Respiratory Physiology 04
A
Breathing is decreased a. in hypothyroidism b. by increasing estrogen in the blood c. administration of epinephrine d. increasing CO2 levels in blood to a PCO2 of 40 mm Hg e. administration of caffeine
C
Breathing is increased by: a. increasing oxygen levels in the blood b. depressing thyroid hormone levels in the blood c. increasing blood levels of progesterone d. decreasing CO2 levels in blood e. blocking inputs from the carotid bodies
B
Hysteresis a. occurs in an fluid filled lung b. means that the pressure-volume relationship of the lung is not equal during inspiration and expiration c. is not influenced by the surfactant content of the lung d. is found only in lungs of fetus in utero
C
Hysteresis: a. occurs in a fluid-filled lung b. means that the pressure volume relationship of the lung is equal during inspiration and expiration c. is influenced by the surfactant content of the lung d. is found only in adults
B
If carbon dioxide levels decrease in blood, hemoglobin will ____ O2. a. release b. hold onto c. produce
A
If carbon dioxide levels increase in blood, hemoglobin will _________ O2. a. release b. hold onto c. produce
?
Name 2 conditions that are classified as restrictive pulmonary disorders.
?
Name 4 factors or conditions that could cause pulmonary hypertension.
?
Name 4 safety factors in the lungs that help prevent the development of pulmonary edema.
A
Oxygen stores within the body are generally 8 L. a. true b. false
95 mm Hg
Partial pressure of arterial blood (O2)
116 mm Hg
Partial pressure of expired air (O2)
0.3 mm Hg
Partial pressure of inspired CO2
40 mm Hg
Partial pressure of venous blood (O2)
40 mm Hg
Partial pressure within alveoli (CO2)
100 mm Hg
Partial pressure within alveoli (O2)
B
The process of movement air into and out of the lungs occurs by a. active transport b. ventilation c. metabolism d. diffusion
B
The process of movement of air into and out of the lungs is a. transport b. ventilation c. metabolism d. diffusion
A
The pulmonary circulation: a. normally has a hydrostatic pressure of 5 mm Hg or less. b. has arterial blood that is oxygenated c. brings nutrition to the large airways d. has veins that are more complaint than those of the systemic circulation
C
The respiratory system... a. produces white blood cells b. is not involved in phonation c. affects venous return d. during quiet breathing contributes to sensible water loss e. when expanded out completely has a surface area the size of a football field
E
Ventilation in a normal person is stimulated when the person is exposed to. a. 25% O2 b. 100% oxygen c. 21% oxygen d. 100 % CO2 e. 5 % CO2
Left heart failure and starvation?
What are 2 causes of pulmonary hypertension?
C
You might expect to see respiratory acidois in a person a. with metabolic alkalosis b. at high altitude c. in respiratory failure d. that has vomited for one day
C
A *decrease* in radius of an airway to a portion of the lung: a. decreases the work of breathing b. causes in increase of blood flow to the alveoli connected to the airway c. decreases the amount of volume of air entering that part of the lung d. has no effect on gas exchange
C
A markedly obese male a. has a vital capacity is equivalent to that of an individual with normal weight b. is at high risk for developing obstructive sleep apnea c. shows flow restriction on a flow volume test d. breathes at a lower rate than a male with normal weight e. has a lower blood volume than a person with normal weight
E
A patient with obstructive sleep apnea a. Exhibit increased sleepiness during the day b. Show periods of desaturation during sleep c. Can develop hypertension d. Has numerous arousals during sleep e. All of the above occur
B
A woman who is 9 months pregnant a. has a vital capacity greater than that of a non-pregnant woman b. has a higher ventilation due to high levels of progesterone c. shows higher absolute flow rates at all lung volumes d. breaths at a lower rate than a non-pregnant woman
C
An decrease in radius of an airway leading to a portion of the lung a. decreases the work of breathing b. causes an increase of blood flow to the alveoli connected to the airway c. decreases the amount of volume of air entering that part of the lung d. improves gas exchange
B
An elderly person's the chest wall compliance is _________ relative to that of a newborn. a. higher b. lower c. equal
C
An increase in airway resistance a. decreases the work of breathing b. improves distribution of ventilation c. is seen during turbulent flow in the airways d. is calculated by dividing Δ volume by Δ transmural pressure e. occurs when you inhale helium
E
Asthma a. is always caused by smog b. occurs only in children c. is characterized by a small residual volume d. shows no reversibility of function with a bronchodilator e. during an asthma attack patients have a FEV1/FVC ratio that is less than 0.7
A
Bicarbonate is primarily produced by: a. the kidneys b. the liver c. the lungs d. the spleen
A
Chronic bronchitis: a. may be caused by environmental pollution b. is only found in men c. is characterized by low levels of mucous production d. shows no reversibility of function with a bronchodilator e. FEVI/FVC ration that is greater than 0.8
A
Deadspace ventilation: a. is increased when there is a vascular shunt that bypasses the lungs b. decreases during rapid, shallow breathing c. is unaffected by breathing pattern d. is not apparent when a person with lung disease inmates high levels of oxygen
A
Diffusion of oxygen across the lung is decreased if a. the gradient of oxygen between the lung and the blood is low b. the surface area available for diffusion is increased c. the distance for diffusion short d. the amount of hemoglobin in the pulmonary circulation is increased
D
Diffusion of oxygen across the lung is increased if a. the gradient of oxygen between the lung and the blood is low b. the surface area available for diffusion is decreased c. the distance for diffusion is long d. the amount of hemoglobin in the pulmonary circulation is increased
A
During *hypoventilation*: a. carbon dioxide levels in blood increases b. oxygen levels in blood increase c. the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) decreases d. the oxygen saturation curve shifts to the left
E
During hypoventilation all the following will happen EXCEPT: a. carbon dioxide levels in blood increase b. oxygen levels in blood decrease c. the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) increases d. the oxygen saturation curve shifts to the right e. respiratory alkalosis would result
D
During normal breathing which structure is exposed to atmospheric pressure? a. alveoli b. bronchiole c. pulmonary capillaires d. pharynx
A
Elevated blood bicarbonate levels... a. occur during compensated respiratory acidosis b. are sensed in the carotid sinus c. stimulate ventilation d. occur in metabolic acidosis
D
Factors that contribute to the CO2 stores within the body include all the following EXCEPT. a. lung volume b. red blood cell content c. dissolved CO2 d. myoglobin
A
If the amount of carbon dioxide in blood is decreased a. blood will carry more oxygen. b. the oxygen saturation curve will move to the right c. more CO2 will be dissolved in blood d. blood would become acidic
E
If the barometric pressure is 760 mm Hg and the fractional content of oxygen is 0.30, then the partial pressure of dry oxygen (in mm Hg) is: a. 700 b. 680 c. 150 d. 350 e. 280
C
If the barometric pressure is 760 mm Hg and the fractional content of oxygen is 0.50, then the partial pressure of the dry gas (in mmHg) is: a. 700 b. 760 c. 380 d. 350 e. 500
B
If the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood is increased a. blood will carry more oxygen b. the oxygen saturation curve will move to the right c. less carbon dioxide will be dissolved in blood d. blood would be alkalotic
A
In a normal person structures that contribute to the anatomical dead space include of all the following structures EXCEPT: a. alveoli b. pharynx c. larynx d. bronchi e. nasal passages
B
In a normal person ventilation increases to a greater extent in response to a PaO2 of 90 mm Hg than to a pH of 7.1. a. true b. false
C
In an normal person, pulmonary vascular resistance is a. highest at functional residual capacity (FRC). b. lowest at residual volume c. higher at total lung capacity than at FRC
D
Increased physiological deadspace occurs when: a. ventilation and perfusion of the lung are matched b. breathing is slow and deep c. a person is in right heart failure d. fluid accumulates in the alveoli
C
Lung compliance is higher than normal when: a. surfactant levels are low as in infant distress syndrome b. elastic tissue within the lung is increased (fibrosis) c. elastic tissue is destroyed (emphysema) d. fluid builds up within the lung (congestive heart failure)
C
Lung compliance is lower than normal in all the following EXCEPT a. surfactant levels are decreased b elastic tissue within the lung is increased b. elastic tissue is destroyed (emphysema) c. a patient develops congestive heart failure
D
Lung volumes can be measured using all the following methods EXCEPT: a. Helium washout b. Plethysmography c. chest X-ray d. blood gases
C, A, E, B, D
Match: 1. mucociliary system 2. Type II cell 3. Mast cell 4. Smooth muscle 5. Pulmonary endothelial cell a. reabsorption of fluid b. bronchodilation c. defense d. removal of serotonin e. histamine production
C
Most oxygen is transported in the blood as: a. dissolved b. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) c. bound to hemoglobin
A
Most oxygen that is transported in the blood is a. bound to hemoglobin b. as carbonate ions c. dissolved d. bound to plasma proteins
C
Pulmonary edema may occur as a result of: a. increased osmotic pressures in pulmonary circulation b. normal lymphatics in the lungs c. increased pulmonary capillary pressures d. normal water channel function e. decreased sympathetic stimulation to the lung
B
Pulmonary vascular resistance is highest at functional residual capacity (FRC). a. true b. false
B
Relative to a normal person, in a patient with a restrictive lung disease: a. vital capacity is increased b. respiratory system compliance is decreased c. blood gases are normal even during exercise d. breathing pattern is slow and deep
C
Relative to a normal person, in a patient with pneumonia a. Vital capacity is increased b. Respiratory system compliance is normal c. The A-a O2 gradient is larger d. Breathing pattern is similar
B
Relative to that in an adult, in infant chest wall compliance is low. a. true b. false
A
Residual capacity can be measured using all the following methods EXCEPT: a. Spirometry b. Plethysmography c. Chest X-ray d. Helium washout
C
Stimulation of muscarinic receptors in airway smooth muscle will: a. increase airway permeability b. decrease airway tone c. decrease airway diameter d. decrease mucous production
A
Surfactant a. decreases surface tension in the lung b. impedes water reabsorption c. is produced by endothelial cells d. is increased in patients with infant respiratory distress syndrome e. is composed of low density lipids
D
Surfactant: a. increases surface tension in the lung b. increases the work of breathing c. is produced by Type I cells d. may not be produced in adequate amounts in premature infants e. is composed of high density lipids
A
The airways of the lung are innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system that when stimulated causes bronchoconstriction in humans. a. true b. false
C
The amount of air that is left in your lungs after you force all the air you can out is called: a. expiratory reserve volume b. tidal volume c. residual volume d. total lung capacity
B
The bronchial circulation: a. contains low hydrostatic pressures b. forms part of the anatomical shunt c. brings nutrition to the alveoli d. is normally involved in gas exchange in the alveoli
C
The diameter of particles that could be deposited in the small airways is a. 500 microns b. 10 microns c. 1 micron d. 0.01 micron
E
The lung volume or capacity that is found in the lungs during normal breathing is a. expiratory reserve volume b. tidal volume c. residual volume d. total lung capacity e. functional residual capacity
D
The pleural space a. normally contains a large amount of blood b. is located in the nose c. helps couple the lung to cartilage d. has pressures below atmospheric pressure during quiet breathing
E
The pleural space a. normally contains air b. is located in the around the heart c. is enlarged during exercise d. has pressures above atmospheric pressure during quiet breathing e. has pressures above atmospheric pressure during forced expiration
A
To determine the transmural pressure across the lung: a. subtract pleural pressure form alveolar pressure b. add pleural pressure to reference pressure c. subtract reference pressure from pleural pressure d. subtract alveolar from pleural pressure
A
To determine the transmural pressure across the lung: a. subtract pleural pressure from alveolar pressure b. add pleural pressure to reference pressure c. subtract reference pressure from pleural pressure d. subtract alveolar from pleural pressure e. subtract reference pressure from alveolar pressure
B
When blood hydrogen levels are higher than normal all the following would be true EXCEPT: a. This may occur during compensated respiratory acidosis. b. They are sensed by the carotid sinus c. They stimulate ventilation. d. They occur in metabolic acidosis.
C
You have a patient who is breathing at 30 breaths per minute and determine that his tidal volume is 0.3 L per breath. His minute ventilation in L/min is: a. 33 b. 15.5 c. 9 d. 7.5 e. 10
A
You have a patient who is breathing at 20 breaths per minute and determine that his tidal volume is 0.8 L per breath. his minute ventilation in L/min is: a. 16 b. 20 c. 1.6 d. 80 e. 4
40 mm Hg
partial pressure of arterial blood (CO2)
32 mm Hg
partial pressure of expired air (CO2)
160 mm Hg (158)
partial pressure of inspired air (O2)
46 mm Hg
partial pressure of venous blood (CO2)
gas exchange
unique function of Type I cell
fluid balance in the large airways
unique function of bronchial circulation
defense
unique function of mucocillary escalator
bronchodilation
unique function of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic NS
angiotensin converting enzyme
unique function of pulmonary endothelial cell
