Reformation

Great Schism

(1378-1417) Split that occurred in the Catholic Church with two Popes, one in Avignon, France and the other in Rome, Italy. The Schism caused many to question the Church's authority.

Babylonian

Characterized by a luxurious, pleasure-seeking, and often immoral way of life.

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants;

Egalitarian

Favoring social equality; believing in a society in which all people have equal political, economic, and civil rights;

Emperor Charles V/ Charles I of Spain

Holy Roman Empire. SACKED ROME in 1527, ending Italian Renaissance. Called Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms, directed Diet of Augsburg, and proclaimed the Peace of Augsburg. Basically, he ended the Italian Renaissance and tried to stop the Reformation but eventually made peace with the Lutherans;

Elizabeth I

House of Tudor. Known as the "Virgin Queen" because she never married, as Henry VIII's daughter by Anne Boleyn, the Catholic Church considered her illegitimate. After the death of her Catholic sister Mary I, Elizabeth I tried to restore religious order by declaring England a Protestant state but naming herself only "Governor" of the Church. She foiled attempts at her throne by Spanish king Philip II and Mary, Queen of Scots; the latter Elizabeth reluctantly executed in 1587. Her reign saw great expansion of the English navy and the emergence of William Shakespeare, but when she died, the Crown went to Scottish king James VI, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots.

Diet of Worms (1521)

Luther refused to recant at this meeting of the German territorial leaders; before the Edict of Worms was issued, Luther was allowed to leave, which Charles V would in hindsight consider his most egregious political and religious mistake;declared Luther an outlaw, and Frederick the Wise was protected him;Charles V issued an imperial Edict condemning those doctrines

Igaius Loyola

Spaniard and Roman Catholic theologian and founder of the Society of Jesus.

English Reformation

result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom;

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings., (1509-1564) French theologian who established a theocracy in Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination., (1509-1564) The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader.His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1535) which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation;downplayed the priestly hierarchy, emphasizing that believers should themselves look for truth in the bible.

Excommunication

A censure by means of which a person is excluded from the communion of the faithful in response to a grave, habitual, public sin. A person is forbidden to have a ministerial role in the celebration of the sacraments and other public ceremonies, to receive the sacraments, or to exercise Church offices or ministries., Exclusion from Catholic Church as penalty for refusing to obey church laws;

Puritans

A group of Anglicans in England who wanted to purify their church of Catholic ways; A member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries advocated strict religious discipline along with simplification of the ceremonies and creeds of the Church of England.

Simony

the buying and selling of church offices

Imquisitions

the institution that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain, chiefly by the persecution of Jews and Muslims,

Peace of Ausburg

agreement that the religion of each German state is selected by its ruler;The religious settlement signed in 1555 stating that German princes could chose either Lutheranism or Catholicism but Calvinism and other forms of Protestantism were outlawed;

Catholic/ Counter

attempt on the part of the Catholic Church to reform the issues which were driving the faithful to the Protestant Church;the Church supported a more rigorous interpretation of doctrine and reinstated censorship and the Inquisition. Significance: led to a reduction of corruption in the church and church reaffirmed some of it's beliefs.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism., created to strengthen support of the Church during the Counter-Reformation. active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia

William Tyndale

An English professor who believed that everyone should be able to interpret the Bible. He translated the Bible to English which led for his arrest. However, he escaped and continued to translate the Bible;He translated the New Testament, but was executed before he could finish the Old Testament because he was not supported by the English government in his translating in the early 16th century.

John Wycliffe

English theologian whose objections to Roman Catholic doctrine anticipated the Protestant Reformation (1328-1384);Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope., He preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the head of the Church., 1320 -1384. Attacked the mass and transubstantiation. Was also an early advocate for translation of the Bible into the common language. He completed his translation into English in 1382; it is now known as ____'s Bible. His followers were known as Lollards.

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death;, 16th century, became England's official church in which everyone had to support it or else they would be fined or inprisoned

Johann Tetzel

The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther., This Dominican monk was chosen to advertise indulgences in 1517, and did so using extreme methods so that many people bought them. This caught Luther's attention, and was a factor that led to the 95 Theses.

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war., (1484-1531) Swiss humanist, priest and disciple of Erasmus. Founded the reform church in Switzerland. Much like Luther's but differed over nature of Communion. Believed it to be purely a symbolic act - commemorating the last supper and Christ's sacrifice for mankind. Luther, on the other hand, believed there was a spiritual presence in the bread and wine at the time of communion. This difference became apparent at the time of the Marburg Colloquy in 1529. Zwingli tried to simplify the Christian belief and practice even more than Luther.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.,created a strong, centralized monarchy based on national unity and a sharing of power between monarchy and Parliament.; a skillful politician and diplomat, she reasserted Protestant supremacy in England., established the Anglican Church after her sister had tried to rid England of all Protestants,

Indulgences

(johann tetzel sold them) , Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. If you buy it- all sins relieved

Presbyterians

A member of a protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox; A branch of Protestant Christianity that has theological Calvinist tradition, emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ;During the English Civil War, these were the moderate Puritans who wanted to replace the episcopal system of church government with the more democratic, decentralized presbyterian system -- They also favored sparing the life of Charles I

Anabaptists

A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches;

Purgatory

A state of final purification after death and before entrance into heaven for those who died in God's friendship, but were only imperfectly purified, A state of final purification or cleansing, which one may need to enter following death and before entering Heaven., A place on the way to heaven where people go to work out their unsettled sins from Earth;

Baroque Art

Art that applies naturalistic, REALIST styles and contrast with light and dark. Religious AND secular themes. Involved with ABSOLUTISM., Art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation- characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit- meant to inspire the masses;, Part of the Counter Reformation. Displayed a religious theme, red and gold color scheme, dark (sinner) vs. light (saint), and was intensely dramatic. Early Baroque art was dominated by Spain.

Laity

Baptized Catholics who share in Jesus' mission and continue his work on earth but are not ordained;, All the members of the Church who have been initiated into the Church through Baptism and who are not ordained (the clergy) or in consecrated life. The laity participate in Jesus' prophetic, priestly, and kingly ministries.

John Huss

Bohemian religious reformer whose efforts to reform the church eventually fueled the Protestant Reformation., 15th century Bohemian clergyman, follower of John Wyclif, who was burned at the stake for his criticism of Church doctrine;preacher and philosopher who questioned Church doctrine. He believed in following the Bible, predestination, and was against indulgences;

Index of Prohibited Books

Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned., A weapon of the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church; this documented books that disagreed with or criticized the Church. There was an early one issued by Pope Paul IV and another from the Council of Trent. This was supposed to protect people from immoral or incorrect theological works, but included scientific writing.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend., (1545-1563) defined Protestant heresies Church teachings in the areas of Scripture and Tradition, Original Sin, Justification, Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy Mass and the veneration of saints;, (1545-1563) Main goal: To strengthen ecclesiastical discipline through the Tridentine Decrees;

Geneva

Calvin was French and tried to persuade the French King, Francis I to adopt reform, but failed and he fled to Geneva, which was French-speaking and bordered France. As a separate republic, Geneva had already embarked on a process of protestant reform and so Calvin was safe there to develop his theories and new ideas for church organization. But his ideas for imposing a very austere moral code on the Genevans was ill received and he was exiled for several years to Strasbourg, where he worked with the French protestant Huguenots. But when Catholics attempted to return to power in Geneva, Calvin's supporters on the City Council invited him back in 1941, where he remained to his death. Then he organized the protestant church and in 1559 founded a university which trained pastors and teachers. That was to have a long-lasting influence on the protestant movement, which then inspired similar reforms in Scotland under John Knox.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life., Belief that no matter what a person does, the outcome of life is already determine by God;God already knows who is going to Heaven regardless of their life on Earth.

Elect

Calvinism emphasizes the doctrine of predestination, holding that God extends grace and grants salvation only to the chosen, or elect.

Thomas Wosley

Cardinal highest ranking church offical and lord chancellor. DIsmissed by Henry VIII for not getting the Pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. (1471-1530);

Transubstantiation

Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist (ch. 14): that when the bread and wine (the elements) are consecrated by the priest at Mass, they are transformed into the actual Body and Blood of Christ.

Church of England

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife

Schmalkaldic League

Formed by newly Protestant/Lutheran princes to DEFEND THEMSELVES against HRE's Charles V's efforts to Catholicize Germany; Protestant defensive alliance lead by Philip of Hess and John Frederick against the Diet of Augsburg and Charles V;, Defensive alliance organized by German Protestant princes to defend political freedom and religion of the Protestants against the power of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in February 1531 at Schmalkalden, Thüringen. Greatly aided the spread of the Reformation in Germany. In 1546, Charles declared war on the league and in 1547 Charles totally defeated the Protestant forces in a battle at Muhlberg, Saxony.

Max Weber

German sociologist that regarded the development of rational social orders as humanity's greatest achievement. Saw bureaucratization (the process whereby labor is divided into an organized community and individuals acquire a sense of personal identity by finding roles for themselves in large systems) as the driving force in modern society;

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her. Beheaded in 1536 for treason

Henry the 8th

King of England who established the church of England;, Marries brother Arthur's wife Catherine since he died and becomes King Henry the 8th. When he dies he leaves the Economy Strong and the treasury rich. He developed a strong navy. He was the founder of the Anglican church;, King of England in the early 1500s, Was married to the Spainish princess Catherine of Aragon. when the catholic church refused to grant him a divorce, he broke away and formed the church of England, other wise known as Anglican church.(he later married 5 more times)

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Justification by Faith

Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation;, Martin Luther's doctrine that a person can be saved only by faith in God, and not by good works; A person will be allowed into heaven by faith alone, not by indulgences or the church

95 theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the Church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation;, (1517) was Luther's response for the debate against indulgences. Three major points addressed are 1) Luther was frustrated that Germany was paying for Italian churches (St. Peter), 2) Popes can cancel your works here and in purgatory 3) Denial of Validity of system and the church tradition. A list of arguments against the Catholic Church and indulgences that was written by Martin Luther. It was originally written in Latin, and it questioned indulgence peddling and the purchase of church offices. Martin Luther posted on the door of Wittenberg's All Saints Church. Among other things, he argued that indulgences had no basis in the Bible, that the pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory, and that Christians could only be saved through faith (the "by faith alone" belief). Once it became public, it unleashed a sudden and violent outpouring of pent-up resentment and frustration among the laypeople.

Act of Supremacy

Proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of the king., 1534 act of parliament that called on citizens to take an oath recognizing the divorce of Henry VII and Catherine, and accepting Henry, not the pope, as the official head of England's Church.

Mary Stewart

Queen of the Scots, became the center of plots to kill Elizabeth;, Elizabeth's heir, catholic, forced out of England.e plots Elizabeth's murder but is never successful; Elizabeth is fed up and has this woman imprisoned and beheaded; supported by Spain (devout Catholics);Elizabeth's original heir to the throne; Originally, the Princess of Scotland → became Queen, Scotland had its independence; Scots and French were close because they both didn't like England; Mary left Scotland and went to France for almost her whole life (Raised by future in-laws in Paris, cultural city, "popping); Different from Elizabeth because she slept around with guys,but didn't understand how to use men. First Husband loved her, but died at the age of 20; Mary moved back to Scotland, depressed; Had drinking problems (Said she wanted to be Queen of England); Married a man named Darnley; had an affair with her Secretary, Richio. Darnley finds out about Richio and kills him, brutally. Darnley gets killed (Mary is framed for this); Mary marries Earl of Bothwell (Probably forced to, worse than Darnley); Mary is thrown off the throne and into the dungeon; James I of Scotland becomes Mary's heir; Elizabeth takes her in (she thinks she is the greatest and can fix Mary); Mary was caught a few times trying to kill Elizabeth so, she was forced to kill Mary after being tried for treason; James didn't try to help his mom.

Mary Tudor

Queen who succeeded Edward VI and attempted to return Catholicism to England by persecuting Protestants. when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics;

Captivity/ Avignon Papacy

Roman Catholic papacy during the period 1309-77, when the popes resided at Avignon, France. Elected pope through the machinations of Philip IV of France, Clement V moved the papal capital to Avignon four years later primarily for political reasons. All seven popes of this period were French, as were most of the cardinals, which aroused English and German animosity. During the Avignon papacy the cardinals began to play a stronger role in church government, church and clergy were reformed, missionary efforts were expanded, and popes tried to settle royal rivalries and establish peace. The heavy French influence damaged the prestige of the papacy, however, and in 1377 Gregory XI returned to Rome. The cardinals elected a new pope who took the Avignon seat, becoming the first of a line of antipopes and beginning the Western Schism.

John Knox

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops;Wrote "First Blast ofthe Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women" to provoke a revolt against Mary Tudor. IT was published in the year of Elizabeth's coronation; Elizabeth thought it was against her and she never truly forgave him., Brought Calvinism to Scotland

German Peasants' Revolt

Wanting to be freed from serfdom - destroy everything. Luther is in shock & writes to the princes showing no mercy. The princes' armies kill 100,000 people, and many peasants reject Luther's religious leadership; German peasants revolt and they make 12 demands. Two were religious and the rest were political and had nothing to do with Luther's ideas. RESULT- Luther makes a pamphlet Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants.

Catherine of Aragon

When Henry VIII needed a son to continue the Tudor dynasty, and he found out his wife Catherine of Aragon could not give him one (only a daughter, Mary), he sought an annulment. Of course, the Catholic Church denied him one, and in return Henry VIII split England from the Catholic Church.

Priesthood of believers

a doctrine of the Protestant Christian Church: every individual has direct access to God without ecclesiastical mediation and each individual shares the responsibility of ministering to the other members of the community of believers;entails a doctrinal responsibility or right to preach and expound the Christian faith, and this is appointed to every member of the church. It first came to the public eye when Martin Luther and his followers wrote, preached, and sang about a priesthood of all believers.

Papal bull

a formal proclamation issued by the pope;

English Calvinists (Puritans/Pilgrims/Separatists)

after the Reformation and formation of the Anglican Church, some of the Englishmen were pushed towards Protestantism and Calvinism in particular; King Edward's council was full of strong Protestants; Puritans (English Protestants), Protestants who fled England during Mary's reign went to Genev;, preferred a more restricted definition of church membership; they wanted to confine it to persons they believed were Saved.

Erasmus in praise of folly

dedicated to Thomas More;satirized values held dear by his contemporaries.Modesty, humility and poverty represented the true christian virtues in a world that worshiped pomposity, power and wealth.The wise appeared foolish, he concluded, for their wisdom and values were not of this world.

Act of Succession

document passed by the Reformation Parliament in the same year as the Act of Supremacy that made Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs to the throne;, 1534, passed by Par., vesting succession of the English Crown in the children of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, set Princess Elizabeth first in line for the throne, declaring Princess Mary a bastard. Subjects, if commanded, were to swear an oath to recognize this Act and the King's supremacy, people who refused to take oath (including Sir Thomas More), were charged with treason

Frederick the wise

was Elector of Saxony; At Wittenberg he founded (1502) the university where Martin Luther and Melanchthon taught. At a crucial period for the early Reformation, Frederick protected Luther from the pope and the emperor, and took him into custody at the Wartburg castle after the Diet of Worms (1521), which put Luther under the imperial ban. Frederick, however, had little personal contact with Luther and remained a Catholic, although he gradually inclined toward the doctrines of the Reformation.