Research and Writing Final Exam

Translational research is best thought of as __________________ basic research and applied research. a. inferior to both b. another word for c. superior to both d. a bridge between

A bridge between

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making? a. causal claim b. anecdotal claim c. association claim d. frequency claim

A causal claim

Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following? a. A behavior that is directly observable b. A concrete construct c. An abstract concept d. Physical measurements (e.g., length)

An abstract concept

Students who are interested in being consumers of, but not producers of, research might choose which of the following professions? a. A clinical psychologist b. An advertising executive c. An intervention program evaluator d. A political pollster

An advertising executive

Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as: a. applied research. b. translational research. c. empirical research. d. basic research.

Applied Research

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as: a. translational research. b. empirical research. c. basic research. d. applied research.

Basic Research

RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. mc016-1.jpg Based on her pattern of correlations, which of the following can Dr. Farah safely conclude? a. Because Correlation 4 is stronger than Correlation 5, Dr. Farah has no evidence that increased homework comes before academic achievement. b. Because Correlations 2 and 3 are significant, Dr. Farah has evidence that increased homework comes before academic achievement. c. Because Correlation 3 is significant but Correlation 4 is not, Dr. Farah has evidence that increased homework comes before academic achievement. d. Because not all the correlations are significant, Dr. Farah has no evidence that increased homework comes before academic achievement.

Because Correlation 3 is significant but Correlation 4 is not, Dr. Farah has evidence that increased homework comes before academic achievement

An independent-groups design is also known as a _________ design. a. between-subjects b. mixed c. matched-groups d. within-groups

Between-subjects

Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: a. ensure validity. b. make sure participants are not lying. c. allow participants to skip questions. d. cancel out measurement error.

Cancel out measurement error

A correlation-based statistic called _____________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability. a. Cronbach's alpha b. Pearson's r c. kappa d. a scatterplot

Cronbach's alpha

Dr. Gong conducts a study where she randomly assigns participants to different experimental conditions. The testing for each condition occurs in a different room of the psychology building. After collecting her data, she learns that the air conditioning in one of the rooms had been turned off during data collection. Which of the following threats to internal validity should Dr. Gong be concerned with? a. Design confound b. Maturation effect c. Order effect d. Selection effect

Design confound

Articles that could be considered journalism: a. do not require specialized education to read. b. are typically written by scientists. c. are typically written for scientists. d. are hard to access.

Do not require specialized education to read.

If a measurement looks like it is a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable, then it has: a. interrater reliability. b. credibility. c. subjectivity. d. face validity.

Face validity

RESEARCH STUDY 13.1: Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness concern/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale). If Dr. Fletcher is interested in a causal relationship between joining a fraternity/sorority and attractiveness/appearance concern, why doesn't he conduct a true experiment? a. He was unable to recruit an equal number of males and females. b. It is not possible to study private organizations, like fraternities/sororities. c. He was unable to randomly assign participants to join a fraternity/sorority. d. It is not possible to measure body concern.

He was unable to randomly assign participants to join a fraternity/sorority

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as . a. an IACUC b. an IRB c. an AIRB d. an AWA

IACUC

All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT: a. It is less time-consuming for the participants. b. It gives researchers more power to find differences between conditions. c. Participants in the treatment/control groups will be equivalent. d. They require fewer participants.

It is less time-consuming for the participants.

Compared with doing a generic Internet search, why is PsycINFO a superior way to find scientific sources? a. It searches research scientists' websites. b. It is free. c. It searches only sources in psychology and related fields. d. It can be done on any computer

It searches only sources in psychology and related fields.

If a question has response options such as strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree, this is known as a(n): a. semantic differential format. b. agreement scale. c. Likert scale. d. open-ended format.

Likert scale

If a researcher is asking why the relationship between two variables exists, she is curious about which of the following? a. Moderation b. Mediation c. Third variables d. Controlling variables

Mediation

Another word for data is a(n) _________________. a. prediction b. observation c. theory d. outcome

Observation

Occam's razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. This speaks to a theory's: a. falsifiability. b. theorizing. c. empiricism. d. parsimony.

Parsimony

A sample is to _________________ as a population is to _________________. a. external; internal b. people; groups c. part; entire d. participants; researchers

Part; entire

RESEARCH STUDY 14.3: Dr. Grayson, a health psychologist, conducts a study examining whether people eat more when they are exposed to pictures of food than when they are not exposed to pictures of food. She goes to a fast-food restaurant in downtown Chicago that has pictures of menu items on its menu board and measures the amount of food ordered during the lunch rush (11:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m.) on Tuesday. On Thursday, she does the same thing but at a fast-food restaurant that does not have pictures on its menu board (about two blocks away from the first restaurant). She finds that the restaurant with pictures of food sells more food than the restaurant that does not have pictures. Dr. Grayson would most be able to generalize her findings to which of the following populations? a. People from Chicago b. People who eat out at restaurants c. People who eat lunch at fast-food restaurants d. People who live in downtown Chicago

People who eat lunch at fast-food restaurants

Another word for hypothesis is a(n) _________________. a. observation b. theory c. outcome d. prediction

Prediction

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p is a _________. a. plausible significance approximation b. probability estimate c. population value d. possibility assessment

Probability estimate

A research consumer ____________ scientific results. a. reads b. graphs c. produces d. analyzes

Reads

Psychologists use which of the following strategies to determine a study's replicability? a. Repeating the study b. Study reframing c. Internal validity d. Generalizing

Repeating the study

Advice that is based on _____________ is most likely to be correct. a. research b. intuition c. personal experience d. authority's conclusions

Research

How does research overcome the problem of confounds? a. Research focuses on one possible explanation for the results. b. Research systematically compares multiple conditions. c. Research combines data across diverse individuals. d. Research uses intuition to detect potential confounds.

Research systematically compares multiple conditions

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Dr. Kramer needs to avoid which of the following if he hopes to avoid having a biased sample? a. Sampling only those students who finish the survey b. Sampling only those students who come to class frequently c. Sampling only those students who agree to complete the survey d. Sampling only those students who sign the consent form

Sampling only those students who come to class frequently

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? a. the construct validity of the study b. the internal validity of the study c. the external validity of the study d. the statistical validity of the study

The external validity of the study.

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. What information might she get out of reading the references section of her article? a. An idea for a future study b. The name of an article that researched a similar topic c. An explanation of the statistical tests used d. A list of the measures used in the study

The name of an article that researched a similar topic.

In which of the following ways are correlational designs similar to quasi-experimental designs? a. They both use random assignment. b. They both use small numbers of participants. c. They both use nonrandom samples. d. They both suffer from possible threats to internal validity.

They both suffer from possible threats to internal validity.

According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as: a. translational research. b. compound research. c. empirical research. d. practical research.

Translational research

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the authors were interested in participants' board game performance. Which of the following would be a reasonable operational definition of performance? a. whether participants won against a partner b. performance when playing a board game c. an earnest attempt to finish quickly d. which board game participants chose to play

Whether participants won against a partner

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the researchers recorded how many errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following? a. a constant b. a variable's level c. a manipulated variable d. a measured variable

a measured variable

Dr. Merrick designs a study comparing the effects of mindfulness training to cognitive training on flexible thinking. In designing this study, what would be an appropriate manipulation check? a. Testing that the flexible thinking task is hard enough to show group differences b. Measuring heart rate to ensure that mindfulness has a calming effect c. Adding a third group that receives flexibility training d. Ensuring that no participants had prior experience with mindfulness training

adding a third group that receives flexibility training

Ceiling effects can affect: a. both independent and dependent variables. b. independent variables only. c. certain groups more than others. d. dependent variables only.

both independent and dependent variables

Replicability helps interrogate which of the four big validities? a. Construct validity b. Statistical validity c. External validity d. Internal validity

external validity

A Type I error is known as which of the following? a. a missed opportunity b. a false positive c. a false negative d. a near miss

false positive

external validity is most important for which of the following claims? a. Frequency claims b. Association claims c. External validity is equally important for all claims. d. Causal claims

frequency claims

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 ( p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Comparing all three correlations, Dr. Guidry will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because the relationship: a. is negative. b. has the largest effect size. c. was reported first. d. was statistically significant.

has the largest effect size

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 ( p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) According to the benchmarks established by Cohen, what type of effect size has Dr. Guidry found for the association between number of friends and life satisfaction? a. Medium b. Very small c. Large d. Small

medium

Another word for replicable is: a. reliable. b. valid. c. scientific. d. reproducible.

reproducible

Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following? a. Demand characteristics b. Carryover effects c. Selection effects d. Random selection

selection effects

Online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following? a. Poor reliability b. Over sampling c. Self-selection d. Probability sampling

self selection

Ceiling effects can lead to: a. large variance within groups. b. small variance between groups. c. all participants performing poorly. d. large variance between groups.

small variance between groups

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kushner recruit for his study? a. Students from a community college b. Employees from a local daycare center c. People with a history of insomnia d. Patients from Dr. Kushner's clinical psychology practice

students from a community college

Convenience sampling relies on which of the following? a. Studying people who are easy to find b. Studying people who are typical c. Studying people who are colleagues of the researcher d. Studying people who are willing to participate

studying people who are easy to find.

mc045-1.jpg In order to create the figure, which of the following pieces of information would you need? a. The mean optimism scores of people who voted and people who did not vote b. The number of people who voted and did not vote in 2016 c. Each individual participant's optimism score d. The correlation coefficient between voting behavior and optimism

the mean optimism scores of people who voted and people who did not vote

In a conceptual replication, which of the following is allowed to be dissimilar from the original study? a. The dependent variable in the study b. The independent variable in the study c. The moderators used in the study d. The procedures of the study

the procedures of the study

A correlation coefficient and a scatterplot both provide which of the following pieces of information? a. The outliers present in the two measurements b. The strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements c. The validity and reliability of two measurements d. The path and significance of the relationship between two measurements

the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements

Neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right. Which of the following should Neely conclude? a. There is a crossover interaction. b. There is a spreading interaction. c. There is a main-effect interaction. d. There is no interaction.

there is a spreading interaction

In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic? a. Data are easy to acquire. b. They are federal crimes. c. They impede scientific progress. d. They are impossible to discover.

they impede scientific progress

Responsible journalists do which of the following as it pertains to discussing replicability? a. They provide readers with statistical values from each study. b. They report only on studies that have been directly replicated. c. They provide readers with a sense of the entire literature as well as recent studies. d. They report findings only from meta-analyses.

they provide readers with a sense of the entire literature as well as recent studies.

If a sample is biased, then it is _______________ the population of interest. a. unrepresentative of b. unfairly applied to c. incorrectly compared to d. unrelated to

unrepresentative of

In a conceptual replication, the _________ are the same, but the _________ is/are different from the original study. a. methods; participants b. independent variables; dependent variables c. variables; operationalization d. researchers; outcomes

variables; operationalization

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important? a. When the sample is very large b. When the finding is also statistically significant c. When the study has life-or-death implications d. When external validity is high

when the study has life-or-death implications

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many independent variables are in his study? a. 4 b. 2 c. 6 d. 8

2

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many main effects will Dr. Gavin need to examine? a. 6 b. 4 c. 2 d. 3

2

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. How many variables are included in this study? a. four b. one c. five d. two

2

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many cells are in his design? a. 8 b. 6 c. 2 d. 4

8

Ellie is looking for a summary of research on the effect size of childhood abuse on adult depression. Which of the following scientific sources would be an ideal source? a. A meta-analysis b. A review journal article c. A trade book d. A chapter in an edited book

A Meta-analysis

If an experiment cannot be done for practical or ethical reasons related to manipulating the variable of interest, which of the following events should happen? a. A longitudinal correlational design could be done instead. b. The researchers should wait until the experiment can be done. c. The study should not be conducted at all. d. The IRB can grant a waiver of review to conduct the study anyway.

A longitudinal correlational design could be done instead.

Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following? a. A measure of the number of times a person eats alone during a month b. A measure of spirituality c. A measure of income d. A measure of heart rate

A measure of spirituality

In order to use the known groups paradigm to establish criterion validity, which of the following is necessary? a. At least three groups must be used. b. Prior to testing, similarity between the groups must be demonstrated. c. The groups must be composed of experts in the field of psychology. d. After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure.

After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon's and Dr. LaSalle's claims? a. Dr. LaSalle's claim is the same as Dr. Ramon's claim. b. Dr. Ramon's claim involves more variables than Dr. LaSalle's claim. c. Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim. d. Dr. LaSalle's claim goes further than Dr. Ramon's claim.

Dr. Ramon's claim goes furher than dr. LaSalle's claim

If you are interested in reading an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose? a. An expert's dissertation b. Scientific journals c. Edited books d. Popular magazines

Edited books

Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues? a. Faking good b. People self-reporting more than they can know c. Fence sitting d. Response sets

Fence sitting

A participant's score on a dependent variable is a combination of which of the following? a. Measurement error and their true score b. Their mean score and their standard deviation c. Manipulation effect and observer bias d. Systematic variance and error variance

Measurement error and their true score

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? a. People with developmental disabilities b. Members of minority religious groups c. Refugees d. Women

People with developmental disabilites

A researcher has examined a variety of correlational studies that point to a causal relationship between two variables. All of the studies have found a positive relationship between the two variables, but for ethical reasons, no experiments have been conducted. Using an approach of pattern and parsimony, the researcher may begin to make a causal claim by doing which of the following? a. Replicating all of the original studies b. Specifying a mechanism or explanation for the causal relationship c. Running another correlational study but with more people d. Examining the dates of the studies to look for temporal precedence

Specifying a mechanism or explanation for the causal relationship

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of integrity b. The principle of beneficence c. The principle of respect for persons d. The principle of justice

The principle of respect for persons

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 ( p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Which of the following conclusions can Dr. Guidry draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction based on her statistical analyses? a. The strong correlation means that the number of friends one has causes an increase in life satisfaction. b. The relationship is not statistically significant. c. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 96%. d. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%.

The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a variable in this study? a. the volume of the music b. the sex of the researcher c. the sex of the participant d. the type of game

The sex of the participant

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. What is Dr. Kramer's likely population of interest? a. All psychology majors and minors b. All students at the university c. All students in his Introduction to Neuroscience class d. All students he is currently teaching

all students he is currently teaching

Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that _________ cannot be_________. a. construct validity; interrogated b. covariance; established c. hypotheses; tested d. causal inferences; made

causal inferences; made

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy) Group B (Sad) Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered 16 14 9 Groups A and B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .36 Group A vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .30 Group B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .41 Group A vs. Group B No statistically significant difference d = .09 How many conditions/levels of the independent variable were in Dr. Lonsbary's study? a. Two b. Three c. Five d. Nine

3

Having a representative sample is most important in which of the following example claims? a. "Forty-three percent of psychology majors report being frustrated by people asking them if they are psychoanalyzing them." b. "People who report knowing someone who has been diagnosed with skin cancer also report having greater sunscreen use." c. "Receiving weekly feedback from your supervisor increases work productivity." d. "Having a dark triad personality is associated with having greater relationship problems."

43% of psychology majors report being frustrated by people asking them if they are psychoanalyzing them.

RESEARCH STUDY 2.1: Charlotte is studying subliminal messages and weight loss. She is curious whether people will lose more weight if they hear subliminal messages that encourage weight loss ("don't eat that food," "you want to be thin," etc.) in the music on their iPods compared to people who do not have subliminal messages in their music. She studies 40 people and finds the following results: Number Who Lost Weight Number Who Did Not Lose Weight Exposed to Subliminal Messages (Cell A) 15 people (Cell C) 5 people Not Exposed to Subliminal Messages (Cell B) 10 people (Cell D) 10 people A change to which of the following cells will result in a different interpretation of the results of subliminal messages? a. A change in any cell will result in a different interpretation. b. A change in Cell C only will result in a different interpretation. c. A change in Cell D only will result in a different interpretation. d. A change in Cell B only will result in a different interpretation.

A change in any cell will result in a different interpretation.

After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, " I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing? a. Bias blind spot b. Motivated thinking c. Faulty intuition d. Confirmation bias

Bias blind spot

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 ( p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) The " not sig." in Dr. Guidry's findings indicates all of the following EXCEPT: a. Effect size could not be calculated. b. She cannot reliably predict a study participant's experience of daily stress from the participant's number of friends. c. There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables. d. It is likely that the association between number of friends one has and experience of daily stress is from a zero association population.

Effect size could not be calculated.

In understanding "controlling for" a third variable, which of the following is a similar concept? a. Creating a longitudinal study b. Conducting a replication c. Creating an operational definition d. Identifying subgroups

Identifiying subgroups

A variable that the researcher controls is a _________ variable. a. measured b. dependent c. manipulated d. selection

Manipulated

RESEARCH STUDY 14.2: Cindy decides to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between daily stress and cardiovascular health for her senior psychology research project. Which of the following is NOT a step Cindy will do in conducting her meta-analysis? a. Calculate an effect size b. Contact other researchers for unpublished studies c. Measure daily stress and cardiovascular health in several new samples of participants d. Collect all the studies that have been conducted on daily stress and cardiovascular health

Measure daily stress and cardiovascular health in several new samples of participants

How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner? a. Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data b. Reminding yourself that because you know about potential biases, you cannot fall prey to them c. Finding evidence that confirms your hypotheses d. Using common sense to understand scientific data

Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 ( p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) In determining whether the relationship between two of Dr. Guidry's variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered? a. Sample size and effect size b. The number of outliers and the direction of the association c. Sample size and number of variables analyzed d. Direction of the association and strength of the association

Sample size and effect size

RESEARCH STUDY 2.1: Charlotte is studying subliminal messages and weight loss. She is curious whether people will lose more weight if they hear subliminal messages that encourage weight loss ("don't eat that food," "you want to be thin," etc.) in the music on their iPods compared to people who do not have subliminal messages in their music. She studies 40 people and finds the following results: Number Who Lost Weight Number Who Did Not Lose Weight Exposed to Subliminal Messages (Cell A) 15 people (Cell C) 5 people Not Exposed to Subliminal Messages (Cell B) 10 people (Cell D) 10 people To understand whether the subliminal messages have an effect, Charlotte needs to consider which of the following cells in the chart? a. She must consider all of the cells. b. Only Cell B c. Only Cell A d. Only Cell C

She must consider all of the cells.

How do reverse-worded items address shortcuts? a. They give people more answer options. b. They ask each question twice so the participant answers twice. c. They slow down readers, making them answer more carefully. d. They are easier for people to read.

Slow down readers, making them answer more carefully.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a constant in this study? a. the sex of the participant b. the number of researchers c. the type of game d. effort put into playing the game

The type of game

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Dr. Kramer plans to give his survey only to his Psychology and Law students because he sees them on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays and he can spare the class time (unlike in his Introduction to Neuroscience class, which only meets on Tuesdays and Thursdays). Which of the following is true? a. This will lead to a biased sample because of self-selection. b. The will lead to a sample that is representative of both of his classes. c. This will lead to a biased sample because the Psychology and Law students have a lot of time to complete the survey. d. This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Introduction to Neuroscience.

This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Introduction to Neuroscience.

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below. Type of Activity Cutting out Pictures Drawing Pictures Focus of the Activity Dogs and cats 15 9 Dogs only 7 6 Which of the following best describes Dr. Elder's study? a. A 2 x 1 mixed factorial design b. A 4 x 2 nested factorial design c. A 2 x 4 within-groups factorial design d. A 2 x 2 crossed factorial design

a 2 x 2 crossed factorial design

A cultural psychologist would be most interested in which of the following sets of participants? a. A sample of Taiwanese grandparents b. A sample of community college students c. A sample of homeless veterans d. A sample of 12-year-old children

a sample of taiwanese grandparents.

A sample is always ____________ a population. a. more expensive to measure than b. smaller than c. more scientific than d. more interesting than

a smaller than

In quasi-experimental designs, the researcher does not have experimental control over the independent variable and does not randomly assign participants to conditions. This results in which of the following? a. A weaker causal claim than a true experiment b. A study that is no different than a correlational design c. The researcher being unable to rule out any threats to internal validity d. An unethical study

a weaker causal claim than a true experiment

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 ( p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) In evaluating Dr. Guidry's study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking? a. How did Dr. Guidry recruit her participants? b. Which statistic did Dr. Guidry compute? c. How reliable is the measure of daily stress? d. Does the number of friends cause people to experience less stress?

how reliable is the measure of daily stress

A researcher in theory-testing mode focuses on _________ validity, while a researcher in generalization mode focuses on _________ validity. a. internal; external b. external; statistical c. external; internal d. statistical; external

internal; external

In conducting quasi-experimental designs, researchers tend to give up some _________ in exchange for _________. a. internal validity; external validity b. internal validity; statistical validity c. construct validity; statistical validity d. statistical validity; external validity

internal;external

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy) Group B (Sad) Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered 16 14 9 Groups A and B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .36 Group A vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .30 Group B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .41 Group A vs. Group B No statistically significant difference d = .09 Which of the following is a dependent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study? a. Time given to type the words remembered b. Time given to memorize the words c. Number of words remembered d. Number of words on the list

number of words remembered