Respiratory Questions

A patient has a low oxygen level, which body structure should the nurse consider as being responsible for this low level?

alveoli

Chemoreceptors are located in the?

aortic and carotid

A patient is prescribed narcotics after surgery. What should a nurse look out for?

depressed respiration and cough reflex (medication depresses respiration and the cough reflex)

A patient has a sinus infection and is experiencing pain behind their eyes. What sinus is this associated with?

ethmoid sinus

What is the name of the structure that releases pressure from the middle ear?

eustachian tubes

A partial rebreather mask is meant to administer how many liters of oxygen? A. 6-10 L/min B. less than 5L/min C. 15 L/min D. 100% flow rate

A. 6-10 L/min is the best option (partial rebreather masks are meant to administer 5-10 L/min)

A summer camp worker reports to the camp nurse with complaints of shortness of breath and audible wheezing. Which inhaled medication should the nurse provide? A. Albuterol B. Benadryl C. Fluticasone D. Singulair

A. Albuterol

A patient just had a septoplasty for their deviated septum. Which observation should most concern the nurse?

excessive swallowing. (excessive swallowing indicates bleeding from the inside that is draining and the patient is just continuing to swallow it).

Sinus infection signs and symptoms of the face can include

facial tenderness

During external respiration, CO2 diffuses from the?

from the blood to the alveoli (External respiration is between the environment and the lungs)

The most common type of pneumonia amongst HIV patients is?

fungal pneumonia

A patient is awaiting results of a growth culture. He is experiencing pain in the back of the throat. What can you have them do to relieve the pain?

gargle salt water (other options included cold water and medications, but they are incorrect)

What is the name of the cells that produce mucus?

goblet cells

Where does gas exchange occur?

the alveoli

What is the main muscles that controls breathing?

the diaphragm

Ciliated epithelium of the nasal mucosa sweeps microbes back towards the ? A. trachea B. pharynx C. larynx D. bronchioles

the pharynx

The nerve that helps the diaphragm contract is?

the phrenic nerve

C shape is found in which respiratory structure?

trachea and bronchi

The left lung has how many lobes?

two lobes

The movement of air to and from the alveoli (inhalation and exhalation) is called?

ventilation

The other name for larynx is?

voice box

Your patient has asthma. Which adventitious sound is anticipated?

wheezing

A nurse is to provide teaching for a patient who just had nasal surgery, which states indicates the patient needs further teaching?

"I will deep breath and cough every 1-2 hrs." (A patient who just had a nose job should not be coughing. Sneezing and coughing can cause further trauma.)

You're educating a patient how to use a peak flow meter to help monitor the status of their asthma. Which statement by the patient demonstrates they understand how to use the device?

"I will use this device at the same time, either in the morning or before bedtime, and compare the readings with my personal best reading." (Peak flow meters should be used everyday by asthma patients. The results are compared daily and it can help prevent an asthma attack by detecting decreased exhalation).

A patient is going to have a bronchoscopy, how should the nurse describe the procedure?

"They're going to be placing a small tube through the nose, down the throat, to examine the bronchi and airways with a small camera"

What are 3 properties of the nasal mucosa?

1) warms the air 2) moistens or humidifies the air 3) enlarged surface area (the conchae allows more air passing through the nasal cavity to be warmed and humidified that causes the head to be lighter

You are teaching a patient to avoid contracting influenza and secondary infection. What is included in your instructions?

1. Good hand washing 2. Avoid large crowds 3. Get vaccinated

Your patient with lung cancer has developed pleural effusion. When assessing the patient's breath sounds, what is the nurse likely to hear? A. Decreased sounds over the involved area B. Wheezing in the upper lobes C. A friction rub posterior to the affected area D. Crackles over the affected area

A. Decreased sounds over the involved area (fluid is between the parietal and visceral membrane and it causes lung sounds to sound diminished. After performing a thoracentesis and draining the fluid, a nurse should be able to hear lung sounds because the fluid is no longer causing a barrier to auscultating the lungs)

A nurse hears the alarm of a mechanical ventilator from the hallway, what is the first step she should do? A. Turn off the alarm B. Check the tubing C. Check the patient D. call the doctor

C. Check the patient (ventilator alarms go off when it detects pressure that is too high or too low.)

Name the 6 effects of aging in the respiratory system?

1. Weakened/atrophied respiratory muscles 2. reduced elastic recoil of lung tissue 3. Deteriorating cilia 4. decreased cough reflex 5. reduced effectiveness of alveolar macrophages 6. reduction in the number of alveoli

You would expect to find a "normally" elevated PCO2 when your patient: A. Has metabolic acidosis B. Has a spontaneous pneumothorax C. Has a history of COPD D. Develops a pulmonary embolus

C. Has a history of COPD

A patient is being discharged after nasal surgery. Which should be included in the discharge teaching. (options: 1. take aspirin for pain. 2. drink fluids 3. provide warm compresses 4. blow your nose often)

2. Drink fluids (the answer was not to take aspirin because that increases bleeding. warm compresses provide dilation and you want constriction to reduce bleeding. Blowing your nose provides trauma to the site).

The right lung has how many lobes?

3 lobes

What diagnostic test measures EXHALED CO2 levels? (ABGs= blood level of CO2)

Capnography test (Elevated CO2= hypercapnia. Low CO2= hypocapnia)

The nurse is providing discharge teaching for a patient with newly diagnosed asthma. Which of the following should be included in the discharge teaching? A. "Symptoms are caused by inflammation in the lining of your airways." B. "Fluid fills the tiny sacs in the lungs and makes breathing difficult." C. "You may notice large amounts of pus-like sputum that has a foul odor." D. "The chest wall becomes stiff and air movement is restricted in individuals with asthma."

A. "Symptoms are caused by inflammation in the lining of your airways."

The nurse is providing routine follow-up care for a young adult with asthma who has been on a 3-month course of maintenance therapy. Which of the following activities would best help the nurse to determine if the patient's treatment plan was effective? A. Examine daily tracking records of the peak expiratory flow rate. B. Evaluate the patient's use of an incentive spirometer. C. Determine the patient's pulse oximeter reading. D. Obtain an arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis.

A. Examine daily tracking records of the peak expiratory flow rate.

A patient is diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism. Which medication should the nurse anticipate administering to this patient? A. Heparin B. Expectorant C. Theophylline D. Aspirin

A. Heparin

Which laboratory results are consistent with COPD? (Select all that apply) A. Hypercapnia B. Hypoxemia C. Leukocytosis D. Polycythemia

A. Hypercapnia (means elevated CO2) B. Hypoxemia (means low oxygen) D. Polycythemia (increased production of hemoglobin occurs because the body is trying to compensate for decreased oxygen by making more RBCs)

Your patient has an order to wear a "simple mask." What's your job as a nurse? (Select all that apply.) A. Make sure the patient's mask is fitted properly B. Make sure the liter is greater than 4LPM C. Monitor the patient's oxygen saturation. D. Inflate the bag 1/3-1/2 with air before administering.

A. Make sure the patient's mask is fitted properly (if not fitted properly, the mask will not administer the correct amount of oxygen to the patient) B. Make sure the liter is greater than 4LPM (simple masks are meant for a minimum of 5 L/min) C. Monitor the patient's oxygen saturation. [Simple masks DONOT have a bag. Only "partial rebreather" and "non-rebreather" masks have a bag that needs to be inflated.]

The nurse is assisting in the planning of care for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. What should be the goals of care for this patient? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. A. Smoking cessation B. Improve activity tolerance C. Talk about treatments to heal the disease process D. Prevent and treat exacerbations

A. Smoking cessation B. Improve activity tolerance D. Prevent and treat exacerbations (COPD is a lifelong disease and cannot be healed. Only exacerbations can be prevented.)

A nurse is caring for a patient recovering from laryngectomy. Which of the following assessments takes priority? A. airway patency B. Nutritional status C. Lung sounds D. Patient acceptance of surgery

A. airway patency (make sure the patient is able to breath)

When assisting the client with emphysema into a hospital gown, the nurse is most likely to find that his chest appears: A. Barrel-shaped B. Coca-Cola shaped C. Funnel-shaped D. Muscular

A. barrel shaped

A patient with pneumonia is having difficulty raising secretions for a sputum culture, which action should the nurse take first? A. encourage them to deep breath and cough B. have them drink something cold C. collect the sputum culture after breakfast D. try later in the day

A. encourage them to deep breath and cough

Which term describes the air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration? A. expiratory reserve volume B. residual volume C. tidal volume D. vital capacity

A. expiratory reserve volume

A patient just returned to the floor after a tonsillectomy. As an admitted nurse, what should be included in your plan of care? (select all that apply) A. monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding B. pursed lip breathing C. airway patency D. provide comfort

A. monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding C. airway patency D. provide comfort (pain)

What are the purposes of administering oxygen therapy? (select all that apply) A. to increase the oxygen at a greater concentration than room air B. treat hypoxia C. improve hyperventilation D. decrease work of breathing

A. to increase the oxygen at a greater concentration than room air B. treat hypoxia D. decrease work of breathing

The membrane that lines the lungs is the? A. visceral membrane B. peritoneal membrane C. parietal membrane D. pericardial membrane

A. visceral membrane

Who is at risk for developing pneumonia? (Select all that apply) A stroke patient? A child who has dysphagia? HIV patient? Post-op patient with localized anesthesia?

All of them except the post op patient with localized anesthesia because it is not generalized anesthesia. Post op patients who underwent generalized anesthesia are at risk for atelectasis. Localized anesthesia is just an injection to localized tissues.

What is the best explanation to a patient by a nurse for why a health care provider does not prescribe antibiotics for influenza? A. "Most cases of influenza are caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria." B. "Influenza is caused by viruses." C. "Antibiotics have too many side effects." D. "Antibiotics can interact with other medications used for influenza."

B. Influenza is caused by viruses

Which vital sign is the most important to check before giving a respiratory treatment?

Assess the apical pulse

Nurse Ana is caring for a client hospitalized with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Which of the following would the nurse expect to note on assessment of this client? A. Hypocapnia B. A hyperinflated chest noted on the chest x-ray C. Increased oxygen saturation with exercises D. A widened diaphragm noted on the chest x-ray

B. A hyperinflated chest noted on the chest x-ray

A young adult is admitted with manifestations associated with cystic fibrosis. What should the nurse expect to find when collecting data from this patient? (Select all that apply.) A. Polydipsia B. Clubbing fingers C. Thick tenacious sputum production d. Elevated potassium level in the sweat

B. Clubbing fingers (indicates hypoxemia) C. Thick tenacious sputum production

An older adult patient who reports difficulty breathing and a productive cough and has a low-grade fever is admitted to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment. Which new-onset symptom should take priority? A. Fatigue B. Confusion C. Blood-tinged sputum D. Crackles on lung auscultation

B. Confusion (new onset of confusion can indicate hypoxia)

The best nursing action to help prevent atelectasis is to encourage A. Extra fluids during waking hours B. Frequent ambulation C. Eating well-balanced diet D. Coughing and deep breathing once a shift

B. Frequent ambulation

A nurse is caring for a client who recently traveled to South America on a mission trip. He traveled through to the countryside on a small, crowded bus for several days. As he coughs, the nurse notices what appears to be blood on the tissue. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Give the client a breathing treatment and a mask B. Isolate client and consult the primary care provider C. Continue with the clients physical assessment D. Initiate universal respiratory precautions

B. Isolate client and consult the primary care provider

Dr. Jones prescribes albuterol sulfate (Proventil) for a patient with newly diagnosed asthma. When teaching the patient about this drug, the nurse should explain that it may cause: A. Nasal congestion B. Nervousness C. Lethargy D. Hyperkalemia

B. Nervousness

A nurse is examining the chest drainage system of a hemothorax, she notes the water level of a the water seal chamber is fluctuating with each expiration, what should the nurse do? A. Check the tubing. It may be disconnected B. Nothing. C. Empty the drainage system D. Check the machine. It may be off.

B. Nothing. (When the patient exhales, trapped air escapes the pleural and travels into the chest tube water seal. Bubbling is expected on expiration.)

The nurse needs to collect a sputum specimen for culture from a patient with a chronic cough. What actions should the nurse take when collecting this specimen? A. Obtain the specimen first thing in the afternoon B. Obtain the specimen before the patient eats breakfast C. Administer an antibiotic before collecting the specimen D. Provide the patient with warm water to drink before obtaining the specimen

B. Obtain the specimen before the patient eats breakfast

A patient is in the ER. Upon performing her assessment, without using a stethoscope, the nurse hears a loud crowing noise when the patient is breathing. Which breathing pattern is this? A. friction rub B. stridor C. coarse crackles D. pleurisy

B. Stridor (there is an obstruction in the airway)

While the nurse conducts a physical assessment, which one of the following findings MOST indicates that the client with pneumonia has also developed pleurisy? A. The client has a productive cough B. The client has pain during inspiration C. The clients nail bed are cyanotic D. The client has low heart rate

B. The client has pain during inspiration

A patient diagnosed with a pleural effusion is very dyspneic. Which of the following procedures should the nurse anticipate assisting with? A. Tracheostomy B. Thoracentesis C. Bronchoscopy D. Pericardiocentesis

B. Thoracentesis

A lab technician has just completed collected ABGs, what is the nursing priority? A. call the lab B. apply pressure C. check vital signs D. provide comfort

B. apply pressure to the site for 5 minutes to make sure the bleeding has stopped

A patient was admitted to the intensive care unit 48 hours ago for treatment of a gunshot wound. The patient has recently developed a productive cough and a fever of 104.3 'F. The patient is breathing on their own and doesn't require mechanical ventilation. On assessment, you note coarse crackles in the right lower lobe. A chest x-ray shows infiltrates with consolidation in the right lower lobe. Based on this specific patient scenario, this is known as what type of pneumonia? A. community-acquired pneumonia B. hospital-acquired pneumonia C. aspiration pneumonia D. fungal pneumonia

B. hospital-acquired pneumonia (Hospital-acquired pneumonia is when a patient begins displaying signs and symptoms 48-72 after being admitted. The statement says the signs and symptoms were "recently developed" and the patient was "admitted 48 hours ago.")

The best time to collect a sputum culture is? A. after administering an antibiotic B. in the morning, before the patient eats breakfast C. after breathing treatment D. after the patient eats breakfast

B. in the morning, before the patient eats breakfast. (you want to collect it before the patient has a breathing treatment because the breathing treatment will reduce the secretions.)

What are the signs of hypoxia? (select all that apply) A. bradypnea B. restlessness C. tachycardia D. confusion

B. restlessness C. tachycardia D. confusion

A non-rebreather mask has 2 vents on each side and is used in medical emergencies. What is significant about these 2 vents that that make a non-rebreather different from other masks?

Both of the vents are closed during inspiration. (Vents on both sides of the mask open to allow expirations but remain closed during inspiration to prevent inhalation of room air.)

Which discharge instruction is best for reducing the fatigue and shortness of breath that the client with COPD experiences when eating? A. "Eat simple carbohydrates to obtain quick energy" B. "Eat fatty foods to get maximum caloric intake" C. "Eat frequent, small meals to reduce energy use" D. "Eat the largest meal at night before sleep"

C. "Eat frequent, small meals to reduce energy use"

A patient with lung cancer develops pleural effusion. Which explanation by the nurse would help the patient understand this problem? A. "Pus has developed in your alveoli that must be removed to improve your breathing." B. "You have large amounts of fluid collecting in your airways." C. "Fluid has collected in the space between your lungs and the sac surrounding your lungs." D. "Fluid in your pericardial sac places pressure on your lungs, making it difficult to breathe."

C. "Fluid has collected in the space between your lungs and the sac surrounding your lungs."

A nurse is providing care for a patient who complains of difficulty breathing. Which of the following assessments will best help determine the severity of the patient's dyspnea? A. assess respiratory rate B. observing use of accessory muscles C. have the patient rate their dyspnea on a scale of 0-10 D. checking their oxygen saturation

C. On a scale of 0-10, have your patient rate their dyspnea. W= where is it? H= how does it feel? A= aggravating/alleviating factors? T= timing? S= severity on a scale of 0-10? U= useful other data? P= patient's perception?

A patient has 89% oxygen saturation. What is the first step a nurse should take? A. call the doctor B. call respiratory team C. raise the head of the bed D. apply oxygen via nasal cannula

C. Raise the HOB (89% is very close to 90%, which could be considered normal for a respiratory patient. You can administer oxygen to anyone below 90%, but since its only 89% you would still raise the HOB first. Calling the respiratory team is when the O2 is low 80s and below.)

The nurse is assisting with the development of content on lung diseases to be provided during an upcoming health fair. What should the nurse include as being the disease that one-third of the world's population is currently infected? A. AIDS B. Cancer C. Tuberculosis D. Pneumonia

C. Tuberculosis

The term" blue bloaters" is used to describe patients with?* A. Pulmonary hypertension B. Left-sided heart failure C. Chronic Bronchitis D. Emphysema

C. chronic bronchitis

During swallowing the larynx is covered by the? A. glottis B. tongue C. epiglottis D. C-shaped structure

C. epiglottis

The membrane that lines the chest cavity is the? A. visceral membrane B. peritoneal membrane C. parietal membrane D. pericardial membrane

C. parietal membrane

After a bronchoscopy the patient must remain NPO until return of gag reflex. How can the nurse determine the gag reflex has returned? A. have them drink water B. touch the roof of their mouth with a gloved finger C. poke at the back of the throat with a cotton-tipped applicator D. ask the patient if their gag reflex has returned

C. poke at the back of the throat with a cotton-tipped applicator (do not have them drink water. This could make them choke and aspirate if the gag reflex has not returned. Do not touch the roof of their mouth with a gloved finger. This does nothing to test if the gag reflex has returned).

The total amount of air moved into or out of the lungs with each normal breath is called? A. inspiratory reserve volume B. total vital capacity C. tidal volume D. total lung capacity

C. tidal volume

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is?

CO2 (CO2 increase is a trigger for breathing. If you hold your breath long enough, your CO2 goes up, and your brain triggers your muscles to breath in order to get rid of the CO2)

A nurse has to assist with the intubation of a confused patient with respiratory failure, what should the nurse do first?

Check the advance directive. (the patient is confused and cannot make consent. Make sure that patient is not DNR.)

What does it mean when a mechanical ventilator alarm and it says the pressure is TOO LOW?

Check the tubing. (When tubing is disconnected, air is lost and the machine will detect that the pressure of air has gone down.)

What diagnostic blood test measures for the presence of pulmonary embolisms (PE)?

D- dimer (elevated D-dimer indicates coagulation)

A male client admitted to an acute care facility with pneumonia is receiving supplemental oxygen, 2 L/minute via nasal cannula. The client's history includes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and coronary artery disease. Because of these history findings, the nurse closely monitors the oxygen flow and the client's respiratory status. Which complication may arise if the client receives a high oxygen concentration? A. Anginal pain B. Metabolic acidosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Apnea

D. Apnea

If your COPD patient was short of breath, you would try to improve his gas exchange by: A. Administering oxygen by nasal cannula at 4 liters per minute B. Encouraging the patient to breathe more rapidly C. Taking sedative to relax respiratory muscles D. Encouraging pursed-lip breathing

D. Encouraging pursed-lip breathing

The nurse is asked to define thoracic empyema. The most correct answer is: A. Rupture of the alveoli B. Air or fluid in the lungs C. Trauma to the chest followed by entrance of air D. Pus or infected fluid within the pleural cavity

D. Pus or infected fluid within the pleural cavity

You're assisting your patient who has asthma to bed. The patient is experiencing a frequent cough and chest tightness. You auscultate the patient's lung fields and note expiratory wheezes. The patient's peak flow rate is 78% less than their best peak flow reading. Which medication will provide the patient with the fastest relief from these signs and symptoms of an asthma attack? A. montelukast B. singulair C. fluticasone D. albuterol

D. albuterol (albuterol is a short-acting bronchodilator administrated for acute asthma attacks).

A patient with SOB is being tested for lung cancer. Which diagnostic test will most be conclusive? A. Chest x-ray B. MRI C. sputum culture D. biopsy

D. biopsy (biopsy is always the most definitive test for cancer)

A nurse observes a patient experiencing fast, deep respirations alternating with periods of apnea. Which breathing pattern is this? A. hyperventilation B. apnea C. tachycardia D. cheyne-stokes

D. cheyne-stokes

Which of the following positions is recommended for a patient experiencing a nosebleed? A. lying down with feet elevated B. sitting up with neck fully extended C. lying down with a small pillow under the head D. sitting up leaning slightly forward

D. sitting up leaning slightly forward

COPD is reversible and tends to happens gradually: True or False

False

Ph is low, Co2 is high, Bicarbonate is normal.

Respiratory acidosis

List the order of the respiratory system (starting with the nose)

Starts in the nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli

Carol, a community health nurse is conducting an educational session with community members regarding tuberculosis. The nurse tells the group that one of the first symptoms associated with tuberculosis is: A. Dyspnea B. Chest pain C. Hemoptysis D. High temperature

c. hemoptysis (low grade fever is associated with TB, not high temperature)

Mucus exacerbates and is swept out of the lungs to the larynx and trachea by?

ciliated epithelium

A patient with asthma is prescribed to take inhaled Salmeterol and Fluticasone for long-term management of asthma. You observe the patient taking these medications. Which option below best describes the correct order in how to take these medications? (Hint: Salmeterol is a bronchodilator. Fluticasone is a corticosteroid).

The patient inhales the Salmeterol first and then waits 5 minutes before inhaling the Fluticasone. (When combining meds, bronchodilators are always administered first and the nurse must wait 5 MINUTES before the steroid).

What does it mean when a mechanical ventilator alarm goes off and it says the pressure is TOO HIGH?

The patient needs suctioning

A harsh, moist bubbling sound is known as what type of breathing pattern?

coarse crackles

During inhalation the diaphragm does what?

contracts and moves downward to allow your chest to expand

In a medical emergency, which oxygen mask is best suited for a COPD patient?

Venturi mask (Venturi mask is a high flow device used to give a precisely-controlled % of oxygen. Controlling the amount of oxygen you administer to a COPD patient is important because too much oxygen can cause apnea. Also why a COPD patient typically never has an O2 flow rate greater than 2-3 liters. A flow rate of 4 or greater can be harmful and cause apnea.)

When is the best time to assess a patient's depth and respiratory rate?

When the patient is sleeping

A patient just had a tonsillectomy. What do you need at the bedside?

a suction machine (to suction in case of bleeding)

A patient has viral rhinitis. What are you going to recommend? (select all that apply) A. rest B. fluids C. antibiotics D. decongestant

a. rest b. fluids d. decongestant (not antibiotics because antibiotics are for bacteria)

Your patient has asthma, their shoulders are rising and falling with each breath. This is indicating use of which muscles?

accessory muscles

A patient with emphysema may present with all of the following symptoms EXCEPT? A. Barrel chest B. Hyperinflation of the lungs C. Hypoventilation D. Hypercapnia

hypoventilation

A patient with epitaxis is positioned sitting up and slightly forward, what action should the nurse take next?

ice pack (ice provides nasal constriction)

Internal respiration occurs in the?

in the tissues (Internal respiration occurs between between the blood and the cells)

A patient has a sinus infection and is experiencing pain in their teeth and upper cheek. Which sinus is this associated with?

maxillary

Which part of your brain is the "control center" that helps regulate your breathing?

medulla oblongata and the pons

Ph is high, CO2 is normal, bicarbonate is high

metabolic alkalosis

A patient just had a tonsillectomy. Which medication would you question? (singulair, motrin, carvedilol, norvasc)

motrin (increases the risk of bleeding. Also aspirin)

Inhaled air is moistened by the?

nasal mucosa

A patient received a nebulizer of Albuterol. What is a common side effect of this medication a nurse should expect to see?

nervousness tachycardia

What does a VQ scan test for?

perfusion and ventilation

First signs and symptoms of laryngeal cancer are?

persistent hoarseness of the voice

What is the greatest complication of influenza (flu)?

pneumonia

What is the most important step to take prior to collecting a sputum culture?

provide oral care (Same concept as collecting a wound culture. You always want to clean the wound before collecting a wound culture. You want to clean the mouth before and after collecting a sputum culture)

Why would a nurse ask a patient with epitaxis to lean forward while holding their nose?

reduce the risk of aspiration

During exhalation the diaphragm does what?

relaxes and moves upward

Who is most at risk for laryngeal cancer?

smokers and alcoholics

What are laryngitis signs and symptoms you expect to assess in a patient?

sore throat

A patient is being admitted for laryngitis. What should be included in the nurse's plan of care?

stop talking

What does the alveolar cell secrete to prevent surface tension in the alveoli?

surfactant