Research 1

Parts of Research Study 2

A framework is the abstract, theoretical basis for a study that enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing's body of knowledge. It is a testable theory that has been developed in nursing or another discipline. A theory consists of assumptions, an integrated sit of defined concepts and relational statements that present a view of a phenomenon and can used to describe, explain, predict or control the phenomenon. Research objectives, questions or hypotheses: investigators formulate research objective (or aims), questions or hypotheses to bridge the gap between the more abstractly stated research problem and purpose and the study of the design and plan for data collection and analysis. They also identify the relationship between the variables and indicate the population to be studied. Study Variables: are concepts at various levels of abstraction that are measured, manipulated or controlled in the study. Conceptual definition: Provides a variable or concept with theoretical meaning and it comes from a theorist's definition of the concept or is developed through concept analysis

Authority (Knowledge)

A person with expertise and power who is able to influence opinion and behavior A person is given authority because it is thought that she or he knows more in a given area than others. Knowledge acquired from an authority is illustrated when one person credits another's as the source of info.

Problem solving and Nursing processes:

A process includes a purpose, series of actions and goals. The problem solving process involves the systematic collection of data to identify a problem, determination of goals related to the problem, identification of possible approaches to achieve these goals, implementation of the selected solutions and evaluation of goal achievement. The nursing process is a subset of the problem solving process. The steps of the nursing process is assessment, diagnosis, implementation, evaluation, and modification.

Parts of Research Study

A research problem is an area of concern in which there is a gap in the knowledge needed for nursing practice. Identifies an area of concern for a particular population that requires investigation. Research is then conducted to generate essential knowledge that addresses the practice concern with the ultimate goal of developing sound research evidence for nursing practice. The research purpose is generated from the problem and identifies the specific focus or goal of the study. Researchers conduct a review of relevant literature to generate a picture of what is known and not known about a particular problem and to document why a study needs to be conducted. This section within a study concludes with a summary that indicated the current knowledge of a problem area and identifies the additional research that is needed to generate essential evidence for practice

Parts of Research Study 4

A research report summarizes the major elements of a study and identifies the contributions of that study to nursing knowledge. They include six parts: abstract, intro, methods, results, discussion, and references Abstract Section: is a clear concise summary of a study. Includes studies purpose, design, setting, sample size, major results and conclusions. Introduction Section: Identifies the nature and scope of the problem being investigated and provides a case for the conduct of the study. The literature review documents the current knowledge of the problem and includes the sources used to develop the study and interpret the findings. It includes a framework and objectives, questions and hypotheses. Methods section: describes how the study was conducted and usually includes the design, treatment, sample, setting, measurement methods and data collection process.

Nursing research

A scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice. Nursing research is the key to building and EBP for nursing. Needed to generate knowledge about nursing education, nursing administration, healthcare services, characteristics of nursing, and nursing roles. Studies of nurses and nursing roles can influence nurses' quality of care, productivity, job satisfaction and retention.

Evaluating Process of Care:

A standard of care is a norm on which quality of care is judged. These criteria may take form of clinical guidelines or care maps based on prior validation that the care contributed to the desired outcomes. Practice style represents variation in how care is provided whereas practice pattern represents variation in what care is provided. The ultimate goal of EBP are improved patient health status and quality of care.

Institutional Review:

A study is examined for ethical concerns by a committee knowledgeable about research and clinical practice An institutional review board (IRB) is a committee that reviews research to ensure that the investigator is conducting the research ethically The functions and operations of an IRB involve the review of research as three different levels: 1. Exempt from review. 2. Expedited review. 3. Complete review The IRB chairperson and or committee, decide the level of the review required for each study.

Complete Review

A study that carriers greater than minimal risk. To obtain IRB approval, researcher must ensure that 1. Risks to subjects are minimized. 2. Risks to subjects are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. 3. Selection of subjects is equitable. 4. Informed consent will be sought from each prospective subject or the subject's legally authorized representative. 5. Informed consent will be appropriately documented. 6. The research plan makes adequate provision for monitoring data collection for subject safety. 7 adequate provisions are made to protect the privacy of subjects and maintain confidentiality

Applied Research (Quan)

Also called practical research which includes scientific investigations conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence or improve clinical practice. The purpose is to solve problems, make decisions, and or predict or control outcomes in real life practice situations.

Children

Assent to participate in research means a child's affirmative agreement to participate in research Permission to participate in research means the agreement of parents or guardian to the participation of their child in research Pediatric Research Equity Act- promotes the inclusion of children and teens in clinical research. <14

Right to Fair Selection and Treatment:

Based on the ethical principle of justice. People must be treated fairly and receive when they are owed or is comparable to other persons in the same situation Injustices in subject selection have resulted from social, cultiral, racial adn secual biases in society Some researcher select subjects because they like them and want them to receive specific benefits of a study opr because they are swayed by the power of money The research report needs to indicate that the the selection and treatment if the subjects were fair. Subjects must have been selected for reasons directly related to the problem being studies and not for their easy availability, compromised position, manipulation, or friendship.

Right to Protection from Discomfort and Harm:

Can be physical, emotional, social or economic No positive or negative effects are expected for the subjects in some studies (researcher is reviewing medical forms of a patient) Temporary discomfort are described as minimal risk studies, in which the discomfort is similar to what the subject would encounter in his or her daily life and is temporary, ending with termination of the experiment. Many nursing studies require the completion of questionnaires or participation in interviews which usually involves minimal risks or are mere inconvenience for the subjects In studies that involve unusual levels of temp discomfort, subjects frequently have discomfort during the study and after they completed it.

Belmont Report

Children, terminally or mentally ill patients, and prisoners are entitled to additional protection. Violations of rights include: 1. Omitting required information from informed consent docs. 2. Failing to update the consent doc when additional information was available about potential risks. 3. Beginning data collection prior to having the study approved by the IRB.

Purpose of Research - Explanation

Clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies possible reasons why certain events occur

Willowbrook Studies

Conducted the study on hepatitis at an institution for the mentally retarded in Staten Island, NY. The subjects were children who were deliberately infected with Hep virus. The research ward continued to admit new inmates, and parents had to give permission for their child to be in the study to gain admission to the institution. Despite the controversy, this unethical study continued until the early 1970's.

Data Analysis: QUAL

Creativity and deep thought may produce innovative views to analyze the data, but the process required discipline to develop data analysis plans consistent with the specific method of the study Coding is the process of reading the data, breaking down the text, and giving a label to that part of the text Interpretation: the researchers places the findings in a larger context and may link different themes or factors in the findings to each other.

Study Designs: Qual 3

Economic Studies: Health economists are concerned with the costs and benefits of alternative treatments or ways of identifying the most efficient means of care. Economic evaluation is a set of formal, quantitative methods used to compare two or more treatments, programs, strategies with respect to their resource use and their expected outcomes. Efficiency as defined by an economist is the least expensive method of achieving a desired end while obtained the max benefit, or outcome from available resources. Ethical studies: Ethicists take the position that a moral principle, like justice, can constrain the use of costs and benefits to choose treatments that might max the benefit per unit cost. Secondary analysis: any analysis of data or info collected by another researcher or organization, including analysis of data sets collected from a variety of sources to create time-series or area based data sets. Hospital discharge data can be used as secondary data.

Acquiring Knowledge in Nursing:

Essential in delivering quality care, safe patient and family nursing care. Knowledge is essential info, acquired in a variety of ways The quality of your nursing practice depends on the quality of the knowledge that you acquire.

Outcomes Research

Focuses on the end results of patient care. It is concerned with the effectiveness of healthcare interventions and health services. Structure in quality framework has three major components- structure, the nurse's role, and patient and health outcomes. Structure in outcomes has three subcomponents- nurse, organization, and patient.

Purpose of Research- Control

If one can predict the outcome of a situation, the next step is top control or manipulate the situation to produce the desired outcome. In health care control is the ability to write a prescription to produce the desired results.

Traditions (Knowledge)

Include truths or beliefs based on customs and trends. They can positively influence nursing practice because they were developed form effective past experiences. However, traditions also can narrow and limit the knowledge sought for nursing practice. Nursing's body of knowledge needs to be more EBP than traditional if nurses are to have a powerful impact on patient outcomes.

Purpose of Research - Description

Involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and sometimes the relationship among them. Nurses are able to describe what exists in nursing practice, discover new info, promote understandings of situations, and classify information for use in the discipline

Borrowing (Knowledge)

Involves the appropriation and use of knowledge from other fields or disciplines to guide nursing practice.

Control in Quantitative Research:

Involves the imposing of rules by researches to decrease the possibility of error so that the studies are accurate. The rules used to achieve control in research are referred to as design.

Intuition (Knowledge)

Is an insight into or understanding of a situation or event as a whole that usually cannot be explained logically. It may also be described as a gut feeling or hunch. It is a deep knowledge.

Quantitative research

It is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world. "Truth" is absolute.

Tuskegee Syphillis

It was conducted to determine the natural course of syphilis in African American men. Many of the subjects who consented to participate in the study were not informed about the purpose and procedures of the study. Ten years later the death rate among those with syphilis was twice as high as it was for the control group. The subjects were examined frequently but were not treated for syphilis, even when penicillin was determined to be an effective treatment for the disease. No effort was made to stop the study, the Center for Disease Control decided the study should continue. The study was investigated and found to be ethically unjustified.

Study Designs: Qual 2

Limited recall: "access to the memory does not occur but info that suggest the content of the memory is accessed," resulting in an educated guess Mo recall: "neither the memory or info relevant to the memory may be accessed" resulting in a wild guess. Population based studies: conducted within the context of a patient's community rather than the context of the medical system. Enables researchers to understand the natural history of a condition or the long term risks and benefits of a particular intervention.

Study Designs: Qual

Most outcome studies use quasi-experimental or observational research designs. A prospective cohort study is an epidemiological study in which the researcher identifies a group of people who are at risk for experiencing a particular event and then follows them over time to observe whether or not the events occur. Retrospective cohort studies is an epidemiological study in which the researcher identifies a group of people who have experiences a particular event (following a women who had breast cancer and had a mastectomy) Direct recall: the subject "access the memory without having to think or search memory" resulting is correct info Indirect recall: the subject "accesses the memory after thinking or searching memory" resulting in correct info

Parts of Research Study 3

Operational definition: the variable can be measured or manipulated in a study Study design: Blueprint for the conduct of a study and maximizes control over factors that could interfere with the study's desired outcomes. A pilot study: often a smaller version of a proposed study, and researchers frequently conduct these to refine the study sampling process, treatment or measurement of variables. Population and Sample: The population is all elements that meet certain criteria for inclusion in a study (individuals, objects or substances). A sample is a subset of the population selected for a particular study and the members of the sample are the subjects or participants. Measurement: the process of assigning numbers to objects, events or situations Data collection: precise, systematic gathering of info relevant to the research purpose or the specific objectives, questions or hypotheses. To collect data you can use observation, interview, questionnaires, scales and biological measures. Data collection is usually described in the methodology section under procedures Data analysis: reduces, organizes and gives meaning to data. This is found under the results section

Outcomes research and nursing practice:

Outcome studies provide rich opportunities to build a stronger scientific underpinning for nursing practice. Researches need to define the process and justify the causal links with the selected outcomes A desirable outcome would address issues of specific concern to patients. The outcomes must also be relevant to the goals of the health professionals, healthcare system of which the professionals are a part, and society. Outcomes are time-dependent. Some outcomes may not be apparent for a long period after the process that is purported to have caused them, whereas others may be identified immediately. Some outcomes are temp or perm. A particular outcome is often influenced by a multiplicity of factors. A proximal outcome is an outcome that is close to the delivery of care. Ex. signs and symptoms of disease. A distal outcome is removed from proximity to the care or a service received and is more influenced by external (treatment) factors. Quality of life is an example. The elements of organization and admin, as well as provider and patient characteristics that guide the processes of care, are referred to as the structures of care. The organization of nursing care and nursing leadership have an effect on nursing practice and on outcomes which are called structural variables.

Levels of Research Evidence

Quantitative studies, like experimental studies provide the strongest research evidence The weakest evidence comes from expert opinions

Florence Nightingale:

Recognized as the first nurse researcher, with her initial studies focused on the importance of a healthy environment in promoting patient's physical and mental well being. She studied aspects of the environment such as ventilation, cleanliness, purity of water and diet to determine the influence on patients health. Noted for her data collection and statistical analyses, especially during the Crimean War. She changed the attitudes of the military and society and the care of the sick. The military began to view the sicl as having the right to adequate food, suitable quarters and appropriate medical treatment which greatly reduced the mortality rate. Society began to accept responsibility for testing water, improving sanitation, preventing starvation and decreasing morbidity and mortality rates.

Basic Research (Quan)

Referred to as pure research. It includes scientific investigations conducted for the pursuit of knowledge for knowledge's sake or for the pleasure of learning and finding truth.

Parts of Research Study 5

Results section: presents the outcomes of the statistical tests used to analyze the study and data and significance of these outcomes. Discussion Section: Ties together other sections of the report and gives them meaning. This section includes major findings, limitation of the study, conclusions drawn from findings, implications of the sydt and recommendations for future research. References Section: includes all the sources cited.

Expedited Review

Studies that carry some risks, which are viewed as minimal, qualify for. Not greater risk than daily life.

Qualitative Research Methodologies:

Subjects in qualitative studies are referred to as participants because the researcher and participants carry out the study cooperatively. The researcher recruits participants because of their particular knowledge, experience or vows related to the study The researcher must make a researcher-participant relationship. They may also form close bonds with participants who are key informants

Data Collection Methods: QUAL

The data in most qualitative research studies are the participants thoughts, ideas and perceptions Semistructured interviews- fixed set of questions, no fixed response Unstructured interviews- open-ended questions, with probes/. Probes are queries made by the researcher to obtain more information from the patient about a particular question. Focus groups: designed to obtained the participants perceptions of a specific topic in a permissive and nonthreatening setting. Group dynamics can help people express and clarify their views in ways that are less likely to occur in a one to one interview. Focus groups are conducted by a moderator or facilitator who may or may not be the researcher. Observation: a fundamental method of gathering data, especially for ethnography studies. The aim is to gather first hand information in a naturally occurring setting. Field notes are notes that are taken during or shortly after observations. Text: Text provided by participants may be a component of a larger study using a variety of sources of data.

Qualitative Research Synthesis

The process and product of systematically reviewing and formally integrating the findings from qualitative studies.

Nazi Medical

The programs of the Nazi regime included sterilization, euthanasia, and medical experimentation for the purpose of producing a population of racially pure germans who were designed to rule the world The medical experiments were conducted on prisoners of war and persons considered to be racially valueless, such as Jews. The experiments involved exposing subjects to high altitudes, freezing temps, malaria, poisons, spotted fever (Typhus), or untested drugs and performing surgical procedures, usually without anesthesia. These subjects frequently were killed or they sustained physical, mental and social damage Those involved in the Nazi experiments were brought to trial before the Nuremberg Tribunals.

Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study:

The purpose of this study was to determine the patient's rejection responses to live cancer cells. A suspension containing live cancer cells that had been generated from human cancer tissue was injected into 22 patients. Because researchers did not inform these patients that they were taking part in a study, their rights were not protected.

Code of Federal Regulation (CFR)- Protection of human subjects (DHHS)

These regulations 1. provide protection of human subjects in study with additional protection for pregnant women, fetuses, neonates,children and prisoners. 2. Documentation of informed consent. 3. Implementation of the IRB process.

Purpose of Research - Prediction

Through this one can estimate the probability of a specific outcome in a given situation. However, predicting an outcome does not necessarily enable one to modify or control the outcome.

Sampling

a process of selecting participants who are representative of the population being studied. Random and nonrandom samples are used in quantitative research.

Exploratory-Descriptive (Qual)

addresses an issue or problem in need of a solution and or understanding. explore a new topic or describing a situation. They are conducted for a specific purpose. Developed to provide information and insight into clinical or practice problems.

Trial & Error (Knowledge)

an approach with unknown outcomes that is used in a situation of uncertainty in which other sources of knowledge are unavailable. Because each patient responds uniquely to a situation. There is uncertainty in nursing practice. Hence nurses must use trial and error in providing nursing care. Knowledge is gained through experience, but often is not shared with others.

Experimental Research

an objective, systematic, highly controlled investigation conducted for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena in nursing practice. Causality between the independent (treatment) and dependent (outcome) variables is examined under highly controlled settings. They control manipulations of at least one treatment variable (independent variable); they expose some of the subjects to the treatment (experimental) and don't expose the remaining subjects (control group) and they randomly assign subjects to the control or experimental groups

Plagiarism

appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit, including those obtained through confidential review of others research proposals.

Human Rights:

claims and demands that have been justified in the eyes of an individual or by the consensus of a group of people. Require protection in research include 1. Self-determination. 2. Privacy. 3. Anonymity and confidentiality. 4. Fair selection and treatment. 5. Protection from discomfort and harm The ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses provides nurses with guidelines for ethical principles to follow

Meta-analysis

conducted to combine or pool the results from previous quantitative studies into a single statistical analysis that provides on the the highest levels of evidence about an intervention's effectiveness.

Phenomenological (Qual)

describes an experience as it is lived by an individual. refers to both philosophy and a group of research methods congruent with the philosophy that guide the study of experiences or phenomena. Understanding human behavior or experience requires that the person interpret the action or experience for the researcher then the researcher interprets the explanation provided by the person. The purpose of this type of research is to provide a thorough description of a lived experience.

Historical (Qual)

description or analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past. The interview of a person who played a role in the historical event is considered a primary source, or documents written by the person. People who have lived at the same time or those who heard stories of that time may provide information to provide descriptions are called secondary sources. Historical researches provide a description of a series of events, a chronology of factors that affected the topic of interest. They have limited info about methods used and have a greater focus on the story being told.

Quasi-Expiremental (Quan)

determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions in predicting and controlling the outcomes desired for patients and families. These studies usually lack a certain amount of control over the manipulation of the treatment, management of the setting and or selection of the subjects

Declaration of Helsinki

differentiated therapeutic research and nonthearapeutic research. Therapeutic research: provides patients with an opportunity to receive an experimental treatment that might have beneficial results Nontherapeutic research: conducted to generate knowledge for a discipline; the results of the study might benefit future patients but probably will not benefit those acting as research participants. 1. The investigator should protect the life, health, privacy, human dignity of human subjects. 2. The investigator should exercise greater care to protect subjects from harm in nontherapeutic research. 3. The investigator should conduct research only when the importance of the objective outweighs the inherent risks and burdens to the subjects.

Beneficence

do good and above all do no harm

EBP

envolves from the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient's needs and values. promotes quality, safe and cost effective outcomes for patients, families, healthcare providers, and the healthcare system. empirical knowledge generated from the synthesis of quality study findings to address a practice problem. Clinical expertise is the knowledge and skill;s of the healthcare provider who is providing care. The clinical expertise of a nurse depends on the clinical experience, current knowledge of research and literature, and educational prep. Incorporates the needs and values of the patient. Patients and their families are encouraged to take an active role in the management of their health.

Ethics

essential for generating sound empirical knowledge for evidence-based practice. There are still situations in which researchers do not protect the subjects privacy adequately or the study participants are treated unfairly or harmed during the study. Another serious ethical problem that has increased over the last 20 years is research misconduct. Research misconduct included incidences of fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in the process of conducting and reporting research in nursing and other healthcare disciplines. The following elements of ethical research are detailed: 1. Protecting human rights. 2. Understanding informed consent. 3. Understanding institutional review of research. 4. Examining the balance of benefits and risks in a study

Nuremberg Code

evaluate the consent process, protection of subjects from harm, and balance of benefits and risks in a study. Provided the basis for the development of The declaration of Helsinki.

Correlational (Quan)

examines relationships and is conducted to develop and refine explanatory knowledge for nursing practice. The primary intent is to explain the nature of relationships in the real world, not to determine cause and effect.

Complete anonymity

exists when the subjects identity cannot be linked even by the researcher with us or her individual responses

Descriptive Research (Quan)

explores new areas of research and describes situations as they exist in the world. Usually conducted with large numbers of subjects or study participants, in natural settings, with no manipulation of the situation

Methodologies for Outcomes Studies:

have been developed to link the care that people receive with the results they experience. Thereby providing better ways to monitor and improve the quality of care. Heterogenous sample (varied types of patients), rather than homogenous (similar patients) samples are obtained in outcomes research. Outcomes researchers seek large heterogeneous samples that reflect all patients who would be receiving care in a real healthcare context. Clinical databases: are created by providers such as hospitals, healthcare professionals, care organization. The clinical data are generated as a result of routine documentation of care or in relation to a research protocol. Administrative databases are created by insurance companies, government agencies, and others not directly involved in providing care. They can be used to determine the incidence or prevalence of disease, geographic variations in medical care use, characteristics of medical care and outcomes of care.

Respect for Persons

indicated that people should be treated as autonomous agents, with the right to self-determinations and the freedom to participate or not participate in research.

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses

initiative is focused in developing the requisite knowledge, skills, and attitude statements for each of the competencies for pre-licensure and graduate education.

Extraneous Variables

interfere with obtaining a clear understanding of the relationship among the study variables

Ethnographic (Qual)

investigating cultures through an in depth study of the members of the culture. developed by anthropologists as a method to study cultures through immersion in a culture over time. Emic approach- one of studying behaviors from within the culture that recognizes the uniqueness of the individual. Etic approach- involves studying behavior from outside the culture and examining similarities and differences across cultures. Immersed approach- involves being in the culture and gaining increasing familiarity with aspects of the culture, such as language, sociocultural norms, traditions, religion, family, work and expression of emotions. Although ethnographic researches must be actively involved in the culture they are studying, they must avoid going native which may interfere with data collection and analysis.

Case Study

involves an in depth analysis and systematic description of one patient or group of similar patients to promote understanding of healthcare interventions.

Benefits Risk Ratio

involves assessing the type, degree and number of risks that subjects might encounter while participating in a study Risks can be physical, emotional, social or economic and can range from no anticipated risk or mere inconvenience to certain risk and permanent damage If the risks outweigh the benefits the study is probably unethical and should not be conducted.

Personal Experience (Knowledge)

involves gaining info by being personally involved in an event, situation or circumstance. Enables the user to gain skills and expertise by providing care to patients and families in clinical settings.

Qualitative Research

is a systemic, subjective and abstract approach used to describe life experiences and situations and give them meaning. They believe that truth is complex and dynamic and can be found only by studying people as they interact with and in their sociohistorical settings. It is conducted to promote an understanding of human experiences and situations and develop theories that describe these experiences and situations.

Confidentiality

is the researcher's safe management of information or data shared by a subject to ensure that the data are kept private from others A breach of can occur when a researcher, by accident or direct action, allows an unauthorized person to gain access to the raw data of a study.

Grounded Theory (Qual)

is used to formulate, test and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon. the theory developed from the research has its roots in the data which it was derived. Most scholars base this theory on the symbolic interaction theory which involves exploring how people define reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions. Seeks to understand the interaction between self and group from the perspective of those involved.

Role Modeling (Knowledge)

learning by imitating the behaviors of an expert. In nursing, role modeling enable the novice nurse to learn through interactions with or examples set by highly competent , expert nurses.

Setting

location in which a study is conducted. There are three common settings which are natural, partially controlled and highly controlled.

Fabrication

making up results and recording or reporting them

Falsification

manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record

Self determination:

people should be treated as autonomous agents who have the freedom to conduct their lives as they choose, without external controls. 1. Inform them about the study. 2. Allow them to choose whether or not to participate. 3. Allow them to withdraw from the study at any time. Coercion occurs whon one person intentionally presents an overt threat of harm or an excessive reward to another to obtain compliance (DO NOT DO THIS)

National Institute of Nursing Research

promote and improve the health individuals, families, communities, and populations. Seeking expanded funding for nursing research and is encouraging a variety of methodologies (quantitative, qualitative, and outcomes research) to be used to generate essential knowledge for nursing practice.

Department of Health, Education and Welfare

published its first set of regulations for the protection of human research subjects. These regulations also provided protection for persons having limited capacity to consent, such as those who are ill, mentally impaired or dying.

EBP Guidelines

rigorous, explicit clinical guidelines that have been developed based on the best research evidence. The guidelines have become the gold standard for patient care, and nurses and other healthcare providers are encouraged to incorporate these standardized guidelines into their practice. A critical appraisal of research: involves careful examination of all aspects of a study to judge its strengths, limitations, meaning and significance.

research

search again and examine carefully. Diligent, systematic inquiry or study that validates and refines existing knowledge and develops new knowledge. Planning, organization, and persistence. To develop an empirical body of knowledge for a discipline, for example nursing. Essential to develop and refine knowledge that nurses can use to improve clinical practice and promote quality outcomes.

Justice

states that human subjects should be treated fairly in terms of the benefits and risks of research

systematic review

structures, comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the best research evidence available to address a healthcare question. Involves identifying, locating, appraising, and synthesizing quality research evidence for expert clinicians to use to promote EBP.

Covert data collection:

subjects are unaware that research data are being collected The use of deception, the actual misinforming of subjects for study purposes, can also violate self-determination.

Right to Privacy:

the freedom people have to determine the time, extent and general circumstances under which their private information will be shared or withheld from others. Private information includes a person's attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, opinions and records The invasion of occurs when information is shared without a person's knowledge or against his or her will.

Reasoning (Knowledge)

the processing and organizing of ideas to reach conclusions. People are able to make sense of their thoughts, experiences, and research evidence. Inductive reasoning moves from the specific to the general; particular instances are observed and then combined into a larger whole or a general statement. (a headache is an altered level of health that is stressful or a terminal illness is an altered level of health that is stressful). Deductive reasoning moves from the general to the specific or from a general premise to a particular situation or conclusion. A premise or proposition is a statement of the proposed relationship between two or more concepts. (all humans experience loss or all adolescents are humans).

Rigor in Quantitative Research:

the striving for excellence in research; it requires discipline, adherence to detail, strict accuracy and precision. Precision which encompasses accuracy, detail and order.

Meta-Synthesis

the systematic compilation and integration of qualitative research results to expand understanding and develop a unique interpretation of study findings in a selected area.

Exempt From Review

they pose no apparent risks for the research subjects

Nurse Role in Outcomes

three components which include the nurses independent role, nurses dependent role, and nurses interdependent role Independent role functions include assessment, diagnosis, nurse initiated intervention, and follow up care. The dependent role functions include execution of medical orders and physician initiated treatments. Interdependent role functions include communication, case management, coordination of care, and continuity, monitoring and reporting. A nursing-sensitive patient outcome is sensitive because it is influenced by nursing care decisions and actions.

respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

three ethical principles relevant to the conduct of research involving human subjects:

Diminished autonomy:

when person are vulnerable and less advantage because of legal or mental incompetence, terminal disease, or confinement to an institution Minors (neonates and children), pregnant women, mentally impaired, unconscious patients are legally and or unable to give informed consent.