Respiratory Notes
D
Only a part of respiratory minute volume reaches alveolar exchange surfaces. The volume of air remaining in conducting passages is called the _________ A) minute volume B) inspiratory reserve volume C) expiratory reserve volume D) anatomical dead space E) forced vital capacity
B
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. D) greater than intraalveolar pressure. E) less than intrapulmonic pressure.
E
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) greater than intraalveolar pressure. B) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) less than intrapulmonic pressure. D) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. E) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
C
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces A) speech. B) articulation. C) phonation. D) whistling. E) ululation.
A
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the A) olfactory epithelium. B) medullary chemoreceptors. C) aortic body. D) carotid body. E) pons
C
An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as A) laryngitis. B) laryngospasm. C) acute epiglottitis. D) strep throat. E) acute pharyngitis.
B
An temporarily closure of an airway to prevent foreign substances from entering is A) laryngitis. B) laryngospasm. C) acute epiglottitis. D) strep throat. E) acute pharyngitis.
C
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form A) hydrochloric acid. B) oxygen. C) carbonic acid. D) carbaminohemoglobin. E) nitric acid.
E
Carbonic anhydrase A) is in RBCs. B) is an enzyme. C) can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. D) can decrease the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. E) All of the answers are correct.
B
Changes and aspects in the Respiratory System at Birth and Before birth include all of the following except: A)Pulmonary vessels are collapsed and the lungs contain no air B)The cord severes the blood C)During delivery the placental connection is lost D)During delivery Blood PÓ2 falls E)During delivery PCÓ2 rises
D
Components of the Respiratory Defense System include all of the following except: A)Mucous cells and mucous glands which produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces B) Alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach lungs C) Cilia which sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator) D)Mucous on the tongue E) Filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles
A
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the A) lips. B) nose. C) nasal cavity. D) pharynx. E) paranasal sinuses.
B
Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can A) move the cricoid cartilage. B) close the glottis. C) constrict the trachea. D) move food from the larynx to the esophagus. E) assist in breathing during exercise.
A
Dalton's law of gases relates to A) partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases. B) temperature and pressure of gases. C) solubility of gases. D) gas pressure and saturation of hemoglobin. E) volume and gas pressure.
D
Dalton's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
C
Damage to the phrenic nerves would A) increase respiratory rate. B) increase the tidal volume. C) force reliance on costal breathing. D) result in greater pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air. E) have little effect on ventilation.
A
Damage to the type II pneumocytes (lined with cuboidal epithelium) of the lungs would result in A) a loss of surfactant. B) an increased rate of gas exchange. C) decreased surface tension in the alveoli. D) expansion of alveoli. E) All of the answers are correct.
A
Decompression sickness is a painful condition that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of ________ gas are responsible for the problem. A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) helium E) carbon monoxide
E
Determination of blood gases includes testing an arterial sample for A) pH. B) PÓ2. C) PCÓ2. D) PÓ2 and PCÓ2. E) pH, PÓ2, and PCÓ2.
A
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. A) right primary B) left primary C) right secondary D) left secondary E) medial
B
A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will A) decrease the rate of breathing. B) double the respiratory rate. C) decrease pulmonary ventilation. D) decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. E) decrease the vital capacity.
E
A capillary touching a Type I pneumocyte results in ________________. A) removing carbon dioxide from the blood. B) supplying oxygen to the blood. C) maintaining adequate alveolar ventilation. D) removing air from dead air space. E) gas exchange.
A
A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage. A) thyroid B) cuneiform C) corniculate D) epiglottic E) vestibular
D
A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the A) intrinsic ligaments. B) extrinsic ligaments. C) ventricular folds. D) vocal folds. E) intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
C
A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time, you would expect to observe A) increased cardiac output from the right ventricle. B) increased cardiac output from the left ventricle. C) increased thickness of the right ventricular wall. D) distension of the pulmonary veins from the right lung. E) no appreciable changes in heart structure or function.
E
A period of suspended respiration normally followed by explosive exhalation to clear airways such as sneezing and coughing A) hyperpnea. B) eupnea. C) dyspnea. D) hypoxia. E) apnea
E
A pulmonary embolism can be caused by ________ becoming trapped in a pulmonary artery. A) blood clots B) masses of fat C) air bubbles D) circulating objects in the blood E) All of the answers are correct.
C
A rise in arterial PCÓ elevates carbon dioxide levels in cerebrospinal fluid and stimulates the chemoreceptive neurons of the medulla to produce __________. A)hypercapnia B)shallow breathing C)an increase in rate and depth of breathing D)eupnea E)a decrease in rate and depth of breathing
D
A unique feature of the left lung is the A) hilum. B) carina. C) primary bronchus. D) cardiac notch. E) apex.
D
About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood A) as dissolved CÓ in the blood plasma. B) as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. C) combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin. D) as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma. E) as carbonic acid in the red blood cells.
A
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the A) upper respiratory tract. B) lower respiratory tract. C) lungs. D) alveoli. E) bronchioles.
B
Air moves in to the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) greater than intraalveolar pressure. B) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) less than intrapulmonic pressure. D) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. E) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
B
The openings to the nasal cavity are the A) external nares. B) internal nares. C) nasal meatuses. D) nasal conchae. E) nasal sinuses.
E
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage, are attached to the vocal cords to create sound, and assist in the opening and closing of the glottis are the ________ cartilages. A) cricothyroid B) innominate C) cuneiform D) corniculate E) arytenoid
B
The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) laryngopharynx. D) larynx. E) nasal cavity.
D
The parietal pleura are attached to the __________. a)inner thoracic body wall b)mediastinum c)superior surface of the diaphragm d)inner thoracic body wall, mediastinum, and superior surface of the diaphragm e)heart
B
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately A) 35 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 55 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 100 mm Hg.
E
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in A) venous blood. B) alveolar air. C) expired air. D) inspired air. E) arterial blood
A
The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is A) greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest. B) less than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest. C) equal to the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest. D) equal to the sum of partial pressures from carbon dioxide and nitrogen. E) None of the answers is correct.
A
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 is A) greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2. B) less than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2. C) equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2. D) equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.4. E) None of the answers is correct.
A
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is A) greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade. B) less than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade. C) equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade. D) equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 20 degrees centigrade. E) None of the answers is correct.
B
The placement of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass the larynx is called a(n) A) intubation. B) tracheostomy. C) tunnelization. D) trachectomy. E) catheterization.
C
The pneumotaxic center of the pons A) sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. B) prolongs inspiration. C) modifies the rate and depth of breathing. D) suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. E) stimulates the dorsal respiratory group.
B
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the A) nasopharynx. B) vestibule. C) internal chamber. D) conchae. E) nasal septum.
B
The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) esophageal pharynx. D) aeropharynx. E) internal pharynx.
C
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is A) pulmonary ventilation. B) external respiration. C) internal respiration. D) cellular respiration. E) breathing.
C
The purpose of the fluid in the pleural cavity is to __________. A)provide a medium for the exchange of Ó2 and CÓ2 B)reduce friction between the parietal and visceral pleura C)provide lubrication for diaphragmatic constriction D)allow for the exchange of electrolytes during E)respiratory movements
E
The respiratory defense system is important because it A) helps filter the air. B) helps warm the air. C) keeps out debris. D) keeps out pathogens. E) All of the answers are correct.
A
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) stratified squamous epithelium.
C
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) surfactant cells.
D
The respiratory systems provides all of the following except A)gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood B)Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs C)Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment D)Produces vapors E) Participates in olfactory sense
A
The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as A) pleurisy. B) pulmonary hypertension. C) asthma. D) emphysema. E) COPD.
E
The right lung has 10 and the left lung has 8 or 9 A) terminal bronchioles B) lobar bronchis C) trachealis muscles . D) primary bronchis E) bronchopulmonary segments
A
The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________. A) three lobes; two lobes B) two lobes; two lobes C) two lobes; three lobes D) three lobes; three lobes E) four lobes; three lobes
D
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage. A) epiglottis B) cuneiform C) corniculate D) cricoid E) arytenoid
C
The secondary Bronchi branch to form ___________ or "segmental bronchi". A) terminal bronchioles B) secondary bronchi C) tertiary bronchi D) primary bronchi E) alveolar ducts
B
The superior region of the pharynx is called the A) nasal cavity. B) nasopharynx. C) oropharynx. D) laryngopharynx. E) superior nasal conchae.
C
The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space. A) pleurisy B) pneumonia C) pneumothorax D) pulmonary edema E) emphysema
D
The term hypercapnia refers to A) the cessation of breathing. B) decreased PCÓ2. C) elevated PÓ2. D) an decrease in pH. E) labored breathing
E
The term hypercapnia refers to A) the cessation of breathing. B) elevated PCÓ2. C) elevated PÓ2. D) a decrease in pH. E) both B and D
E
The term hypocapnia refers to A) the cessation of breathing. B) decreased PCÓ2. C) elevated PÓ2. D) an increase in pH. E) both B and D
C
The the alveoli consists of A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) surfactant cells.
D
The thyroid cartilage is attached to the cricoid cartilage by the A) intrinsic ligaments. B) extrinsic ligaments. C) vestibular folds. D) cricothyroid ligament. E) intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
B
The ultimate result of the Bohr effect is ________________. A) decreasing temperature B) lowering pH C) increasing tissue PÓ D) decreasing amounts of DPG E) All of the answers are correct.
C
The vocal folds are located within the A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) larynx. D) trachea. E) bronchi.
D
The volume of alveolar air and capillary blood in the right proportion to each alveolus produces __________. A)pulmonary surfactant B)pulmonary circulation C)optimum breathing D)lung efficiency E)breathing
B
What occurs if intrapulmonic pressure is 763 mm Hg? A) hyperventilation B) exhalation C) pause in breathing D) apnea E) inhalation
C
What percentage of total oxygen (Ó) is carried within red blood cells chemically bound to hemoglobin? A) 5 percent B)68 percent C)98 percent D)100 percent E) 12 percent
B
What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory mucosa? A. Non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells B. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C. Simple columnar epithelium D. Stratified squamous epithelium E. Transitional epithelium
A
When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration? A) during external respiration B) immediately after carbon dioxide enters the blood C) when the chloride shift occurs D) during pulmonary ventilation E) during internal respiration
A
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) the volume of the thorax increases. B) the volume of the thorax decreases. C) the volume of the lungs decreases. D) the lungs shrink. E) expiration occurs.
C
When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of A) exhalation. B) gravity. C) elastic rebound. D) accessory muscle contraction. E) partial pressure difference.
A
When the lungs are in the resting position, the factor that opposes their collapse is __________. A)an intrapleural pressure of −4 mm Hg B)an intrapleural pressure of 760 mm Hg C)an intrapulmonary pressure of 5 mm Hg D)an intrapulmonary pressure of 760 mm Hg R) accessory muscle contraction.
A
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that A) they are equal. B) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. C) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. D) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. E) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric
E
Which among the following is not a protective reflexes when triggered by receptors in epithelium of respiratory tract when lungs are exposed to toxic vapors, chemical irritants and mechanical stimulation A)sneezing B)coughing C)laryngeal spasm D)sneezing and coughing E)blinking
C
Which cell is a alveoloar macrophage (Type III)? a. Kupffer cells b. Histiocyte c. Dust cell d. Langerhans cell e. Microglia
E
Which of the following age-based changes is false? A) The lungs lose elastic tissue. B) The lung's compliance changes. C) Vital capacity increases. D) Respiratory muscles weaken. E) Costal cartilages become more flexible
D
Which of the following are not present prior to birth? A) Pulmonary arterial resistance is high. B) Pulmonary vessels are collapsed. C) Rib cage is compressed. D) Alveoli are expanded. E) Lungs and airways contain only a small amount of fluid.
A
Which of the following changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes his or her first breaths? A) Blood flow to the lungs decreases. B) The resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases. C) Changes in blood flow cause the foramen ovale to close. D) Air enters the alveoli. E) Gas diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
D
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle? A) accessory muscle of expiration B) accessory muscle of inspiration C) primary muscle of inspiration D) contraction increases airway resistance E) affects lung compliance
C
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term external intercostal? A) accessory muscle of expiration B) accessory muscle of inspiration C) primary muscle of inspiration D) primary muscle of expiration E) an accessory muscle for both expiration and inspiration
B
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? A) decreased temperature B) decreased pH C) increased tissue PÓ2 D) decreased amounts of DPG E) All of the answers are correct.
D
Which of the following is FALSE in regards to the baroreceptor reflexes? A)carotid and aortic baroreceptor stimulation affect respiratory centers B)When blood pressure falls, respiration increases C)When blood pressure increases, respiration decreases D) When blood pressure increases, respiration increases E)carotid and aortic baroreceptor stimulation affect blood pressure
A
Which of the following is false about the pharynx? A) It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems. B) The nasopharynx is superior. C) The oropharynx connects to oral cavity. D) The laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening. E) Solids, liquids, and gases pass through.
C
Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa? A) warming the incoming air B) trapping particulate matter C) dehumidifying the incoming air D) cooling outgoing air E) None of the answers is correct; all of these are functions of the nasal mucosa.
E
Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume? A) sternocleidomastoid B) pectoralis minor C) scalenes D) serratus anterior E) All of the answers are correct.
A
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? A) pharynx B) trachea C) larynx D) bronchi E) alveoli
A
___________________ is the constriction of bronchial airways caused by Parasympathetic ANS activation and histamine release (allergic reaction) A) bronchoconstriction. B) bronchodilation C) more airway resistance. D) activation of beta-one receptors. E) blood flow
B
___________________ is the dilation of bronchial airways caused by sympathetic ANS activation. Reduces resistance. A) bronchoconstriction. B) bronchodilation C) more airway resistance. D) activation of beta-one receptors. E) blood flow
B
____________________ causes dilation of bronchial airways. Caused by sympathetic ANS activation and reduces resistance. A) bronchoconstriction. B) bronchodialation C) less airway resistance. D) activation of beta-two receptors. E) relaxation.
A
____________________ constricts bronchi. Caused by parasympathetic ANS activation and histamine release (allergic reactions) A) bronchoconstriction. B) bronchodialation C) less airway resistance. D) activation of beta-two receptors. E) relaxation.
E
____________________ will bind tightly to hemoglobin and will kick Ó2 off. A) nitrogen B) carbon C) carbon dioxide D) helium E) carbon monoxide
A
Fetal hemoglobin A) binds more Ó2 than adult Hb. B) diffuses gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. C) exchanges dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. D) binds oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilizes oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.
E
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the A) PCÓ2 should be high. B) pH should be slightly acidic. C) PÓ2 should be about 70 mm Hg. D) BPG levels in the red blood cells should be high. E) PÓ2 should be as high as possible.
D
Gas exchange between air and circulating blood takes place within the A) terminal bronchioles. B) bronchi. C) trachea. D) alveoli. E) All of the answers are correct.
C
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from A) genetic mutation in cilia production. B) laryngospasms. C) thick secretions that are difficult to transport. D) lack of neural control of respiration. E) reduced mucus secretions in the trachea.
B
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is A) greater than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. B) less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. C) equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. D) equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when pH is low. E) None of the answers is correct.
C
Henry's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
E
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's A) tidal volume. B) inspiratory reserve volume. C) expiratory reserve volume. D) reserve volume. E) vital capacity.
A
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, A) a person would stop breathing. B) pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly. C) the respiratory minute volume would increase. D) tidal volumes would decrease. E) alveolar ventilation would increase.
B
In ______________________ there are these partial pressures PCÓ2 = 40 mm Hg PÓ2 = 100 mm Hg PN2 = 573 mm Hg A) lung B) pulmonary vein plasma C) the heart D) the tissues E) the bowels
A
In a bronchiole, the release of histamine by activated mast cells and basophils __________. A)increases bronchoconstriction and decreases airflow B)stimulates bronchodilation and decreases airflow C)stimulates bronchoconstriction and increases airflow D)stimulates bronchodilation and improves airflow E) makes lungs blow up
D
As an astronaut is lifted into Earth's orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure? A) increased hematocrit B) renal hypoxia C) increased alveolar ventilation rate D) decreased alveolar PÓ2 E) decreased hemoglobin saturation
B
Asthma is A) a collapsed lung resulting from insufficient production of surfactant. B) due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles. Mucous producing. C) an obstructive tumor targeting primarily the terminal bronchioles. D) characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. E) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
E
At a PÓ2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75 E) more than 90
B
B The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately A) 40 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 50 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 100 mm Hg.
D
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is ___________. (Note BP in pulmonary circuit is low - 30mm Hg) A) emphysema. B) COPD. C) anoxia. D) pulmonary embolism. E) pneumothorax.
D
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to A) changes in PCÓ2. B) changes in PÓ2. C) changes in pH. D) changes in blood pressure. E) changes in PCÓ2, PÓ2, and pH.
E
Boyle's law of gases states that A) the pressure and volume of a gas are equal. B) as the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up. C) the total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures. D) the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure. E) if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.
A
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is A) inversely proportional to the volume of its container. B) always higher in the atmosphere than in the lungs. C) directly proportional to temperature. D) inversely proportional to temperature. E) directly proportional to the volume of its container.
B
Breathing that involves ACTIVE (forced) inspiratory and expiratory movements is called A) eupnea. B) hyperpnea. C) diaphragmatic breathing. D) costal breathing. E) shallow breathing.
A
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation? A) rectus abdominis, transversus thoracis , and internal intercostal muscles B) diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles C) rectus abdominis and diaphragm muscles D) diaphragm and external intercostal muscles E) pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles
A
During internal respiration, the exchange of the respiratory gases takes place between which of the following? A)the systemic capillaries and the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells B)the pulmonary capillaries and the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells C)the pulmonary capillaries and the air within the alveoli D)the heart and the lungs E)All of the listed responses are correct.
B
During quiet breathing (eupnea), A) only the internal intercostal muscles contract. B) inspiration involves muscular contractions (diaphragm and external intercostals) and expiration is passive. C) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. D) both inspiration and expiration are passive. E) both inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.
B
During swallowing, the A)extrinsic laryngeal muscles relax. B) glottis closes. C) intrinsic laryngeal muscles relax. D) epiglottis is elevated. E) All of the answers are correct.
B
Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen. A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 50 E) 75
D
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the A) PÓ2 of the alveoli. B) PCÓ2 of the blood. C) thickness of the respiratory membrane. D) PN2 (Nitrogen) of the alveoli. E) solubility of oxygen in plasma.
E
Each segmental bronchus of the tertiary bronchi supplies air to a single _______________. A) terminal bronchioles B) lobar bronchi C) trachealis muscle . D) primary bronchi E) bronchopulmonary segment
B
Each terminal bronchiole branches to form several ____________, where gas exchange takes place A) alveoli. B) respiratory bronchioles. C) alveoli and respiratory bronchioles. D) tissues and interstitial fluid. E) conducting portion of the respiratory system.
D
Ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by an elastic ligament and A) trachea. B) bronchiole. C) laryngopharynx. D) trachealis muscle . E) bronchus.
C
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle. A) scalene B) diaphragm C) internal intercostal D) external intercostal E) serratus anterior
B
External respiration involves the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.
C
In quiet breathing, A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D) inspiration and expiration are both passive. E) inspiration is deep and forceful.
B
In the pulmonary capillaries, the bicarbonate ion is always returned to the __________. A)interstitial fluid B)RBC C)alveoli D)plasma E)oxygen
D
In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration? A) from the blood into the tissue cells B) from the blood into the lungs C) from the lungs into the atmosphere D) from the tissue cells into the blood E) from the lungs into the blood
A
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will A) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. B) decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood. C) increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. D) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli. E) hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases.
D
Internal respiration refers to exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the A) alveoli. B) respiratory bronchioles. C) alveoli and respiratory bronchioles. D) tissues and interstitial fluid. E) conducting portion of the respiratory system.
A
It is important that free H+ resulting from dissociation of H2CǑ2 combine with hemoglobin to reduce the possibility of __________. A)an acidic condition within the blood B)recombining with H2O C)CÓ2 escaping from the RBC D)maintaining a constant pH in the blood E)producing carbonic acid.
B
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PÓ. This increases the effectiveness of A) external respiration. B) internal respiration. C) carbon dioxide transport. D) hemoglobin synthesis. E) acid-base balance.
B
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PÓ2. This increases the effectiveness of A) external respiration. B) internal respiration. C) carbon dioxide transport. D) hemoglobin synthesis. E) acid-base balance.
C
Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called A) asthma. B) emphysema. C) hypoxia. D) ischemia. E) lung cancer.
C
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as A) solute dissolved in the plasma. B) carbaminohemoglobin. C) bicarbonate ions. D) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. E) carbonic acid.
B
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A) dissolved in plasma. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma. D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. E) carried by white blood cells.
A
Moving air to and from exchange surfaces is called A) ventilation. B) conduction. C) external respiration. D) internal respiration. E) compliance.
A
Moving air to and from exchange surfaces is called ________________. Part of external respiration. A) ventilation. B) conduction. C) external respiration. D) internal respiration. E) compliance.
E
Pneumotaxic centers in the pons A) inhibit the apneustic centers. B) promote passive or active exhalation. C) receive input from the hypothalamus and cerebrum. D) modify respiratory rate and depth. E) All of the answers are correct.
D
Pressure in space between parietal and visceral pleura is the A) alveolar pressure B) interpleural pressure C) subalveolar pressure D) intrapleural pressure E) atmospheric pressure
A
Primary bronchi are to ________ as secondary bronchi are to ________. A) extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi B) lobar bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi C) intrapulmonary bronchi; lobar bronchi D) trachea; pharynx E) secondary bronchi; alveolar ducts
A
Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center. A) apneustic B) pneumotaxic C) expiratory D) baroreceptor E) chemoreceptor
A
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E) utilization of oxygen.
A
Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation _________________________ and slows down gas exchange. A) causes fluids to leak into the alveoli. B) causes respiratory bronchioles to swell and dilate. C) causes the lungs to leak air into the thorax. D) reduces movement of the epiglottis. E) reduces the size of the pleural cavity.
C
Roughly ________ terminal bronchioles arise from each tertiary bronchus. A) 1,500 B) 3,000 C) 6,500 D) 10,000 E) 100,000
B
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in A) increased respiratory rate. B) more intense inhalation. C) a shorter respiratory cycle. D) less activity in the DRG center. E) decreased vital capacity.
A
Sympathetic input to the smooth muscle tissue in bronchioles causes all of the following except _____________ (excluding emotional stress - voluntary) A) bronchoconstriction. B) a bigger lumen. C) less airway resistance. D) activation of beta-two receptors. E) relaxation.
D
Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the A) movement of the arytenoid cartilages. B) extrinsic ligaments. C) contraction of laryngeal muscles. D) movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles. E) extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments.
B
Terminal bronchi are lined with A)pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium B)simple cuboidal cells C) stratified squamous epithelium D)stratified cuboidal epithelium E) transitional epithelium
C
The Alveolar Epithelium consists of _________________. A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) surfactant cells
A
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because A) large masses of food can move through the esophagus. B) large masses of air can pass through the trachea and thus the bronchi. C) it facilitates turning of the head. D) the bronchi are also C-shaped. E) it permits the trachea to pinch shut prior to sneezing.
D
The Hering-Breuer reflex A) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. B) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PÓ2 changes. C) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCÓ2 changes. D) protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation. E) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.
A
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is A) respiratory distress syndrome. B) COPD. C) anoxia. D) pulmonary embolism. E) pneumothorax.
C
The conducting portion of the respiratory system includes all of the following except A)delivers air to respiratory tissue B) include nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles C) the alveoli D) includes terminal bronchioles E) these parts of the system: warm, moisten, and filter the air before it reaches the respiratory tissue
C
The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called A) asthma. B) bronchitis. C) emphysema. D) tuberculosis. E) pneumonia.
B
The Primary Bronchus branches to form secondary bronchi called the _____________. A) terminal bronchioles B) lobar bronchi C) tertiary bronchi D) primary bronchi E) alveolar ducts
B
The Three Layers of the Respiratory Membrane include all except A) Squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) Endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary D) Fused basement membranes between the alveolar cells E) Fused basement membranes between the endothelial cells
A
The _______ attaches to the diaphram. A) base. B) apex. C) cardiac notch. D) hilus. E) epipleurium.
D
The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina. A) terminal bronchioles B) secondary bronchi C) tertiary bronchi D) primary bronchi E) alveolar ducts
A
The ________ extends from the sixth cervical vertebra to the fifth thoracic vertebra. A) trachea B) primary bronchi C) secondary bronchi D) tertiary bronchi E) lungs
D
The ________ fissure is the additional fissure in the right lung. A) lateral B) longitudinal C) medial D) horizontal E) oblique
E
The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung. A) lateral B) longitudinal C) medial D) left horizontal E) oblique
C
The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. A) nasopharynx B) trachea C) oropharynx D) larynx E) nasal cavity
A
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems. A) pharynx B) esophagus C) trachea D) windpipe E) right mainstem bronchus
A
The ________ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability, how easily the lungs expand and contract. A) compliance B) ventilation C) volume D) intrapulmonary pressure E) cellular respiration
A
The __________ is where pulmonary nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics enter lung It is anchored in meshwork of connective tissue A) hilum. B) carina. C) primary bronchus. D) cardiac notch. E) apex.
C
The __________ of the lung has a complex of connective tissues, nerves, and vessels in hilum. It is anchored to the mediastinum A) hilum. B) carina. C) root. D) cardiac notch. E) apex.
C
The _____________ is the result of pH on hemoglobin-saturation curve caused by CÓ2 diffusing into RBC. An enzyme, called carbonic anhydrase, catalyzes reaction with H2O producing carbonic acid (H2CǑ3) Dissociates into hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate ion (HCǑ-) Hydrogen ions diffuse out of RBC, lowering pH. A) changes in PCÓ2. B) changes in PÓ2. C) Bohr effect D) changes in blood pressure. E) changes in PCÓ2, PÓ2, and pH.
D
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the A) bronchioles. B) terminal bronchioles. C) spaces between the parietal and visceral pleura. D) respiratory membranes of the alveoli. E) interlobular septa.
C
The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages. A) 1.0 cm; 15-20 B) 1.0 cm; 10-15 C) 2.5 cm; 15-20 D) 2.5 cm; 40-50 E) 4.5 cm; 60-80
A
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the A) trachea. B) bronchiole. C) laryngopharynx. D) alveolar duct. E) bronchus.
B
The apneustic centers of the pons A) inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers. B) provide stimulation to the inspiratory center. C) monitor blood gas levels. D) alter chemoreceptor sensitivity. E) generate the gasp reflex.
A
The auditory tubes open into the A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) laryngopharynx. D) larynx. E) nasal cavity.
B
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a(n) A) debris filter. B) mucus escalator. C) respiratory rhythmicity center. D) sticky surface. E) increased surface area for gas exchange.
B
The chloride shift occurs in order to A) force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues. B) transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma. C) produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells. D) produce carbonic acid. E) pump hydrochloric acid out of gastric cells.
D
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the A) larynx. B) glottis. C) vestibule. D) pharynx. E) trachea.
D
The conchae A) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side. B) provide an opening into the pharynx. C) provide a increase in surface area for the sense of smell. D) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus. E) provide an opening to paranasal sinuses.
B
The correct sequential transport of Ó2 from the tissue capillaries to Ó2 consumption in cells is __________. A)erythrocytes, interstitial fluid, plasma, cells B)erythrocytes, plasma, interstitial fluid, cells C)plasma, erythrocytes, alveoli, cells D)lung, alveoli, plasma, erythrocytes, cells E)cell, plasma, erythrocytes, alveoli
E
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the A) thyroid cartilage. B) cricoid cartilage. C) corniculate cartilage. D) cuneiform cartilage. E) epiglottis.
C
The entire array of protective mechanisms in the respiratory system is called the A) respiratory immunity. B) macrophage complex. C) respiratory defense system. D) acquired respiratory defense. E) mucus escalator.
C
The flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the larynx is called the A) uvula. B) soft palate. C) epiglottis. D) thyroid cartilage. E) cricoid cartilage.
A
The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them? 1. secondary bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole A) 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6 B) 4, 1, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6 C) 1, 4, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6 D) 1, 4, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6 E) 2, 4, 1, 7, 5, 3, 6
C
The function of pulmonary ventilation is to A) remove carbon dioxide from the blood. B) supply oxygen to the blood. C) maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. D) remove air from dead air space. E) prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.
C
The function of pulmonary ventilation is to ______________ and is based on pressure (atmospheric and internal). A) remove carbon dioxide from the blood. B) supply oxygen to the blood. C) maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. D) remove air from dead air space. E) prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.
C
The glottis is A) the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. B) a flap of elastic cartilage. C) the opening to the larynx. D) the opening to the pharynx. E) part of the hard palate.
D
The inferior region of the pharynx is called the A) nasal cavity. B) nasopharynx. C) oropharynx. D) laryngopharynx. E) superior nasal conchae.
A
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. A) thyroid B) cricoid C) cuneiform D) arytenoid E) epiglottic
D
The laryngeal cartilage which is not composed of hyaline cartilage is the A) arytenoid. B) corniculate. C) cricoid. D) epiglottis. E) thyroid.
C
The larynx contains ________ cartilages. A) 14 B) 6 C) 9 D) 2 E) 5
B
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the A) upper respiratory tract. B) lower respiratory tract. C) internal respiratory tract. D) alveoli of the respiratory tract. E) respiratory mucosa.
B
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is A) oxygen. B) carbon dioxide. C) bicarbonate ion. D) sodium ion. E) hemoglobin.
B
The most superior portion of the lung is called the A) base. B) apex. C) cardiac notch. D) hilus. E) epipleurium.
B
The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as the chloride A) trade. B) shift. C) exchange. D) swap. E) transport.
A
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the A) hard palate. B) soft palate. C) cribriform plate. D) internal nares. E) pharyngeal septum.
D
The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through a connection known as the A) oropharynx. B) nasal meatus. C) nasal vestibule. D) internal nares. E) auditory canal.
A
The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway. A) conducting B) exchange C) respiratory D) sinus E) primary
B
The nasopharynx transitions into the oropharynx at the level of the A) hard palate. B) soft palate. C) cribriform plate. D) internal nares. E) pharyngeal septum.
C
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s). A) apneustic B) pneumotaxic C) DRG and VRG D) expiratory E) ventral respiratory
D
The normal respiratory rate (breaths per minute) of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats. A) 6 - 10 B) 8 - 14 C) 10 - 15 D) 12 - 18 E) 18 - 22
A
The number of lobes in the right lung is A) greater than the number of lobes in the left lung. B) less than the number of lobes in the left lung. C) equal to the number of lobes in the left lung. D) two lobes E) four lobes
B
Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song, she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is A) low pitched and loud. B) high pitched and loud. C) low pitched and soft. D) high pitched and soft. E) medium pitched and soft.
T
True or false Pneumothorax allows air into pleural cavity and atelectasis (also called a collapsed lung) is a result of pneumothorax
B
Type II pneumocytes are also called ___________________. a alveolar macrophages b alveolar septal cells c alveolar NK cells d. alveolar plasma cells e. surfactant cells
C
Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content. A) 25 percent B) 50 percent C) 75 percent D) 90 percent E) 100 percent
A
Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing, or A) hyperpnea. B) eupnea. C) dyspnea. D) hypoxia. E) apnea
C
Ventilation performed by contraction of the external intercostals muscle is known as ________ breathing. A) forced B) deep C) costal D) labored E) passive
A
What is one atmosphere of pressure? A) 760 mm Hg B) 1000 mm Hg C) 105 mm Hg D) 45 mm Hg E) 650 mm Hg
C
What is the most effective means of increasing alveolar ventilation? A)Increase total pulmonary circulation. B)Increase rapid shallow breathing. C)Breathe slowly and deeply. D)Breathe normally. E)Hold your breath
E
Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? A) It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs. B) It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransporter. C) It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. D) It is driven by a rise in PCÓ. E) It causes RBCs to swell.
D
Which of the following statements about the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups is true? A)The nuclei of the dorsal and ventral respiratory group function via reciprocal inhibition. B)The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups set the pace and rhythm of breathing. C)Both the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups reside in the cerebral cortex. D)The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups set the pace and rhythm of breathing, AND the nuclei of the dorsal and ventral respiratory group function via reciprocal inhibition. E)The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups are controlled by the cerebrum.
E
Which of the following statements about the functions of the respiratory system is true? a The respiratory structures warm, filter, and humidify the air we breathe. b The respiratory system works in conjunction with other systems in the body to produce articulated speech. c The nasal mucosa lining the upper nasal cavity is lined with olfactory receptors enabling the sense of smell. d All of the listed statements are true. e None of the answers are correct
E
Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? A) It is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) Tracheal cartilages prevent tracheal collapse. C) It contains many mucous glands. D) It alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system. E) It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages.
B
Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch? A) right lung B) left lung C) right primary bronchus D) left primary bronchus E) diaphragm
D
Which statement is false? A)The Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) triggers the inspiratory center B)The Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) functions in quiet (Eupnea) and forced breathing (Hyperpenia) C)Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) tirggers both the inspiratory and expiratory center D)Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) triggers inpiratory center only E)Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) functions only in forced breathing (hyperpenia)
C
With an increase in skeletal muscle activity and an increase in body temperature, you would expect to see __________. A)an increase in the percentage of oxyhemoglobin saturation B)a decrease in the production of carbon dioxide by cells C)a decrease in the percentage of oxyhemoglobin saturation D)a decrease in oxygen delivery to active skeletal muscle E) a decrease in carbon monoxide in the cells.
C
With regard to local regulation of gas transport, if the Pcó2 in the bronchioles increases, the bronchioles __________. A)constrict B)remain the same C)dilate D)become inflamed E)blow up
D
________ = respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space) A) Vital capacity B) Respiratory minute volume C) Pulmonary ventilation rate D) Alveolar ventilation rate E) External respiration rate
B
________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles, too. A) Quiet (Eupnea) B) Forced breathing (Hyperpenia) C) Costal breathing D) Vital breathing E) Passive breathing
D
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle. A) Residual volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity
B
________ is the amount of air that you can exhale below the resting tidal volume. A) Residual volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity
C
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. A) Residual inhaled volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Enhanced tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity
A
________ is the expiratory reserve volume + residual volume . A) Functional residual capacity B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Enhanced tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity
E
________ is the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume A) Residual volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity
C
_________ is a complete lack of oxygen. A) respiratory distress syndrome. B) COPD. C) anoxia. D) pulmonary embolism. E) pneumothorax.
C
_________ levels control bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation. A) pH. B) PÓ2. C) PCÓ2. D) PÓ2 and PCÓ2. E) pH, PÓ2, and PCÓ2.
B
____________ is inflammation of bronchial walls which causes constriction and breathing difficulty A) asthma. B) bronchitis. C) emphysema. D) tuberculosis. E) pneumonia.
E
________________ aids in breathing by decreasing surface tension providing the alveoli from collapsing. Isn't produced until the last few weeks in infants. A) nasopharynx B) trachea C) oropharynx D) larynx E) surfactant
A
________________ have no cartilage and are dominated by smooth muscle A) bronchioles. B) bronchi. C) trachea. D) alveoli. E) All of the answers are correct.
B
________________ is very rapid because distance is short and Ó2 and CÓ2 are lipid soluble and can go through surfactant. A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) diffusion across respiratory membrane. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism
D
_________________ extend between thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages and are covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium that project into glottis. These protect the vocal cords. A) intrinsic ligaments. B) extrinsic ligaments. C) ventricular folds. D) vestibular ligaments. E) intrinsic laryngeal muscles.