Reformation Test

John Wycliffe

(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope. Eventually burned at the stake.

St. Ignatius of Loyola

- Founded Jesuit Order in 1534 (approved by pope in 1540), Militant arm of Catholic Church to convert people to Catholicism, Went to the New World to preach, Established Jesuit Schools which were originally seminary schools.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532, aka Anglicanism.

Martin Luther beliefs

People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness. The Roman Catholic Church taught that faith AND "good works" were needed for salvation. • All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities. • All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.

Catholic/Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself.

Index of Forbidden Books

A list of books written by Pope Paul IV in 1559; drew up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. Catholic bishops all over Europe were ordered to gather up "offensive" books (ex. Protestant bibles) and burn them in bonfires.

Act of Supremacy

Act of Supremacy, (1534) English act of Parliament that recognized Henry VIII as the "Supreme Head of the Church of England."

The Great Schism

the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054

Avignon Papacy

the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome (For 70 years)

Hugeunots

In France, Calvin's followers were called Huguenots.

Council of Trent

-Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. Catholic cardinals and bishops stated these final doctrines were final: The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic. • Christians needed faith AND good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued. • The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life. • Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned.

Protestant Criticisms of the Catholic Church

-Catholic doctrine states that we are saved by faith and good works. Protestants believe that people win salvation by faith ALONE. -Catholics believe that the Pope's interpretation of the bible was final. Protestants believe that YOUR personal interpretation of the bible is all that matters. -Jesus is the true head of the church, not the Pope

Martin Luther's Criticisms of the Catholic Church

-The false selling of indulgences; "people's ways out of Purgatory could be bought out of money." This was started by a friar (Johann Tetzel) in order to raise money in order to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral -We should be focusing more on our faith in God, and not good works.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Queen Elizabeth I (Pro-Protestant)

1533-1603 (ruled 1558-death) *Protestant successor to Queen Mary (England) *Popular leader and the first woman to successfully hold the throne *Invested in English raids on the Spanish New World; Spain responded with the Spanish Armada *Established Protestantism in England and encouraged English business

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Martin Luther

A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote the 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Founder of the Protestant Reformation.

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. Martin Luther hid out in Wartburg Castle with a disguised name "Squire George" for 300 days in 1521-1522 after being declared an outlaw and a heretic at the Diet of Worms.

John Huss

Czech priest who was burned at the stake for rejecting and questioning certain Catholic church doctrines, such as transubstantiation (1369-1415)

Calvinist Geneva

In 1541, Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland, asked Calvin to lead their city. When Calvin arrived there in the 1540s, Geneva was a self-governing city of about 20,000 people. He and his followers ran the city according to strict rules. Everyone attended religion class. No one wore bright clothing or played card games. Authorities would imprison,excommunicate, or banish those who broke such rules. Anyone who preached different doctrines might be burned at the stake. Yet, to many Protestants, Calvin's Geneva was a model city of highly moral citizens.

Bloody Mary (Pro-Catholic)

Oldest daughter of Henry VIII. Queen of England from 1553-58. Known for her ruthless, deadly suppression of the Anglicanism in attempting to re-Catholicize England (Burned nearly 300 Protestants at the stake for the crime of heresy) She married Spain's Philip II.

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state. Located in Geneva, Switzerland.

*SHORT ANSWER: Explain the beliefs shared by 16th century Catholics and Protestants, and those that separated the Protestants into different denominations.

Roman Catholicism and Protestant beliefs differ in many ways; however, some ways more that others, considering that certain Catholic beliefs are what sparked Luther's doctrine of Protestanism. Catholic doctrine states that the Pope is the head of the church, while the Protestant church believes that Jesus Christ is the one true leader of the church. Catholics pray to saints, and while Protestants do acknowledge saints, they don't pray to them. Catholics believe in forgiveness through the priest (confession) while Protestants believe that God through Jesus forgives sins only (through prayer.) As for the differences that sparked the Protestant Reformation, these reasons include the fact that Catholics believed in the church's interpretation of the bible; Luther believed in one's own interpretation of the bible. Luther also believed that faith alone is what saves, but Catholics believed that faith and good works are needed for salvation. Catholics believe that the pope is the head of the church, but Protestanism states that Jesus is the one true head of the church.

Martin Luther's reaction to the peasants' revolts

Some people began to apply Luther's revolutionary ideas to society. In 1524, German peasants, excited by reformers' talk of Christian freedom, demanded an end to serfdom. Bands of angry peasants went about the countryside raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning. The revolt horrified Luther. He wrote a pamphlet urging the German princes to show the peasants no mercy. The princes' armies crushed the revolt, killing as many as 100,000 people. Feeling betrayed, many peasants rejected Luther's religious leadership.

Jesuit beliefs

The Jesuits focused on three activities; -Found schools all over Europe (Jesuit teachers were very well-educated in theology and history) -Convert non-Christians to Catholicism (In order to do this, missionaries were sent all over the world) -Stop the spread of Protestanism (The passion of the Jesuits overcame the drift towards Protestanism in Poland and Southern Germany)

*SHORT ANSWER: Look at the 16th century rulers and analyze the ways in which they attempted to deal with religious division within their respective states

The Protestant Reformation had been a unintentional religious revolution that had occurred in the 16th century; as a result, this caused much division between European states and countries. However, how did the leaders of these states/countries solve this issue? They had used conversion methods and meetings. For instance, the Council of Trent. This was a meeting called by Pope Paul III, in an attempt to reform the Catholic church after Luther had attacked the church, criticizing its practices and teachings. As a result of this meeting, it had been stated that many of Luther's beliefs would stay in Lutheranism, and many of Roman Catholic beliefs would remain in Roman Catholicism (such as salvation is won by faith and good works, and how the Pope's interpretation of the bible was final, etc.) In addition to that, England had dealt with Protestanism versus Roman Catholicism as well. For instance, Queen Mary I of England, also called "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents (Henry VIII's eldest daughter.) She was a very devout Catholic, and had even tried to convert her whole kingdom to Catholicism, which resulted in as many as 300 Protestants being burned at the stake for crime of "heresy." As opposed to Queen Mary's way of dealing with religious division, her younger half-sister, Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn) had been Protestant. She had brought Protestanism back to England in a peaceful way. She had stated that she was a devout Protestant and had proclaimed that no violence would be involved in anyone who opposed her beliefs, specifically Catholics.

Schmalkaldic War

This was when the German Princes that didn't want to be Catholic joined with the Turks and the French to take on the Holy Roman Empire, all in all fighting about religion (Lutherans vs Catholics). This was ended with the Peace of Augsburg.