Research

Which type of research study can be affected by detracting values of the researcher? A: Qualitative B: Naturalistic C: Ethnographic D: Quantitative

D: Quantitative

Emic

within social group (insider's perspective)

What are the uses of qualitative research methods? (Select all that apply.) A. Guiding nursing practice B. Studying the effects of nursing care on an outcome variable C. Developing survey instruments D. Developing nursing theory

A. Guiding nursing practice C. Developing survey instruments D. Developing nursing theory

Which beliefs guide the constructivist paradigm? Select all that apply. A. There are multiple realities. B. The truth is objective. C. Context does not matter as much as truth. D. The participant (subject) is an active part of the study

A. There are multiple realities. D. The participant (subject) is an active part of the study

What does a critique of a research study always include? Select All That Apply: A: Determine it's strengths and weaknesses B: Researching similar studies C: Using critical reading skills D: Explaining your own personal opinions

A: Determine it's strengths and weaknesses C: Using critical reading skills

When critiquing a qualitative study, which of the following questions are helpful in determining the study's auditability? (Select all that apply.) A. Has adequate time been allowed to understand the phenomenon fully? B. Can the reader follow the researcher's thinking? C. Are the results meaningful to individuals not involved in the research? D. Does the researcher document the research process?

B. Can the reader follow the researcher's thinking? C. Are the results meaningful to individuals not involved in the research?

Which paradigm provides the basis for qualitative research? A. Empirical analytical research B. Constructivism C. Postpositivism D. Naturalistic research

B. Constructivism

Why is it important to understand the philosophy underlying each type of research? A: Conclusions reached should be congruent with the research question B: The research method that best meets intended purpose of the study should be used C: The paradigm of the method should be the same as that of the researcher D: The reader should understand the level of abstraction of the study

B: The research method that best meets intended purpose of the study should be used

What is the purpose of Grounded Theory? A: To support theoretical frameworks B: To generate theory from data C: TO develop explanatory models D: To find significant differences among groups of people

B: To generate theory from data Building a theory about a phenomenon

For which of the following research questions would qualitative methods be most appropriate? A: Which medications decrease the need for sleep medication in elderly patients? B: What is the meaning of health for migrant farm-working women? C: Under what conditions does a decubutis ulcer heal most quickly? D: How does frequency of medication administration impact the degree of pain experienced following knee replacement surgery?

B: What is the meaning of health for migrant farm-working women?

Etic

outsider's perspective

The nurse develops the following hypothesis: Elderly women receive less aggressive treatment for breast cancer than do younger women. Which variable would be considered to be the dependent variable? A: Degree of treatment received B: Age of the patient C: Type of cancer being treated D: Use of inpatient treatment

A: Degree of treatment received

Which question is helpful in determining the study's credibility? A: Do the participants recognize the experience as their own? B: What strategies were used to analyze the data? C: How were human subjects protected? D: Are the findings applicable outside the study situation?

A: Do the participants recognize the experience as their own?

Which of the following phrases would be found in a report of a qualitative study? A: "The hypothesis of this study is..." B: "Perceived pain was measured using the Abbott pain scale." C: "The control group received no instruction." D: "Subjects were asked to relate their perceptions of pain."

D: "Subjects were asked to relate their perceptions of pain."

Which level is characteristic or the strength of the evidence provided by the results of a quasi-experimental study? A: Level 1 B: Level 2 C: Level 3 D: Level 4

C: Level 3

The following are considered steps in the qualitative research process, except? A: Literature review B: Hypothesis C: Sample D: Data collection

B: Hypothesis

Triangulation of data

using more than one method to collect data on the. same topic. This is a way of assuring the validity of research through the use of a variety of methods to collect data on the same topic, which involves different types of samples as well as methods of data collection

What are ethical concerns for qualitative research? Select All That Apply. A: Because the study emerges over time, the researcher may not anticipate and inform the participants of a potential threat B: To maintain a naturalistic environment for interviews, formal documents such as consent forms are not used. C: Because there are so few participants in a qualitative study, no participant can opt out of the study D: Because the researcher and participant interact over a period of time, relationships develop between them may change the focus of the interaction

A: Because the study emerges over time, the researcher may not anticipate and inform the participants of a potential threat D: Because the researcher and participant interact over a period of time, relationships develop between them may change the focus of the interaction

Which of the following could be considered the "content" of a study? Select All That Apply: A: Cultural understandings and beliefs of study participants B: The physical setting of the study C: The sample selected for the study D: The number of subjects in the study

A: Cultural understandings and beliefs of study participants B: The physical setting of the study

Which research process steps may be noted in the abstract? Select All That Apply: A: Identify the phenomenon B: Research Question/Purpose C: Literature Review D: Design E: Sample F: Legal/Ethical Issues G: Data collection

A: Identify the phenomenon B: Research Question/Purpose D: Design

Which question will critique the fittingness of a research project? A: Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? B: Does the researcher document the research process? C: Are the researcher's conceptualizations true to the data? D: Has adequate time been allowed to understand fully the phenomenon?

A: Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?

How can qualitative outcome analysis be used? (Select all that apply.) A. To determine the reliability of intervention outcomes in a study B. To confirm the applicability of clinical strategies C. To develop interventions and then test those selected D. To build theory

B. To confirm the applicability of clinical strategies C. To develop interventions and then test those selected D. To build theory

Which conceptual analysis point of the framework for rigor used for interpretive phenomenology refers to how the study findings will continue to have meaning for the reader? A. Resonance B. Concreteness C. Actualization D. Openness

C. Actualization

Strength in Studies

Level 1: obtained from a systemic review of all randomized, controlled trials Level 2: obtained from at least one well-designed randomized, controlled trial. Level 3: obtained from quasi-experimental studies Level 4: obtained form non-experimental studies

Which of the following phrases would be found in a report of quantitative study? A: "A convenience sample was chosen." B: "The phenomenon studied was..." C: "Data were analyzed and interpreted." D: "Researchers sought to explore the meaning of the hospital experience."

A: "A convenience sample was chosen."

Which statements are part of the criteria used to judge the soundness of a stated research question? Select All that Apply. A: A relationship between two or more variables B: An operational definition of each variable C: The nature of the population being tested. D: The possibility of empirical testing.

A: A relationship between two or more variables C: The nature of the population being tested. D: The possibility of empirical testing.

What are scientific criteria appropriate for qualitative research? Select All That Apply. A: Adutability B: Credibility C: Fittingness D: Reliability

A: Adutability B: Credibility C: Fittingness

Which question will critique the method of a research project? A: Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? B: What is the projected significance of the work to nursing? C: Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research? D: What are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method?

A: Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?

What is a characteristic of a statistical hypothesis? A: It us a null hypothesis B: It predicts a positive relationship among variables C: It is a complex hypothesis. D: It describes data-analysis methods.

A: It us a null hypothesis

What is a characteristic of an intrinsic case study? A: It yields better understanding of each case B: It provides a foundation to challenge a generalization C: It does not include quantitative data D: It can scrutinize only uncomplicated phenomena

A: It yields better understanding of each case

What are the critiquing criteria used to judge the worth of a research study? Select All That Apply: A: Measures B: Objectives C: Standards D: Effectiveness E: Evaluation Guides F: Questions

A: Measures C: Standards E: Evaluation Guides F: Questions

Which statement best describes qualitative research? Select All That Apply: A: Studies are conducted in natural settings B: Data are collected from a large number of subjects C: Data collected tend to be numeric D: The research design is systematic and subjective

A: Studies are conducted in natural settings D: The research design is systematic and subjective

Which of the following are consistent with the constructivist paradigm? Select All That Apply. A: Subjectivism is valued B: Natural laws exist C: Time and place are important D: Generalizability is valued

A: Subjectivism is valued C: Time and place are important

What are the advantages to using directional hypotheses? Select All That Apply. A: The indication of the use of a theory base to derive the hypothesis. B: The provision of a specific theoretical frame of reference C: Ensurance that findings will be generalizable D: The indication of a noniased selection of subjects

A: The indication of the use of a theory base to derive the hypothesis. B: The provision of a specific theoretical frame of reference

Which criteria are used to determine testability of a hypothesis? Select All That Apply. A: Use of quantifiable words such as greater than or less than. B: A hypothesis state in such a way that it can be clearly supported or not supported. C: The use of value-laden words in a hypothesis. D: Data-collection efforts that prove the validity of the hypothesis.

A: Use of quantifiable words such as greater than or less than. B: A hypothesis state in such a way that it can be clearly supported or not supported.

When should a hypothesis be developed by the researcher during the research process? A: Before development of the research question B: After development of the research question C: After a research design is determined D: Before any statistical analysis

B: After development of the research question

What is the term used for the coding and clustering of data to form categories in the grounded-theory method? A: Theoretical Sampling B: Constant-comparative method C: Emic method D: Measynthesis

B: Constant-comparative method

Which question will critique the auditability of a research project? A: Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? B: Does the researcher document the research process? C: Are the researcher's conceptualizations true to the data? D: Has adequate time been allowed to understand fully the phenomenon?

B: Does the researcher document the research process?

Which statement is most accurate regarding hypotheses? A: Hypotheses operationally define the dependent variable B: Hypotheses are statements about the relationships among variables C: Hypotheses describe the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable. D: Hypotheses must include a definition of the treatment or intervention used.

B: Hypotheses are statements about the relationships among variables

Which one of the following statements about hypotheses is most accurate? A: Hypotheses represent the main idea to be studied and are the foundations of research studies B: Hypotheses help frame a test of the validity of a theory C: Hypotheses provide the means to test nursing theory D: A hypothesis can also be called a problem statement

B: Hypotheses help frame a test of the validity of a theory

What is a characteristic of metasynthesis? A: It is useful for triangulating research B: It synthesizes critical masses of qualitative findings C: It leads to a higher reliability of research findings D: It cannot be conducted on historical or case study findings

B: It synthesizes critical masses of qualitative findings

A nurse wants to study the effectiveness of meditation on people with anxiety disorder. Which variable would be most relevant to explore in the literature on this topic? A: Use of meditation during childbirth B: Meditation techniques found to be effective C: Pain management for people with anxiety disorders D: Outcomes of meditation when used by elderly populations

B: Meditation techniques found to be effective

What does a level-of-evidence model use to evaluate the strength of a research study & it's findings? Select All That Apply: A: Creativity B: Quality C: Quantity D: Consistency E: Efficiency

B: Quality C: Quantity D: Consistency

Which of the following hypotheses are indicative of an experimental research design? Select All That Apply. A: Frequent irrigation of Foley catheters will be positively related to urinary tract infections. B: The incidence of urinary tract infections will be greater in patients whose Foley catheters are irrigated frequently than in those whose Foley catheters are irrigated less frequently. C: Frequent irrigation of Foley catheters is associated with urinary tract infection. D: The incidence of urinary tract infections will not differ between patients with or without Foley catheters.

B: The incidence of urinary tract infections will be greater in patients whose Foley catheters are irrigated frequently than in those whose Foley catheters are irrigated less frequently. D: The incidence of urinary tract infections will not differ between patients with or without Foley catheters.

Which question will critique the purpose of a research project? A: Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? B: What is the projected significance of the work to nursing? C: Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research? D: What are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method?

B: What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?

Which question will critique the sampling of a research project? A: Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? B: What is the projected significance of the work to nursing? C: Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research? D: What are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method?

C: Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?

What is meant by "fittingness" of a research study? A: Truth of findings as judged by the participants B: The appropriateness of the interview questions posed C: Faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants D: The adequacy of the coding system used

C: Faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants

What is a characteristic of an independent variable? A: It is the variable that is predicted to change. B: It varies with a change in the dependent variable. C: It is manipulated by the researchers D: It can be identified only by changes in the dependent variable.

C: It is manipulated by the researchers

Which type of research allows researchers to be neutral observers? A: Qualitative Research B: Ethnographic Research C: Quantitative Research D: Case Studies

C: Quantitative Research

When will a null hypothesis be rejected? A: There is no association among variables B: There is evidence of significance C: The independent and dependent variables are related D: The research hypothesis is rejected

C: The independent and dependent variables are related

Which question will critique the credibility of a research project? A: Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? B: Does the researcher document the research process? C: Are the researcher's conceptualizations true to the data? D: Has adequate time been allowed to understand fully the phenomenon?

D: Has adequate time been allowed to understand fully the phenomenon?

What is a characteristic of a hypothesis? A: It flows from interpretation of the data collected B: It operationally defines the variable to be studied C: It eliminates the need to designate a dependent variable D: It implies a causative or associative relationship

D: It implies a causative or associative relationship

A researcher wants to discover why patients of certain ethnic backgrounds are reluctant to ask for pain medication. Because there are little data in the literature on this topic, the researcher designs a study to explore the relationships between cultural belief systems, the experience of pain, and the effective use of medication to relieve pain. The researcher plans to use the findings of the study to formulate hypotheses for a future study. What is a characteristic of this study? A: It is a quasi-experimental study B: It will lead to level 2 data C: It has a directional hypothesis D: It is a hypothesis-generating study

D: It is a hypothesis-generating study

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the grounded-theory method? A: Data are collected using an etic perspective B: It is a process of constructing human experience C: Secondary sources are sometimes used D: It is an inductive approach

D: It is an inductive approach

Which research hypothesis is most testable? A: There is a relationship between meditation and anxiety disorders B: Patients with anxiety disorders who learn meditation techniques have less anxiety than those who do not C: Teaching one meditation technique to patients with anxiety disorders will be better than teaching multiple techniques D: The ability to meditate causes lower anxiety in patients with anxiety disorder than those who do not meditate.

D: The ability to meditate causes lower anxiety in patients with anxiety disorder than those who do not meditate.