Renal Review Questions A&P
The movement of molecules and ions from the peritubular capillaries into interstitial fluid and then into the nephron tubule is called: A. secretion. B. reabsorption. C. excretion. D. filtration.
Secretion
T/F The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs approximately 65% of water and ions salt entering it.
True. (60-70% reabsorbed)
T/F Blood pressure is regulated through the action of the kidneys.
True. (BP is regulated through ECF)
T/F Since water follows the reabsorption of Na+ in the proximal tubule, the filtrate is isosmotic with the blood.
True. (H2O per each NA+)
T/F Inulin clearance gives a measurement of the glomerular filtration rate.
True. (Inulin and creatinine)
T/F The collecting duct is naturally impermeable to salt but permeable to water.
True. (collecting duct is hormonally regulated for salt and water reabsorption)
T/F As the tubular filtrate moves through the descending limb of the loop of Henle, the osmolality of the filtrate increases
True. (descending loop of Henle is only water permeable)
T/F In response to low blood plasma Na+, reduced ADH will decrease water volume in the blood to match lower Na+ concentration while increased aldosterone will increase Na+ reabsorption to match the higher water volume of blood.
True. (feedback loops)
T/F Only about 20% of renal blood is filtered in one pass through the kidneys.
True. (filtrated fraction = GFR/RPF)
T/F Dilation of the afferent arteriole would increase glomerular pressure.
True. (increase)
T/F The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered and reabsorbed must be less than the GFR.
True. (less than)
_________ is a nonsalt molecule that contributes to the hypertonicity of the interstitial fluid of the renal tubules. A. Urea B. Protein C. Creatinine D. Xenobiotic molecule
Urea
Increased sympathetic neuron activity will cause: A. vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles. B. increased GFR. C. increased urine production. D. decreased blood volume.
Vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.
The presence of renin secreting tumors may cause: A. hypertension. B. increased aldosterone secretion. C. increased renal sodium reabsorption. D. All of the choices are correct.
all of the choices are correct
What is the order that filtrate must pass through to the glomerular capsule? A. podocytes of glomerular epithelium, glomerular basement membrane, capillary fenestrae B. capillary fenestrae, glomerular basement membrane, podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium C. glomerular basement membrane, capillary fenestrae, podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium D. capillary fenestrae, podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium, glomerular basement membrane
capillary fenestrae, glomerular basement membrane, podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium
Bicarbonate must be converted to ____ to move into tubule cells to reduce blood pH. A. carbonic anhydrase B. carbonic acid C. carbon dioxide D. None of the choices are correct.
carbon dioxide
Through renal autoregulation, an increase in blood pressure will cause the afferent arteriole to ____ and therefore the GFR will ____. A. dilate, not change. B. dilate, decrease. C. constrict, decrease. D. constrict, not change.
constrict, not change.
Decreased glomerular filtration rate would: A. increase plasma protein clearance rate. B. increase plasma urea clearance rate. C. decrease plasma creatinine clearance rate. D. decrease plasma glucose clearance rate.
decrease plasma creatinine clearance rate
Excessive aldosterone secretion would induce: A. decreased plasma potassium. B. decreased plasma sodium. C. decreased plasma chloride. D. no change in plasma ion balance.
decrease plasma potassium
Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by a(n) ____ in blood Na+ or a(n) ___ in blood K+. A. increase, decrease B. increase, increase C. decrease, increase D. decrease, decrease
decrease, increase
The tubular filtrate osmolarity __________ as it flows through the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A. increases B. decreases C. remains unchanged
decreases
Hypotension would induce __________ of afferent arterioles. A. constriction B. dilation C. no change
dilation
The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted is ___ the GFR. A. greater than B. less than C. equal to
equal to
The primary filter to exclude proteins from the filtrate is the: A. glomerular basement membrane B. capillary fenestrae C. parietal layer of the capsule D. slit diaphragm
glomerular basement membrane
The __________ is a capillary network that produces a blood filtrate that enters the urinary tubules. A. vasa recta B. peritubular capillary C. glomerulus D. interlobar capillary
glomerulus
Since most filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed, where does the bicarbonate come from that is used to compensate for acidosis? A. carbonic acid B. carbon dioxide C. glutamine D. glucose
glutamine
Hemorrhage would induce: A. increased renin secretion. B. increased atrial natriuretic peptide secretion. C. decreased ADH secretion. D. All of the choices are correct
increase renin secretion
An increase in extracellular H+ concentration may result in ______ extracellular K+. A. increased B. decreased C. no change in
increased
Glomerular filtration would be decreased by A. increased plasma protein concentration. (this does not change very often, but it does increase near the end of the glomerulus) B. increased glomerular filtrate protein concentration. C. decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure. D. increased mean arterial pressure.
increased plasma protein concentration. (this does not change very often, but it does increase near the end of the glomerulus) -and- decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Loop diuretics such as Lasix: A. inhibit the actions of ADH. B. add extra solutes to the filtrate. C. inhibit active transport of salt out of the ascending loop of Henle limb. D. inhibit salt transport in the first section of the distal tubule.
inhibit active transport of salt out of the ascending loop of Henle limb.
Spironolactone: A. inhibits the actions of aldosterone. B. blocks bicarbonate reabsorption. C. stimulates hypertension. D. activates Na+/K+ pumps.
inhibits the actions of aldosterone
The _______________ nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated urine. A. juxtamedullary B. cortical C. pelvic D. calical
juxtamedullary
Angiotensin-converting enzyme is mostly present in the capillaries of the: A. liver. B. kidneys. C. lungs. D. adrenal medulla.
lungs
The sensor in tubuloglomerular feedback is a group of cells called the: A. macula densa. B. glomerulus. C. vasa recta. D. macula lutea.
macula lutea
The renal pelvis receives urine from the: A. minor calyces. B. ureters. C. renal pyramids. D. major calyces.
major calyces
Depletion of extracellular K+ may induce: A. metabolic acidosis. B. metabolic alkalosis. C. hyperventilation. D. None of the choices are correct
metabolic alkalosis
The __________ is the functional unit of the kidney. A. calyx B. nephron C. neuron D. medulla
nephron
Diuretics: A. decrease urine production. B. induce hypertension. C. often act on the proximal convoluted tubule. D. often act on the distal convoluted tubule.
often act on the distal convoluted tubule.
Which of the following is NOT a potential filtration barrier in the glomerular capsule? A. glomerular basement membrane B. capillary fenestrae C. parietal layer of the capsule D. slit diaphragm
parietal layer of the capsule
The efferent arteriole delivers blood to the:(choose all that apply) A. peritubular capillaries B. vasa recta C. glomerulus D. juxtaglomerular apparatus
peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
The majority of reabsorption occurs in the: A. collecting duct. B. distal convoluted tubule. C. loop of Henle. D. proximal convoluted tubule.
proximal convoluted tubule.
The return of molecules from the tubules to the blood is called: A. reabsorption. B. secretion. C. filtration. D. autoregulation.
reabsorption.
The ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR despite fluctuating blood pressures is called: A. renal plasma threshold. B. renal transport maximum. C. renal plasma clearance. D. renal autoregulation.
renal autoregulation
Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus respond to decreased blood volume and increased sympathetic nerve activity by secreting: A. renin. B. inulin. C. angiotensinogen. D. natriuretic hormone.
renin
If the rate of urine formation is 2 ml/min, the urine inulin concentration is 25 mg/ml, and the plasma inulin concentration 0.5 mg/ml, then the GFR is: A. 0.04 mL/min. B. 100 mL/min. C. 6.25 mL/min. D. None of the choices are correct.
100 mL/min
The average glomerular filtration rate is equal to: A. 180 L/day. B. 5.5 L/min. C. 100 mmHg/hour. D. 8 mg/hour.
180 L/day.
Countercurrent multiplication occurs by the actions of the: A. vasa recta. B. peritubular capillaries. C. loop of Henle. D. Both vasa recta and loop of Henle are correct.
Both vasa recta and loop of Henle are correct.
Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures? A. distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule B. proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle C. Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule D. loop of Henle, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
The main region of aldosterone action is the: A. distal convoluted tubule. B. proximal convoluted tubule. C. medullary collecting duct. D. cortical collecting duct.
Cortical collecting duct. (Principal cells of the late distal tubule as well)
The ____ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to salt. A. ascending B. descending C. both limbs D. neither limb
Descending (only permeable to water)
T/F A decrease in blood pressure will cause an increase in GFR through sympathetic stimulation.
False. (sympathetic activation will constrict the arterioles and decrease PGC and GFR)
T/F The main function of the kidneys is the regulation of the intracellular fluid.
False. (extracellular)
T/F The maximal response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) occurs in the cortical nephrons.
False. (Juxtamedullary)
T/F Increased aldosterone secretion stimulates renal potassium retention.
False. (will cause excretion)
People with diabetes mellitus have polyuria because: A. they have inadequate amounts of ADH. B. they have greater oncotic pressure in the kidney tubules (due to all the extra glucose in the nephron). C. they have inadequate amounts of aldosterone.
they have greater oncotic pressure in the kidney tubules
The _________________ is the saturation point of renal carrier molecules. A. transport maximum B. GFR C. renal plasma clearance D. renal plasma threshold
transport maximum
What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder? A. ureters B. urethras C. calyces D. pyramids
ureters
Antidiuretic hormone: A. stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney. B. induces fusion of aquaporin containing vesicles with the plasma membrane. C. is secreted in response to dehydration. D. All of the choices are correct.
All of the above are correct.
Na+ reabsorption is a(n) __________ process, while Cl- reabsorption is a(n) __________ process. A. active, active B. active, passive C. passive, passive D. passive, active
active, passive
The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the: A. proximal convoluted tubule. B. base of the Loop of Henle. C. distal convoluted tubule. D. cortical portion of the collecting duct.
base of the Loop of Henle.
In response to alkalosis: A. the kidney maximally reabsorbs bicarbonate. B. the kidney excretes bicarbonate. C. excess H+ enters the tubular filtrate. D. tubular carbonic anhydrase is inhibited.
the kidney excretes bicarbonate