Research Methods

Cooling can be used to produce a functional or reversible brain lesion because

Correct it can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain.

Intracellular unit recording is not commonly used in biopsychological research because

Correct it is very difficult to keep the tip of a microelectrode inside a single neuron in a moving subject.

In laboratory animals, cortical EEG signals are commonly recorded through

Correct stainless steel skull screws.

Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain?

MRI

Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the

WAIS.

A common neuropsychological test of frontal-lobe damage is the

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

The open-field test is usually conducted in

a large, empty chamber.

Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsychological research?

all of the above Most behavioral traits are influenced by many interacting genes. Elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes. The effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience.

Stereotaxic surgery in human patients typically requires

all of the above a stereotaxic atlas. a stereotaxic instrument. a head holder. an electrode holder.

Neuropsychological assessment is useful because it can

all of the above assist diagnosis. influence treatment. be the basis for effective counseling.

In immunocytochemistry, the labeled ligand is

an antibody.

The self-stimulation paradigm is

an operant conditioning paradigm.

Immunocytochemistry is to in situ hybridization as

antibody is to messenger RNA.

Both ibotenic acid and kainic acid

both A and B are neurotoxins. destroy neurons whose cell bodies are at the tip of an intracerebral cannula, while leaving axons passing through the region undamaged.

Most cognitive neuroscientific research is based on the assumption that

both A and B complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive processes. each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain.

The brainbow technique

both A and B is an extension of the green fluorescent protein technique. is a technique for labeling neurons in an animal different colors so that each can be traced

In most self-stimulation paradigms, laboratory animals

both A and B press levers or perform other operant responses to obtain reinforcement. receive electrical stimulation through implanted electrodes.

Bregma is

both A and B the point of intersection between two major skull sutures. a common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery.

Green fluorescent protein

both A and B was first isolated from a species of jelly fish. fluoresces when exposed to blue light.

Which of the following is a technique for locating particular proteins in the brain?

both A and C immunocytochemistry. in situ hybridization.

Multiple-unit signals are typically

both B and C recorded through electrodes that are larger than microelectrodes. integrated, or added together, to facilitate their interpretation.

Antianxiety (anxiolytic) drugs tend to reduce the amount of

both B and D time spent in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze. conditioned defensive burying.

The reference point for many stereotaxic atlases of the rat brain is

bregma.

If a rat receives a single painful stimulus from a small object in a test box containing commercial bedding material, the rat will usually investigate the object and then

bury it.

MEG records

changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp.

A temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by

cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it.

Muscle tension is monitored by

electromyography.

In the typical radial arm maze, rats tend to orient themselves on the basis of

external room cues.

Which method was used to record this signal?

extracellular unit recording The line graph

Which technique records the BOLD signal?

fMRI

Intracellular unit recording is particularly difficult in

freely moving animals.

Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image?

functional MRI

Transgenic mice always possess

genes of another species.

A computed tomography (CT) scan of the human brain is usually presented as a series of eight or nine

horizontal sections.

Which of the following procedures employs labeled antibodies?

immunocytochemistry

Which method was used to record this signal?

intracellular unit recording the one that looks like an AP

The typical Morris water maze

is circular.

Reversible lesions can be produced by microinjection directly into the target brain structure of a

local anesthetic such as lidocaine.

The neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) selectively destroys

neurons that release dopamine or norepinephrine.

Functional MRI requires the injection of radioactive

none of the above water. glucose. 2-DG. oxygen.

Extracellular unit recording provides information about

none of the above the magnitude of the membrane potential. the wave form of action potentials. EPSPs.

Knockout mice are mice that

none of the above have had a concussion. are susceptible to concussion. have amnesia.

Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of

oxygenated blood flow.

A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose before.

positron emission tomography.

Reversible brain lesions, if properly done,

produce no permanent neural damage.

In operant conditioning paradigms, the rate of a voluntary response is increased by __________ and decreased by __________.

reinforcement; punishment

The digit-span test is a common test of

short-term memory.

The Morris water maze is commonly used to study

spatial ability in rats.

The method by which the experimental devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures of human patients and animal subjects is

stereotaxic surgery.

Unlike other electrophysiological methods of recording neural activity, intracellular unit recording provides measurements of

the membrane potential.

f a PET image is recorded while a patient is reading, many areas of activity on the PET image will have nothing to do with the cognitive activity of reading per se. That is why cognitive neuroscientists often use

the paired-image subtraction technique.

In human patients, EEG activity is commonly recorded directly from

the scalp

Drugs that do not penetrate the blood brain barrier can be administered to particular neural structures

through a stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula.

During conventional Pavlovian conditioning, the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented just before the

unconditional stimulus.