcement specifies which occurrence of _______ will be reinforced
behavior
When a schedule of reinforcement is variable, ___. a: the rule about reinforcement stays the same b: the rule about reinforcement never changes c: the rule about reinforcement changes based on an average number d: there are no rules about reinforcement
c: the rule about reinforcement changes based on an average number
All are examples of primary reinforcers except: a: water b: food c: toys d: heat
c: toys
Schedule thinning is how you move from a __________ schedule of reinforcement to an ________ schedule of reinforcement.
continuous; intermittent
What factors influence the effectiveness of reinforcement?
immediacy, contingency, history, magnitude, effort
When a reinforcer is no longer provided after a response, we call this ___. a: reinforcement b: negative reinforcement c: positive reinforcement d: extinction
d: extinction
All are examples of secondary reinforcers except: a: toys b: money c: free time d: food
d: food
The goal with prompts is to ___. a: ensure it is always available so that the client responds correctly b: never remove the prompt because it helps the client respond correctly c: teach with the prompt for two weeks and then remove the prompt during the third week of teaching d: remove them systematically so that the client is responding without assistance.
d: remove them systematically so the client is responding without assistance
During shaping, reinforcement is provided for the response closest to the target response. Other previously reinforced responses are put on extinction. As a result, previously reinforced responses will _______________.
decrease
A trial begins with:
gaining the client's attention
A prompt should be selected based on ________________.
its ability to evoke the correct response from the student every time
Is this an example of a prompt?When teaching a client to say the word "Book," waiting to reinforce until the client says "Book."
no
Carla is a Registered Behavior Technician who is teaching her client, James to identify letters of the alphabet when shown on index cards. Carla puts three cards with different letters on each in front of James. She places the card with the letter G closest to James and the other two cards slightly further away from him. She then gives the instruction, "Point to G." James points to the letter G and Carla says, "That's right! you pointed to the letter G." Placing the card with the letter G closer to James is what kind of prompt?
positional
What are the two types of reinforcement?
positive and negative reinforcement
Two types of reinforcers
primary and secondary reinforcers
Differential reinforcement involves ______________.
reinforcing some responses and not others
_____ acquire reinforcing properties by being paired with ________
secondary reinforcers; primary reinforcers
Reinforcing the closest approximation to the target behavior and putting other responses on extinction is a part of...
shaping
intermittent reinforcement means that _____ responses are reinforced
some
Primary reinforcers are important for ___ and do not require ______
survival; prior experience
When using differential reinforcement, the response closest to the target response should receive ________________.
the most enthusiastic or largest amount of reinforcement
Errorless teaching is used __________.
when teaching a new skill