Research 1 - Chapter 15 - Surveys and Questionnaires

Likert scale viewpoint ranked

A ________ is a summative scale, most often used to assess attitudes or values. A series of statements is presented expressing a ________. Respondents are asked to select a _______ response that reflects their agreement or disagreement with each statement.

scale assign

A ________ is an ordered system based on a series of questions or items that provide an overall rating that represents the degree to which a respondent possesses a particular attitude, value, or characteristic. A question asks the respondent to _______ himself according to one of several classifications. Could be used with gender, religion, race, diagnosis

visual analogue scale (VAS) 100mm pain

A ___________ scale is one of the simplest methods to assess the intensity of a subjective experience. A line is drawn, usually fixed at ______ in length, with word anchors on either end that represent extremes of the characteristic. Commonly used to measure __________.

low 60-80% 30-60%

A major disadvantage of mail or email questionnaires is that the return rate is often ______. Responses from _____% to ______% of a sample are usually considered excellent. Realistically, researchers can expect return rates between _____% and _____%.

semantic differential continuum

Attitudes can also be evaluated using a technique called the __________. Tries to measure the individual's feelings about a particular or concept based on a ________ that extends between two extreme opposites

acceptable length too long less

Based on the results of pilot testing, the questionnaire may again be revised and retested until the final instrument attains an __________ level of validity. Major concern is the ______ of the survey. Initial versions are often ________. Long questionnaires are _______ likely to maintain the respondent's attention and be completed.

follow up 2 weeks

Because of low response rates in surveys, the researcher should plan to _______ on those who do not respond. Send out reminders-postcards, emails, or phone calls-about ______ after the initial mailing to encourage a reply.

choose a sample accessible population

Before the survey can be given, the researcher must ___________. An ____________ must be identified.

questions relationships hypotheses

Define the survey purpose through a series of guiding ________, or objectives that delineate what the researcher is trying to find out. Survey instruments can be designed to examine ______. Some researchers specify _______ in addition to guiding questions.

behavior logical neutral Sensitive

Designing the question Begin creating the survey by writing a series of questions that address each _______, knowledge, skill or attitude reflected in the guiding questions. Questions should follow a _______ sequence. Proceed from the general to the specific. Initial questions should pique the respondent's interest, or at least be "_________." ________ questions should come later.

cost, time, personnel, scheduling

Disadvantages of interviews is ______ and _______, the need for _______ to carry out the interviews, _________ and the lack of anonymity.

misunderstanding misinterpreting

Disadvantages of questionnaires include - potential for _________ or _________ questions or response choices, and unknown accuracy or motivation of the respondent.

finalized consistent

If the study involves the use of interviewers, a formal training process should be incorporated once the questions have been ________. Interviewers must be _______ in how they present the survey, how questions are asked, and how probing follow-up questions are used.

Cumulative

In a ________ scale a respondent who agrees with item 2 will also have had to agree with item 1; one who agrees with item 3 will have had to agree with items 1 and 2; and so on.

Survey

One of the most popular methods for collecting descriptive or subjective data is the survey. Composed of a series of questions given to a group of subjects Can be an oral interview, a written or electronic questionnaire

one demographic

Questionnaire Outline - Detailed outline, listing each item of information that will be needed to answer the guiding questions. Each item should relate back to at least _____ of the study's objectives. Also include questions about important _______ information * Age, employment setting, length of employment and family responsibilities. Often include items related to income, race, marital status, living situation

measure

Questionnaire or interview must _________ what it was intended to measure.

mail electronic

Questionnaires are traditionally distributed through the ______, but some situations allow for in-person distribution ______ distribution of surveys is common

Interviews

Researcher asks respondents specific questions and records the answers for later analysis. Can take a few minutes or several hours Can be conducted face to face, over the telephone

Pilot tested interview

Revised questionnaire should then be __________ on a small representative sample (5 to 10 individuals) from the target population. __________ respondents to determine if questions were unclear or misleading. Monitor the time it takes for respondents to complete the questionnaire.

written

Survey data collected using either an oral interview or a ________ questionnaire based on self-report. ex - Physical activity questionnaire or dietary recall

information

Surveys are used when the question requires obtaining _______ from subjects, rather than measuring performance

practices, attitudes, and values outcomes

Surveys in clinical research are often concerned with describing current ________, ________ and _______, or characteristics of specific groups ex - Effectiveness of medication Also used extensively for assessing _______ related to function, health status, and quality of life

11 point fancy

The font size should be at least ___ point. Font should be simple to read, not ______ or unusual.

review existing instruments applicable validated

The next step after outlining the questionnaire is to ____________. Determine if they are ______ or adaptable for the study *Easiest to use surveys/questionnaires that have already been __________.

open-ended closed ended

Two types o f questions can be asked in a survey: ___________ questions ask respondents to answer in their own words. ___________ questions provide multiple response choices.

open-ended questions

Useful for probing respondents' feelings and opinions, without biases or limits imposed by the researcher. Respondents are given the opportunity to provide answers in their own words and from their own perspective. Generally avoided in questionnaires Difficult to code and analyze because so many different responses can be obtained. Can be effective in interviews because the interviewer can clarify the respondent's answers by follow-up questions.

Simplicity unambiguous

When wording questions, _______ is a key to good questionnaires. Sentences should be succinct and grammatically correct. Questions should be written in common language for the lowest educational level that might be encountered. Survey questions must be clear and ________

validity

_______ is a major concern in the design of a survey instrument

Questionnaires efficient short standardized honest

________ - Structured surveys that are self-administered using pen and paper or electronic formats. More _____ than interviews because respondents complete them on their own time. Data can be gathered from a large sample in a wide geographical distribution in a relatively _______ period of time. Forms are ___________ provide anonymity, encouraging _______ and candid responses.

Closed ended questions

________ questions - Asks the respondent to select an answer from among choices provided by the researcher. Easily coded and provides greater uniformity across responses Responses should be exhaustive- include all possible responses that can be expected Categories should be mutually exclusive - each choice should clearly represent a unique answer.

Cumulative Guttman combination

________ scales (also called _______ scales) - a set of statements is presented that reflects increasing intensities of the characteristic being measured. Designed to ensure there is only one unique ______ of responses that can achieve a particular score.

categorical

________ scales are based on nominal measurement.

face to face

_________ interviews tend to be more effective for establishing rapport

Structured interview

_________- they consist of a standardized set of questions that will be asked Respondents are exposed to the same questions, in the same order, and are given the same choices for responses.

Self-report recall

__________ - The researcher does not directly observe the respondent's behavior or attitudes, but only records the respondent's report of them. Potential for bias or inaccuracy in self-reports, particularly if the questions concern personal or controversial issues Prone to ______ bias Self-report measures are generally valid

Preliminary Time consuming Content

__________ draft of the survey should be distributed to a panel of colleagues for review to identify problems with questions, wording or organization. Ask for constructive criticism and suggestions Process is very _______ but necessary. Helps to establish the ________ validity of the instrument.

Stratified sampling elicit

__________ is often used to control for variations within the sample. Before an interview is administered, the potential respondents should be contacted to ________ their cooperation.

Unstructured interview

______________ - the interviewer does not have a fixed agenda -can informally move through questions and discuss issues of concern

Cumulative scale

this is an example of a _______ scale 1. I can go to the movies, church or visiting without help 2. I can walk up and down to the second floor without any help 3. I can walk half a mile without help 4. I am not limited in any activities 5. I have no physical conditions or illnesses now 6. I am still healthy enough to do heavy work around the house without any help