Research Methods in Sports Midterm
The single score that best represents all the scores in a distribution is the definition of
Central Tendency
When we say that research is empirical, we mean that the researcher
Collects data on which to base decisions
The generalizability of the results pertains to what kind of validity?
External
Which of the following statements is true concerning ERIC?
It includes both journal articles and reports from conferences
A main disadvantage of nonparametric techniques is that has frequently been stated (although there is some disagreement with this claim) is that they
Are not as powerful (less likely to detect a false null hypothesis) as a parametric techniques
Which of the following statements about dual publication is NOT true? (Ch. 5)
Dual publication is permissible if the two (2) journals are in different languages (e.g., published in different countries)
When a researcher states that a result is significant, this means that...
The result is unlikely to be a chance occurrence
Statistics are used and often misused in research. In a conceptual sense, explain what statistics can tell about (a) the reliability of a result (significance) and (b) the meaningfulness of it. Be specific and provide examples of how each of these two (2) aspects would be presented in a research paper
The significance is the effect or relationship of interest statistically significant? In other words, if the research is repeated, will the effect of the relationship be there again (is it reliable)? How strong is the effect or relationship of interest? This question refers to the magnitude, or size, of the effect or relationship
A researcher wishes to know whether there is a significant difference in the number of knee injuries reported among four (4) sports. How many degrees of freedom are there for this chi-square analysis?
(n - 1) = 3
What are three (3) characteristics of the normal curve?
1. +/-1s from the mean includes 68% of the scores 2. +/-2s from the mean includes 95% of the scores 3. +/-3s includes 99% of the scores 4. The mean, median, and mode are at the same point, the center of distribution
For a predicted score of 30 and a standard error of estimate of 6, the chances are 95 out of 100 that the true score will be between
18 and 42
For a group of normally distributed scores with a mean of 30 and a standard deviation of 6, the middle 68% of the scores will be between
24 and 36
What is the mode(s) for the following set of numbers? (5, 10, 4, 1, 4, 5, 12, 8, 9, 4)
4
A researcher finds a correlation of .70 between popularity ratings and self-concept scores. What percentages of common association can be inferred between the two (2) variables?
49%
If there is a correlation of .80 between a test of scholastic aptitude and performance on an achievement test, one (1) can infer that
64% of the achievement test variance is caused by scholastic aptitude
Explain how the use of MANOVA helps control for experimentwise error in a study that compares three (3) treatment groups on two (2) separate measures, such as strength and endurance
A MANOVA graph can help portray the correlations between the two (2) measures and it makes it easier to see the patterns and the error rate equals the significance level
This question pertains to the following study. "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three (3) months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept." The Independent Variable is
Adventure Summer Camp
To determine which of two (2) methods for learning a motor skill is more effective, the correct statistical analysis is
An independent t test
This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of the inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three (3) months. A secondary purpose is to see if the age (ages, 6,9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The researcher is proceeding on the belief that self-concept can be changed in a summer (3 months). This is an example of
Basic assumption
A chi-square analysis compares the responses to a question on recreational preferences of males and females at three grade levels,. The resulting two-way classification structure is called a
Contingency Table
Of the following, which is a nonparametric statistical test?
Contingency coefficient
Prediction studies use which of the following as the basic analysis technique?
Correlation
This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of the inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three (3) months. A secondary purpose is to see if the age (ages, 6,9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The number of participants, the selection of the self-concept inventory, and the length of the study are all examples of
Delimitations
A researcher wishes to determine whether a treatment group made a significant improvement from the pretest (M=25) to the post-test (M=30). The correct statistical test to use to compare the two means is the
Dependent t test
An important principle set forth by the American Psychological Association is the right of informed consent, which states that the researcher is obligated to...
Explain the major features of the study to the participants before beginning of the study so that they have the opportunity to decline to take part
For a study with two (or more) independent variables, such as type of instruction and sex, and one dependent variable, such as achievement, the most appropriate analysis technique is
Factorial ANOVA
It is desirable to carry out a plot study prior to the actual study because (Ch. 4)
It permits a thorough check of the planned data and analysis procedures
Special language that is regularly used in a particular field but which may not be meaningful to people outside the field is called
Jargon
The property of a distribution of scores that relates to how peaked of flat the curve is called
Kurtosis
Recognizing that grade point average (GPA) may not completely reflect success in school is an example of a
Limitation
Briefly discuss the interaction of limitations, delimitations, and basic assumptions. Give an example of each in your discussion
Limitations are the shortcoming or influence that cannot be controlled or is the result of the delimitations imposed by the investigators Delimitations is a limitation imposed by the researcher in the scope of the study; a choice that the researcher makes to define a workable research problem Basic Assumptions we must assume that certain conditions exist and that the behaviors in question can be observed and measured
Data such as sex, city of residence, or political party affiliation are what kind of measure?
Nominal
The term that denotes using ideas, writings, or drawings of others as your own is
Plagiarism
In which part of the methods section should you expect to find information about when the participants were tested?
Procedures
The part of the methods section of the research paper that describes the activities of each treatment group is titled
Procedures
The inductive and deductive processes are important in
References to books should include Author, date, title, city of publication, publisher's name The inductive and deductive processes are important in The statement of the problem
Another term that describes the unscientific method of tenacity is
Superstition
Describe how the Boolean operators "and" and "or" function to provide an optimal number of pertinent literature sources
The word "or" broadens the search. Additional related terms can be connected with or so that the computer searches for more than one descriptor. To narrow the search. add another term with the word "and"
Which hypothesis is stated in the null form?
There is no difference between the vocab scores of average- and high-ability students
If ANOVA has found a significant difference among four (4) treatment groups, a follow-up test such as the Scheffe is needed to determine
Which of the groups differ significantly from the other
In a study designed to assess the comparative effectiveness of two (2) workbooks used in teaching students about laboratory procedures, the independent variable of the study would be
Workbooks
For confidentiality, the researcher should...
1. Inform the participants about the people who will have access to the data2. Make certain no unauthorized individuals have access to the research data3. Remove names from data-collection instruments and replace them with a code
What is the median score for the following set of numbers? (3, 11, 8, 13, 5, 3, 6)
7
The abstract of a study should
Be a concise summary of the study
The determining factor in the order of authorship of a research publication is that the first author is the person who
Develops the idea and plans the research
A researcher wishes to compare the achievement scores of three class scheduling arrangements (schedules A, B, and C). Briefly indicate (a) what statistical technique he should use, and (b) what sequence of steps he should follow to fully analyze the data
He should use an ANOVA because there is only one dependent variable. The researcher should set up a hypothesis and determine the level of significance. Then choose which test statistic will be used. Create a decision rule. Complete the test statistic. Then see your results and conclude
A researcher predicts that there will be a positive relationship between attitude scores and grade point average (GPA). This is an example of a
Research Hypothesis
The researcher's statement that "the boys in the adventure program will make significantly greater gains in self-concept than the boys in the control group" is an example of a
Research hypothesis
The primary sources of a literature review are
Research journal articles
The t test is used to
Test whether two (2) groups differ significantly
Use of a one-tailed vs a two-tailed test of significance of the difference between two sample means depends on
Whether the difference is expected to be in one direction only
Describe a research problem that calls for chi-square analysis
Your answer is based on the group they are coming from, but the outcome is not what you expected Ex.: You ask 50 athletes from each of the football, basketball, and baseball teams what their favorite sport is out of these three (3) options. You would expect them to answer the sport they play, so you would have 50 votes for each sport. Instead you have 55 football, 45 basketball, and 50 baseball. So some must have responded with an answer that is different than the sport they play
A researcher used a t test to compare treatments and obtained a t of 3.45. One group had 48 participants and the other group had 40. The table value for significance at the .01 level was 2.64. Which of the following is the correct way to express these results?
t(86) =3.45, p < .01
This question pertains to the following study. "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three (3) months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept." The Categorical Variable is
Age level
Three (3) levels of a treatment variable were evaluated for males and females on three (3) dependent variables. A significant F is reported for the interaction of treatment and gender on a linear composite of the three (3) dependent variables. Which statistical analysis was used?
MANOVA
The standard deviation represents the...
Spread of scores about the mean
When a researcher claims that there is a difference between treatments (i.e., rejects the null hypothesis) when there really is no difference, what type of error is this?
Type 1 Error
When an experimenter states that the level of significance is the .05 level, he is setting the probability of committing which type of error?
Type 1 Error
When the purpose of the research is to determine the effects of one independent variable (e.g., four groups) on one dependent variable (e.g., self-concept), the best choice of a statistical analysis is
Analysis of Variance
References to journal articles should include (Ch. 2)
Author, date, article title, journal name, volume, inclusive pages, doi
References to books should include
Author, date, title, city of publication, publisher's name
A study that has one (1) independent variable with three (3) levels and three (3) dependent variables should be analyzed by
Discriminant analysis
The only type of research that can manipulate treatments and establish a cause and effect is
Experimental Research
This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of the inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three (3) months. A secondary purpose is to see if the age (ages, 6,9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The researcher states that he is aware that responses to questions on self-concept scale may not always be what the person really believes. This is an example of a
Limitation
If two (2) measures have a high positive correlation, and a person has a low score on one (1) measure, her score on the other measure is most likely to be
Low
A researcher wishes to compare the effects of two (2) instructional methods given at two (2) age levels on achievement on a test of knowledge of rules and on a test of strategy. The appropriate statistical analysis would be
MANOVA
The introduction to a research report should (Ch. 3)
Move from a general description of the theoretical problem to the specific area to be studied
Compared to applied research, basic research (Ch. 1)
Usually offers more control, such as done in a lab
A null hypothesis is...
A statistical hypothesis that assumes that there is no difference among the effects of treatments
A researcher sought to find out which of two (2) exercises was more effective in building endurance. One group used exercise A, and another group used exercise B. At the end of the study, the researcher should compare the two groups' scores by
An independent t test
Another term for the mean is the
Average
Which of the following is not an important purpose for reviewing the literature?
Formulating the null hypothesis
A research hypothesis
Is directly testable
The term coined by Kuhn to denote the scientific approach that is used widely in the natural sciences is
Normal Science
To determine whether data are normally distributed, one can test to see whether the curve is shifted to the left or right. This shift is called
Skewness
In logistic regression, one (1) is able to predict
The probability of an occurrence
With regard to capitalization only in APA style, which of these references is/are correct?
1. (Book) Plagenhoef, S.C. Patterns of human notion 2. (Journal) Miller, S.I. Defining Educational Policy Studies as a Field. Educational Studies
Explain the steps you would perform to use a t test to compare two (2) groups using the Puri-Sun L test statistic
1. r squared = t squared/(t squared +df) 2. L = (N - 1)r squared 3. L is tested as an X squared with dr = pq, where p = the number of groups, and q = the number of dependent variables
Which of the following is information that should be found in the section on design and analysis of the data?
An ANOVA was used to compare the three (3) groups
When the purpose of the research is to evaluate that effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable while controlling the influence of another characteristic, the best choice of a statistical analysis is
Analysis of Covariance
In multiple regression, one (1) is able to predict
One (1) criterion from two (2) or more predictors
Discriminant analysis differs from simple ANOVA such that discriminant analysis has
One (1) independent variable and two (2) or more dependent variables
The term that describes the position of the hump in the curve of a distribution is
Skewness
An operational definition of human intelligence is
Those characteristics that are measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
In describing participants in the methods section of a research report, which of the following should be included?
1. Number of participants 2. Procedures for testing participants
A study involves the comparison of two (2) instructional methods on achievement in math. Two classrooms are used; one method is administered in each classroom. The researcher notices that the pretest scores show differences between the two groups. The control for the influence of the pretest scores on the post-test scores, the researcher should use
ANCOVA
A statistical technique that tests for significant differences between observed and expected frequencies of occurrence is
Chi-square
In evaluating the methods section of a research report, which is a very important question to keep in mind?
Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated?
A researcher decided to use an alpha of .01 and a power of .80. To determine the needed sample size the researcher must ascertain the expected
Effect Size (ES)
A measure of meaningfulness that expresses the difference between the experimental and control group in standard deviation units is the
Effect size (ES)
A good beginning point in a literature search for the student with a very limited knowledge about a topic is
Encyclopedias, textbooks, and literature reviews
In discriminant function analysis, one (1) is able to predict
Group membership
A correlation of .00 between two (2) variables indicates
Independence (no association) between the variables
Defining volleyball skills as a score on the AAHPERD Volleyball Test is an
Operational definition
This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of the inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three (3) months. A secondary purpose is to see if the age (ages, 6,9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The researcher states that self-concept is represented by scores on the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. This is an example of an
Operational definition
After receiving approval from the university committee on the use of human as research participants (IRB) the researcher...
Should include a description of this compliance in the methods of the thesis or dissertation
According to the American Psychological Association, when a grad student submits her thesis or dissertation for publication jointly with the major professor, the first author should be
The student
A two-way (factorial) ANOVA with more than one person per cell will yield F values for which of the following contrasts?
Three (3) F values, one each for rows, columns, and interaction
If the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when there really is a difference, this is an example of a...
Type 2 Error
To calculate L for a correlation of two sets of ranked scores, the degrees of freedom (N - 1) are multiplied by
r square
If the null hypothesis is false, one may assume the research hypothesis is the explanation for the results if
All other possible explanations have been controlled
A thesis statement was submitted with the title "A study comparing the achievement of sixth-grade students in Moscow, Idaho, instructed in health education through closed-circuit television and regular classroom procedure for a period of 16 weeks." This title
Is too long
Which of the following terms least belongs with the others?
Standard Deviation
A researcher conducts a study on effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) by comparing classes that use this method with classes that do not. The researcher expects the CAI classes to show higher gains in achievement. This explanation is
A hypothesis
A correlational technique frequently used in the construction of an instrument (such as an attitude inventory) that statistically groups test items that seem to be measuring a particular dimension or trait is called
Factor Analysis
Which one of the following statements does NOT describe an advantage of repeated measures? (Ch. 9)
Repeated measures can eliminate the influence of some unwanted variable
Which of the following is NOT a common error in the review of literature sections of theses?
Synthesizing AND interpreting the findings of previous research
Distinguish between what information a significant F in an ANOVA tells you and what Omega squared tells you about the ANOVA results
The F determines the ratio of explained variance to unexplained varianceEach Omega squared represents the percentage of variance accounted for by that component of the ANOVA model
The concept of informed consent deals with the protection of the rights of human participants in research studies. Briefly describe what this means. In other words, what kinds of rights should be considered when using human in research?
1. A fair explanation of the procedures to be followed, including an identification of those that are experimental 2. A description of the attendant discomforts and risks 3. A description of the benefits to be expected 4. A disclosure of appropriate alternative produces that would be advantageous for the participant 5. An offer to answer any inquiries including concerning the procedures 6. An instruction that the participant is free to withdraw consent and discontinue participation in the project or activity at any time
Explain the constraints associated with the use of copyrighted materials. Include in your discussion three (3) primary considerations about what constitutes violations of copyright
1. Purpose: Is the use to be commercial or educational? More leeway is given for educational use such as theses, dissertations, and published research papers 2. Nature: Is the copying expected? Copying a journal article for your personal use is expected and reasonable. Copying a complete book or standardized test, however, is not expected and is probably a violation of the fair-use concept 3. Amount: How much is copied? The significant issue is the importance of the copied part
What are three (3) things a researcher could do to increase the power if the study were done a second time?
1. Relationship among alpha 2. Sample Size 3. Effect Size (ES)
Which of these statements is/are true concerning the "significance of the study" section in the introduction of a thesis?
1. The section should point out conflict 2. The section should have continuity with the introduction 3. The section should describe gaps in previous knowledge relative to the study
Briefly discuss at least five (5) benefits of taking a research methods course early in the Graduate Program
1. To approach and solve problems in a scientific way 2. To understand basic measurement and statistical use 3. To use an appropriate writing style 4. To be intelligent consumers of research 5. To appreciate the wide variety of research and techniques used in an area of study
The researcher obtained a significant F from the ANOVA Omega squared was found to be .30. This is interpreted to mean that
30% of the total variance is accounted for by the treatments
How does a categorical variable differ from a true independent variable? Give an example of each type of variable
A Categorical Variable is a kind of independent variable that cannot be manipulated, such as age, race, or sex, and is also called Moderator Variable. Ex. in the example below, splitting the groups into the categories of men vs women A True Independent Variable is the experimental, or treatment variable; it is the cause. Ex. evaluate fatigue exercising with: synchronous music vs asynchronous music vs no music
Briefly describe what Cohen (1990) meant by the two (2) principles of "less is more" and "simple is better" as they pertain to the method used in a study
An example of "less is more" is grad students wanting to conduct meaningful studies that address and solve important problems. To do this, they often plan complex studies with many independent and dependent variables. Students frequently start with useful ideas to study, but the ideas become so cumbersome that the students fail of complexity. For "simple is better" there is no substitute for plotting graphically and evaluating it carefully. Summary stats are helpful and informative, but they are no substitute for looking at the distribution of the original data. Keep your studies straight forward so that when you find something, you can understand and interpret when it means
You plan to use animals in your thesis research. A close friend believes that animals are used too often (and sometimes misused) in research. Explain to your friend why it is important to use animals in research and how the animals are protected
Animal studies may have more stringent criteria for approval than studies with humans. Institutional review boards typically require that investigators demonstrate that animal studies add significant knowledge to the literature and are not replications, a requirement not placed on studies using humans as participants As long as the animals are well treated, it makes sense to use them in these areas: 1. Drug testing 2. Animal models of disease 3. Basic research 4. Education of undergrad and grad students in labs and lectures, with experience and information gained from the use of animal models 5. Development of surgical techniques The animals are protected by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, as detailed in the Animal Welfare Act
How does a control variable differ from an independent variable? Give an example of each.What are two (2) reasons that a researcher might decide to make something a control variable instead of an independent variable?
Control Variable is a factor that could possibly influence the results and that is kept out of the study. Ex.: Requiring that the participants are in a specific age range The Independent Variable is the experimental, or treatment variable; it is the cause. Ex.: Comparing two (2) groups and the Researcher(s) put you in a particular group 1. The amount of control the Researcher(s) have over the experimental situation 2. Whether the variable is closely related to the theoretical model
In the description of pertinent characteristics of the participants, which of the following would be least pertinent in a study that surveyed the favorite books of children?
Height of the children
Explain what is meant by the statement that a statistical test may be statistically significant but not meaningful. Give an example of such circumstance
I can cook a turkey for 10 minutes, but it's not meaningful to me because I don't like turkey
Distinguish between Random Sampling and Random Assignment
In Random Sampling, the population is divided on some characteristics before random selection of the sample Random Assignment groups are formed within the sample. The issue here is not how the sample is selected, but how the groups are formed within the sample
Explain the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning in the development of a research hypothesis
Inductive Reasoning aims towards developing a theory and moves from specific observations to broad generalizations Deductive Reasoning aims towards testing an existing theory and moves from broad generalizations to specific observations
The extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study is the definition of what kind of validity?
Internal
List the four (4) major parts of a research paper (that is quantitative and uses APA style) and briefly describe the content of each part
Intro - the problem is defined and delimited. Hypothesis and problem is often stated Methods - This section will detail the thesis format parallel to the data gathering steps of the scientific method. The researcher will explain how it is identified, measurement instruments are described, and the treatment procedures are identified Results - The results present the final findings from the data analysis and represents the contribution to new knowledge Discussion and Conclusions - In this last step in the scientific method, the researcher employs inductive reasoning to analyze the findings, compare the findings with them, and integrate them into a theoretical model
Explain how the description of the method in a research study tries to eliminate alternative or rival explanations for results
Maxicon Principle - A method of controlling any explanation for the results except the hypothesis that the researcher intends to evaluate. This is done by maximizing error variance and controlling extraneous variance
Multivariate statistics have become common in many areas where differences in means are being examined. What is the difference between a multivariate and univariate statistic? Why might a researcher choose a MANOVA instead of multiple ANOVAs when analyzing data from a study?
Multivariate statistics compare more than two (2) variables Univariate statistics summarizes only one (1) variable at a time MANOVA can identify effects that are smaller than ANOVAs
Which of the following statements would appear in the procedures part of the methods section of a research report?
Participants in the experimental group exercised three (3) days per week for 30 minutes per day for 10 weeks
Some studies use repeated measures to study changes within subjects. Define a repeated measure and provide an example of its use in a study
Repeated Measures is an analysis of scores for the same individuals on successive occasions, such as a series of test trails; also called split-plot ANOVA or subject x trails ANOVA Example:A study in sport psychology might investigate whether athletes' state anxiety (how nervous they feel at the time) differs before and after a game
This question pertains to the following study. "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three (3) months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept." The Dependent Variable is
Self-concept
In the example in Ch. 1 of the experiment that compared aerobic dance with jogging, what was the dependent variable?
Skinfold-measured fat
At the end of a well-written introduction, the reader should be able to predict the
Statement of the problem (purpose of study)
If a researcher finds a small difference in average test scores between a large sample (over 700) of experimental participants and a large sample (same size) of control participants, it is very likely that the difference is... (Ch. 7)
Statistically significant but does not have a high degree of meaningfulness
Explain the steps in the scientific method of problem solving, briefly discuss at least two (2) important assumptions that underlie the scientific method
Step 1: Developing the Problem Step 2: Formulating the Hypothesis The hypothesis is the expected result. Researcher should have somewhat of an idea of what the outcome will be. Testability is necessary for a hypothesis
After a population of 1,000 high school seniors is divided by sex and size of school attended, the random selection of a sample to represent theses proportions of the population is called (Ch. 6)
Stratified Random Sampling
When a researcher decides that an appropriate analysis for a research model is to evaluate how several variables might influence two (2) other variables that in turn influence the outcome variable of interest, the appropriate statistical analysis is
Structural Equation Modeling
A researcher wishes to survey student opinions on a proposed increase fee at her university. She decides to select a sample for telephone interviewing by selecting every 20th name in the student directory. What is the type of sampling called?
Systematic
Four (4) skills tests are tried as predictors of success in a tennis class. Each test correlates with later success as follows: test A r = .27; test B r = -.90; test C r = -.40; test D r = .65. The test that will most accurately predict success is...? (Ch. 8)
Test B: r = -.90
In the instruments part of the methods section, the author should include a description of the
Tests characteristics of validity and reliability
Explain what is meant by the term "gatekeepers of knowledge" with regard to the acceptance of certain types of research
The "gatekeepers of knowledge" are called so because they are the research journal editors and reviewers who decide who gets published
The participants in a study determine many aspects of validity and may have an impact on how a study is designed. Often in areas related to physical activity, volunteers are used as the sample. How is a volunteer sample different from a random sample? What effects does this nonrandom sample have on what we can say about the results of a study?
The Volunteer Sample is already categorized and target to a particular group The Random Sample you may never get the type of people that you're looking for
A research article reports that there is 60% common association (or shared variance) between the scores on two (2) measures. Explain what this means. How did they get the 60%? What was the correlation?
The correlation was .775 They got the 60% by taking the correlation of .775, squaring it and expressing it as a percentage of 60%
Explain the meaning of the finding that there is a negative correlation between class attendance (number of absences) and achievement in class (as measured by the final exam). Use the concept of the r square in your explanation
The more absences the student has, the lower their test scores will be. Therefore, it will result in negative correlation R square is the coefficient of determination and it indicates the portion of the total variance in one (1) measure that can be explained, or accounted for, by the variance in other measure
