Religions Section 2

Neo-Paganism

A revival of pre-Christian religious practice. (p. 147)

Transmigration

A situation in which a soul passes from one body to another—human animal, or even an inanimate object. (p. 163)

Ghost

A soul of an individual after death that remains in the vicinity of the community. (p. 172)

Herbalist

A specialist in the use of plant and other material in curing. (pp. 130-131)

Oracle

A specific device that is used for divination. (p. 148)

Tensegrity

A technique of body movements that aims to increase awareness of the body's energy fields; developed by Carlos Castaneda. (pp. 125-126)

Mummification

A technique of preserving a dead body involving drying and preservatives (p. 181)

Ordeal

A trial by divination that is performed on the body of the accused person to determine guilt or innocence. (p. 153)

Inspirational divination

A type of divination that involves a spiritual experience, such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness. (p. 148)

Increase rite

A type of ritual whose purpose is to aid the survival and reproduction of a totemic plant or animal. (p. 138)

all of the choices

Which of the following is true about the concept of the soul in small-scale religions?

Presentiment

A feelings that a person may have. (p. 150)

Image magic

A form of homeopathic magic in which an image represents a living person, which can be killed or injured through doing things to the image. (p. 138)

Omen

A fortuitous happening or condition that provides information. (p. 150)

Yanomano

hallucinogenic snuff is associated with

Holiness Church

intense concentration in prayer is associated with

Empirical

Made through our senses. (p. 137)

usually make a deliberate effort to change their rituals in an attempt to shake off bad luck.

(Article: "Baseball Magic" by Gmelch) According to Gmelch, when players are in a slump they

Self-reported oral history from the Wari

(Article: "Cannibal Epistemologies" by Conklin) What is the main evidence that supports the notion that the Wari practiced cannibalism?

Reincarnation

A belief in an immortal, eternal soul that is born again and again in different bodies. (p. 166)

Axis Mundi

A central axis that is seen as lining the three different levels of the world, the central world containing humans and the supernatural layers above and below it. The world tree (p. 122)

Zombie

A corpse that has been raised from the grave and animated. (pp. 175-177)

Scapulamancy

A divination technique in which a dried scapula, or shoulder blade is placed in a fire and the pattern of cracks and burns are interpreted. (p. 150)

Priest

A full-time religious specialist who is associated with formalized religious institutions. (p. 126)

Sorcerer

A magician who specializes in antisocial, evil magic. (p. 136)

Neoshaman

A modern spiritual practice that draws on some concepts and practices of traditional shamanism, but is usually used as a method for improving an individual's life. (p. 126)

Shaman

A part-time religious specialist who receives his or her power directly from the spirit world and acquires status and the ability to do things through personal communication with the supernatural. (p. 120)

Vampire

A person who has died before his or her time and who brings about the death of friends and relatives until his or her corpse is "killed." (p. 174)

Purgatory

A place for souls who die with lesser faults for which there is no repentance or for which the penalty is not wholly paid during the lifetime. (p. 166)

Medium

A practitioner who intentionally communicates with the supernatural to find information. (p. 152)

Healer

A religious specialist who concentrates on healing. (p. 130)

Razana

According to the cultural snapchat, ______________ is the term used in Madagascar to refer to the bones of the deceased.

Plastromancy

According to the cultural snapchat, _________________ is the type of divination which exclusively utilizes turtle shells for divining.

True

According to the text, the majority of Americans believe there is a Heaven. (true/false)

fresh-blood

Among the Dani, the ghost of a person who has been killed in war is dangerous and must be given a " ______ " funeral.

True

Among the Trobriand Islanders, a "man with knowledge" is one who possesses technological knowledge as well as knowledge of magic. (True/ False)

Murngin

Among the _____ of Australia, funeral rituals actually begin before death with the family gathering around the dying person to sing and wail.

Unitary state

An altered state of consciousness in which an individual experiences a feeling of becoming one with the supernatural. (p. 109)

Possession

An altered state of consciousness that is interpreted as a deity taking control of a person's body. (p. 152)

Spirit possession

An altered state of consciousness that is interpreted as a spirit taking over control of a human body and is either deliberately by a ritual performance or taking control by a spirit causing illness. (p. 116)

Altered states of consciousness

Any mental state that differs from a normal state. (p. 103)

Doctrine of signatures

Belief that physical structures found in nature, such as the shape of a plant, are indicative (or signatures) of their potential use in healing. (p. 139)

Stigmata

Bodily wounds or pain considered by Christians to be visible signs of participation in the sufferings of Christ. (p. 106)

Therianthropes

Creatures that are part human and part animal. (p. 109)

Apantomancy

Divination by a chance meeting with an animal. (p. 150)

Cleromancy

Divination by the casting of lots such as the rolling of a die or the drawing of straws. (p. 155)

Haruspication

Divination by the examination of entrails of sacrificed animals. (p. 150)

Oneiromancy

Divination by the interpretation of dreams. (p. 149)

Aleuromancy

Divination by use of flour, as in fortune cookies. (p. 151)

Ornithomancy

Divination from reading the path and form of a flight of birds. (p. 150)

Fortuitous divination

Divination that simply occurs without any conscious effort. (p. 148)

Deliberate divination

Divination that someone sets out to do. (p. 148)

Necromancy

Divination through contact with ancestors or the dead. (p. 150)

Graphology

Divination through handwriting analysis. (p. 151)

Prophecy

Divination through the communication of a prophet. (p. 152)

Tasseography

Divination through the reading of tea leaves. (p. 151)

Palmistry

Divination through the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand. (p. 151)

Phrenology

Divination through the study of the shape and structure of the head. (p. 151)

Noninspirational divination

Forms of divination that are performed without the direct involvement of supernatural beings. (p. 148)

Paper

In celebration of Dia de los Muertos, many Mexicans will leave items made of ______ in the shapes of coffins and skulls at the graves of their loved ones

Theory

In science, a framework for understanding that is supported by a large amount of consistent scientific data. (p. 137)

Hypothesis

In science, a tentative statement based upon experimental and observational data that is subject to further study. (p. 137)

Emotive divination

Inspirational divination. (p. 148)

Natural divination

Inspirational divination. (p. 148)

Law of Sympathy

Magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things. (p. 138)

unpredictable

Magic is most frequently found in situations that are:

Contagious magic

Magic that is based on the Law of Contagion, utilizing things that were once in physical contact with an individual. (p. 138)

Homeopathic

Magic that is based on the Law of Similarity. (p. 138)

Imitative magic

Magic that is based on the Law of Similarity. (p. 138)

Impure

Many Japanese believe that at death an individual is transformed into an _____spirit (one word).

Dowsing

Method of divination whereby water and other underground resources are located by use of a forked stick. (p. 151)

Core shamanism

Michael Harner's concept of the core and nearly universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural context. (p. 126)

Geomancy

Originally a form of divination in which patterns of markings made on the ground or by thrown dirt are read. Today it refers primarily to feng shui, a method of determining the location and orientation of buildings, tombs, and other objects on the land. (p. 172)

Pan-Indian

Refers to activities that draw from many different Native American traditions. (p. 111)

Artificial divination

Refers to noninspirational divination. (p. 148)

Prophet

Someone who communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community; acting as an intermediary between the people and the gods. (p. 132)

Divination

Supernaturally based techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future. (p. 148)

Testable

The ability to develop new experiments and observations that will test the validity of a conclusion. (p. 137)

Fasting

The act of abstaining from eating food and drinking water over a period of time. (p. 104)

false

The apparent connection between things that are no longer connected as a basis of magic defines homeopathic magic. (True/ False)

Sympathetic system

The arousal system of the brain. (p. 108)

Astrology

The belief that all of the stars, planets, as well as the sun and moon influence the destiny of people and that the sky can be used as a divination technique. (p. 150)

Karma

The effect of a person's behavior during the series of phases of a person's existence. Karma is seen as determining the person's destiny. (p. 166)

Natron

The first step in mummification in Ancient Egypt was to thoroughly remove as much water in the body as possible by burying it in _______ for 70 days.

Soul

The noncorporeal, spiritual component of an individual. (p. 161)

Orientation association structure

The part of the brain that enables us to distinguish ourselves from the world around us and to orient ourselves in space. (p. 108)

Peyotism

The ritual use of peyote, an hallucinogenic cactus. (p. 111)

True

The routine embalming of bodies developed during the Civil War. (True/false)

endocannibalistic anthropophagers

The term ______ refers to the eating of one's own people. We see this among the Yanomamo.

Endocannibalistic anthropophagers

The term endocannibalism refers to the eating of one's own people, and the term anthropophagers refers to the eating of human bodies. (p. 180)

Ancestor worship

The veneration of ancestors, who may bring aid to their descendants or, if neglected, may bring misfortune. (p. 168)

Spell

The words that are spoken in a magic ritual. (p. 143)

Law of Similarity

Things that are alike are the same. (p. 138)

Law of Contagion

Things that were once in contact continue to be in contact after the physical connection is severed. (p. 138)

Walachia

Unlike U.S. vampire lore, the actual Dracula, Vlad Tepes, ruled in _____ not Transylvania.

Dreams

Unlike ghosts in Western cultures, Bunyoro ghosts are never seen except in _____

Entopic phenomena

Visual effects that have their origin in physical changes within the eye. (p. 109)

Puffer

Wade Davis is famous for his study of zombies and claims he was able to acquire zombie powder and analyze it. He found that the key ingredient is dried _______fish.

Magic

Ways in which a person can compel the supernatural to behave in certain ways. (p. 136)

Diviner

religious specialist who specializes in divination. (pp. 131-132)