Rec and Leisure Midterm
Prime Minister John A. Macdonald
A central figure in the creation of Canada's first national park in 1885, which is now known as Baniff Park.
Trends
A change that is general in nature and has overriding implications.
Alexander Kirkwood
A clerk in the Ontario Department of Crown Lands, lobbied for the creation of a national forest and park in the Algonquin Highlands of southern Ontario. This action created the first large provincial park. Called Algonquin Provincial Park.
Biosphere Reserve
A designated geographic are where people exemplify various ways to sustain local economies and use resources while also conserving the biodiversity found in different kinds of ecosystems.
The Bruce Trail
A hiking trail in southern and central Ontario, Canada from the Niagara River to the tip of Tobermory, Ontario.
The Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA)
A nonprofit religious and faith based organization.
Ethnicity
A person's cultural characteristics. Examples country of origin, language, music, traditions.
Hedonism
A philosophy that focuses on pleasure as the ultimate goal.
Play
A pleasurable, spontaneous, creative activity that is associated with recreation, games, music, and theatre in which the rewards are intrinsic.
Municipality
A single urban or administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and state laws to which it is subordinate. It is to be distinguished from the county, which may encompass rural territory or numerous small communities such as towns, villages and hamlets.
Gender
A social category that includes attitudes, expectations, and expressions of masculinity and femininity.
Flow
A state of being in which a person is fully engaged in an activity that results in feelings of energy, focus, and success that often turn out to be the optimal life experiences for that person.
Chris Rojek
Argued that leisure has become a form of work. Believes that present day postmodern culture has blurred the traditional boundaries between work and leisure. Work, he says, now contains elements of play, whereas leisure can be a type of work. He identifies emotional intelligence and emotional labor as the two key abilities that 'competent, relevant and credible' people seek to develop during leisure.
Aristotle
Believed recreation is diversionary activity and leisure is the highest form of human endeavor. A good life happens when we engage in things that are intrinsically valuable.
Nonprofit leisure organizations
Bowling, amusement parks, hotels, resorts, retail outlets.
Examples of Nonprofit Sector
Boy Scouts of America, Girl Scouts of the USA, Boys and Girls Clubs, Best Buddies, YMCA, YWCA
Recreation Certification
Certified park and recreation professional (CPRP), Aquatic facility operator (AFO), Certified playground safety inspector (CPSI).
The Four Major Subcategories of Nonprofits
Charities, foundations, social welfare organizations, and professional and trade associations.
Fredrick Law Olmsted
Considered to be the founder of American landscape architecture, was hired to design New York's Central Park in 1858 and to design municipal parks in Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, and other areas in the late 19th century
Nash's Model of Good and Bad Leisure
Created a pyramid that features levels ranging detrimental to positive.
Building Blocks of Inclusion
Deinstitutionalization, Accessibility, Normalization, Integration, Mainstreaming, Least-restrictive environment, supports, person-first language, Inclusion.
Nanus and Dobbs' three primary sectors of society
Economic, Political, and Social.
Conspicuous Consumption
Expenditure on or consumption of luxuries on a lavish scale in an attempt to enhance one's prestige.
Plato's Leisure Theory
Freedom from the need to work in order to secure the necessities of life.
The five most common sources of funding for nonprofit organizations
Grants, Cash Donations, Contributions, Membership Dues, Investment Income.
National Park System
Has been a world leader in establishing and managing national parks. Encompasses approximately 84 million acres and manages many categories of parks.
Private Sector Challenges
Heavily focused on providing a service or product the customer needs. No additional funds from taxes or donations to sustain the business. Economic downturns. Interest paid to lenders.
National Physical Fitness Program
In 1943, it was created, the objective of this program was to 'encourage, develop, and correlate all activities related to physical development of the people through sports, athletics, and similar pursuits.
Economic challenges in the 1970's that threatened the Leisure industry
In 1973, The Arab oil embargo ended the rapid development of recreation resources and opportunities. High energy costs led to empty arenas and poorly maintained parks. The oil embargo also affected pleasure travel.
Playground Movement Canada
In Canada, the playground movement developed supervised playgrounds for children. Similar to its development in the United States, the playground movement in Canada was born from an increasing sense that recreation and leisure were important in bettering citizens' quality of life.
Structural constraints to leisure engagement
Include time, money, health, and equipment; intrapersonal constraints include fear, low self-esteem, and attitudes; interpersonal constraints include family responsibilities and a lack of people to share the leisure activity with. Group constraints as antecedent limitation such as attitudes and lack of skill and intervening constraints such as weather and resources.
Law, Advocacy, and Political Nonprofit Organizations
Includes organizations and groups that work to protect and promote civil and other rights, advocate the social and political interests of general or special constituencies, offer other legal services, and promote public safety.
National Recreation Statement of 1987
Jointly signed by the Canadian federal, provincial, and territorial governments laid out the following broad principles to guide the respective responsibilities of the three levels of government.
LGBT Community and Recreation and Leisure
LGBT people experience leisure constraints due to sexual identity discrimination. LGBT young people may avoid leisure activities with heterosexual people due to fear of harassment. Gay-friendly spaces have emerged in some hotels, resorts, and restaurants. Leisure and recreation professionals should be aware of the discrimination of LGBT people experience.
Secondary Groups
Larger than primary groups. Fairly temporary in makeup. Based on interest or activity. Examples are book clubs, art classes, sport leagues, volunteer associations.
Characteristics of the Prehistoric Society
Life was primarily focused on survival. Through evolution of larger brains for information storage, more free time emerged. Play was important for preparing children for adulthood responsibilities, teaching solidarity and mortality among young adults, relaxation and rejuvenation. Societies allowed for the beginnings of work specialization.
Public Sector
National level- National Park Service, Forest Service, Parks Canada, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, Army Corps of Engineers. State Park Systems- Parks, recreation, natural areas, historic, education, scientific, and trails. Local- Municipalities, county parks, park districts.
Leisure
Originally defined by the ancient Greeks as the most worthy activity that humans could engage in. It is also defined as time outside of work and other duties and the perceived freedom to engage in intrinsically motivated activities.
Community Education
Originally grounded in involvement and participation, and this has been the hallmark of its extended success. The practice of it invited a new, collaborative spirit to the old model of program development. It promoted a process in which people could become involved rather than simply attending an event.
Primary Groups
People with whom you have to face-to-face interactions on a personal level. Two basic types include families, and cliques.
Bertram Russell
Preindustrial societies were based on a "slave mortality." Modern Technology made it more possible for everyone to have more leisure in their lifestyle. Leisure was still reserved for the upper class in society and continued to be unavailable for the working class. Promoted a four-hour workday so that people could pursue cultural and intellectual activities.
Private Sector
Profit seeking business- charge consumers a higher price than the cost of the service to make a profit. Runs the spectrum of small business to large chains. Industries within leisure services include amusement parks, sporting goods retailers, gaming, movies and entertainment, hospitality, and travel and tourism.
Preservation
Protecting a natural area, wildlife, and ecosystem in a relatively undisturbed natural state.
National Fitness Act
Provided recreation services that influenced municipal recreation.
Challenges for Nonprofit Managers
Remaining financially sustainable because revenue comes from fees and donations. Staying creative with increased competition. No profit sharing with employees (no big salaries).
The three types of parks that emerged under nobility
Royal hunting preserves, formal garden parks, and English garden parks.
Plato
Separated good leisure activities from bad ones. Political philosophy is present in leisure services today; recreational programming and activities for youth should contribute to positive character development. His belief was that leisure and recreation are important tools for influencing individuals and society.
Social Inclusion
Shared activities and experiences that allow for mutually beneficial and respectful relationships to develop and persist regardless of disability.
Nonprofit Sector
Social and recreational clubs of charitable organizations. Services provided may differ. Populations served vary. Receive most funding from grants. Typically offer services free of charge; some require a fee to support those lower SES
Environmental and conservation nonprofit organizations
Society of Health and Physical Educators. American Camp Association. American Therapeutic Recreation Association. Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. Canadian Parks and Recreation Association. National Association of Park Foundations. National Recreation and Park Association.
Characteristics of Play
Spontaneous, voluntary activities that are intrinsically rewarding and all-absorbing; Research suggests that a lack of play is link to childhood obesity and adult-onset diabetes.
Marginality
Suggests ethnic and racial differences are due to group's marginal position in society; which is a function for lack of opportunity. Self-segregate from certain pastimes. The marginal status of racial & ethnic groups in leisure is also due to opportunity discrimination.-due to cost of participation and the geographical location of resources. (Such as discretionary income and accessibility)
The Protestant Work Ethic
The Calvinist work ethic or the Puritan work ethic is a concept in theology, sociology, economics and history which emphasizes that hard work, discipline and frugality are a result of a person's subscription to the values espoused by the Protestant faith, particularly Calvinism.
Ontario Provincial Government Actions at Niagara
The actions set precedents in the three important areas. First, Niagara was the first park created by a provincial government in Canada. Second, the park stimulated the creation of future parks in Ontario by the provincial government. Third, it set a tone of American-Canadian cooperation in park managements.
Epistemology
The branch of philosophy that examines the sources of our knowledge, the method we use in gaining knowledge, the kinds of knowledge that are possible for us to obtain, and how certain we can be of our knowledge. It poses the philosophical question of how we really know what we think we know.
Logic
The branch of philosophy that examines the structure and rules of reasoning and sound argumentation. It is important not only for methods of leisure but also for the decision-making process of leisure services practitioners.
Sir Sandford Fleming
The engineer in charge of the construction of Canadian pacific railway. He proposed a series of national parks across Canada to create tourism demand and railway use. A central figure in the creation of Canada's first national park in 1885, which is now known as Baniff Park.
Park Canada
The federal park management agency, is responsible for four park reserve systems; national parks and reserves, national historic parks and sites, national canals, and national marine conservation areas.
Inclusion
The idea that everyone should be able to use the same facilities, take part in the same activities, and enjoy the same experiences, including people who have a disability.
Inclusive Recreation
The modification or adaptation of activities addressing needs of individuals that feel or identify the current programming does not meet their needs.
Social Capital
The network of social contracts that people develop to support them in times of difficulty and enhance the quality of their lives.
Spirituality
The paths and practices that people take in their efforts to find, conserve, and transform the sacred in their lives; the quality of being concerned with the human spirit.
Ethics
The philosophical study of morality and moral justification.
Examples of Private Sectors
The private sector is the part of the economy not controlled by local, state or federal government. Examples of the private sector are privately owned small businesses, multinational corporations and nonprofits. The private sector provides most of the jobs in a free-market economy. Such as a planet fitness.
Industrialization and Technological Advancement
The reason why were removed from nature and needed to be reconnected to it.
Gross Domestic National Product
The sum of total goods and services manufactured or provided by all businesses, nonprofits, and government entities in a country.
Conservation
Using natural resources such as trees, water, or rangeland in a wise, regulated, or planned manner so that it is not destroyed and can be used and renewed indefinitely.
Career Characteristics in The Field of Recreation and Parks
Variety of Settings, Burnout Prevention, Creative approaches, continual change, Responsibility, Resourcefulness.
James Harkin
Was appointed as the commissioner and was the first national park director in the world. Was an aggressive supporter of park creation and management. He was famously successful in his goals and as a result, he is recognized as the person who started the movement to make national parks the cultural icons they are today.
The American Red Cross
Was organized internationally in 1863, and was founded in 1881 as a humanitarian organization to provide relief to victims of disasters and help prevent, prepare for, and respond to emergencies.
Josef Pieper
We no longer know what leisure is; we live in a totally work-oriented culture. Liberal arts disciplines such as philosophy are treated as a type of 'intellectual labor" valued only for their usefulness for solving practical problems. Knowledge for knowledge's sake is devalued by the culture of work. Our leisure time is useful if it refreshes us so that we can resume our group work with renewed vigor. Our worship of work produces a meaningless, unsatisfying lifestyle.
American Therapeutic Recreation Association (ATRA)
With approx. 2200 members as of 2014, the ATRA is the largest membership organization representing the interests and needs of health care providers who use recreational therapy to improve the functioning of people with illness or disabling conditions.
Religious and Faith-Based Organizations
YMCA of USA (the Y), YMCA Canada, YWCA of the USA (Young Women's Christian Association), YWCA of Canada.
