Respiratory System

b. increase

A decrease in pH will have what effect on the respiration rate? a. decrease b. increase c. no effect d. no effect unless lung damage is present

early childhood, around 8 yrs of age

A full complement of mature alveoli are present by _________

c. larynx

Air passing from the pharynx to the trachea must pass through the: a. nasal cavity b. bronchi c. larynx d. diaphragm

b. respiratory bronchioles

All of the following are part of the conduction zone except: a. main bronchi b. respiratory bronchioles c. segmental bronchioles d. terminal bronchioles

b. trachea

All of the following are part of the upper respiratory tract except the __________. a. oropharynx b. trachea c. larynx d. nasal cavity e. nasopharynx

d. The ribs and sternum move upward

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur? a. the diaphragm moves downward b. the rib cage is compressed c. the thoracic cavity volume decreases d. the ribs and sternum move upward

resistance

Gas flow decreases as ____________ increases

high; low

Gas moves from an area of _____ partial pressure to an area of _____ partial pressure

b. difficulty inflating the lungs

If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect?

d. respiratory bronchioles

Inspired air directly enters the alveoli through the _________. a. trachea b. tertiary bronchi c. primary bronchi d. respiratory bronchioles e. terminal bronchioles

a. surface tension

Surfactant decreases the ______________ in the alveoli. a. surface tension b. pressure c. compliance d. volume

b. 21%

The concentration of oxygen in atmospheric air is about _____. a. 5% b. 21% c. 42% d. 79% e. 95%

d. oral cavity

The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx? a. nasopharynx b. laryngopharynx c. nasal cavity d. oral cavity

c. Mechanoreceptors

The inflation reflex depends upon stimulation of which type of receptor? a. Nociceptors b. Chemoreceptors c. Mechanoreceptors d. Thermoreceptors

d. partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood

The rate of oxygen diffusion across the respiratory membrane depends upon all of the following except: a. the thickness of the respiratory membrane b. partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli c. partial pressure of oxygen in the blood d. partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood

d. epiglottis

This structure prevents food from entering the airway a. vestibular fold b. uvula c. laryngopharnx d. epiglottis

d. residual volume

This volume of air remains int he lungs after maximal expiration. a. vital capacity b. expiratory reserve volume c. tidal volume d. residual volume

a) During contraction the diaphragm  flattens out.

Using the figure shown, which of the following statements is FALSE? a) During contraction the diaphragm  flattens out. b) For inhalation (inspiration) to occur,  the volume of the lungs must first  increase. c) For normal exhalation (expiration),  the diaphragm and external  intercostals relax. d) When the volume of the lungs  decreases, the alveolar pressure  increases. e) Lung volume increases because air  rushes in from the atmosphere

b. ventilation stops.

What happens if a person's phrenic nerves are severed (or the spinal cord at C2)? a. blood pressure drops. b. ventilation stops. c. the lungs over-inflate. d. heart rate decreases. e. peristalsis is inhibited.

It is absorbed shortly after birth

What happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth?

b. Surfactant

___________ allows alveoli to overcome fluid surface tension and expand during inspiration. a. Compliance b. Surfactant c. Basement membrane d. Carina e. Mucous

Haldane effect

a low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ______.

Pulmonary Edema

abnormal fluid build-up in interstitial spaces and alveoli, can occur during heart attack

Alveoli

at end of terminal bronchioles, site of gas exchange

Tuberculosis

bacteria infects lungs, multiply and cause inflammation

Asthma Attack

bronchiole smooth muscle goes into spasms and collapse because no supporting cartilage, adrenaline helps open up

Left Lung

cardiac notch, 10% smaller, 2 lobes

Nose

external openings are called nares

Nasal Conchae

filters, warms, and moistens air, has olfactory receptors

Vocal Chords

found in larynx, ligaments stretched between cartilage, air moves between and muscles pull ligaments tight

Lungs

found in pleural cavity, from clavicle to diphragm

Bronchioles

further division of bronchi, less cartilage and more smooth muscle

External Respiration

gas exchange between alveoli and blood

Internal Respiration

gas exchange between blood and cells

internal respiration

gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissue is called

Tracheostomy

incision below cricoids cartilage on trachea with tube to create emergency passageway

Laryngitis

inflammation of larynx from infection and irritants, causes swelling of vocal chords so they cannot vibrate

Adam's Apple/Laryngeal Prominence

larger in males because of hormones, it is cartilage that surrounds the larynx for protection

Lung Cancer

leading cause if cancer death, usually well advanced when diagnosed and death usually occurs withing a year, survival rate is 10-15%, 85% of lung cancer due to smoking

Nasal Cavity

lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epthelial cells and goblet cells

Pneumonia

most common infectious cause of death in U.S., acute inflammation of alveoli which causes fluid accumulation

Diaphragm

muscke that forms the thoracic floor, when it contracts it flattens and help lungs expand for inhalation

Cricoid Cartilage

next to trachea, used for emergency airway

Rhinoplasty

nose job, for cosmetic reasons or deviated septum

Surfactants

reduces tendency for alveoli to collapse

Respiration

the mechanism for obtaining oxygen from the air and delivering the tissue

Bronchi

trachea branches to right and left lungs, they branch 3 times

Spirometer

used to measure respiratory rate and amount of air inhaled

Trachea

windpipe anterior to esophagus, cartilage tube with rings of hyaline cartilage so it does not collapse

bronchiopulmonary segment

A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the _____________.

b. the diaphragm is relaxed

All of the following statements are true of inspiration except: a. the rib cage is elevated b. the diaphragm is relaxed c. volume in the thoracic cavity has increased d. intrapulmonary pressure has decreased

b. decrease the pressure

An increase in the volume of a container filled with air would have what effect on the pressure of the container? a. Increase the pressure b. decrease the pressure c. no effect d. temporary effect

c. Pontine respiratory group

Apneustic breathing occurs as a result of damage to which respiratory center? a. Dorsal respiratory group b. Ventral respiratory group c. Pontine respiratory group d. Eupnea respiratory group

b. ventilation

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the peripheral tissues is correctly called ________. a. internal respiration b. ventilation c. cellular respiration d. external respiration e. bulk flow

d. small venous reserve of oxygen

Exercise can trigger symptoms of AMS due to which of the following? a. low partial pressure of oxygen b. low atmospheric pressure c. abnormal neural signals d. small venous reserve of oxygen

a) Alveoli → blood in pulmonary capillaries

External respiration involves the movement of O2 in which of the following ways? a) Alveoli → blood in pulmonary capillaries b) Atmosphere → alveoli c) blood in pulmonary capillaries → alveoli d) blood in systemic capillaries → interstitial fluid → tissue cells e) tissue cells → interstitial fluid → blood in systemic capillaries

d. Henry's

Hyperbaric chambers are clinical applications of which gas law? a. Boyle's b. dalton's c. Frank-Starling d. Henry's

hyperventilation

Increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called ________.

c. constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles.

Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause: a. constriction of pulmonary capillaries and bronchioles. b. dilation of pulmonary capillaries and bronchioles. c. constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles. d. dilation of pulmonary capillaries and constriction of bronchioles.

b. ventral respiratory group

Normal quiet respiration is controlled by the: a. dorsal respiratory group b. ventral respiratory group c. pontine respiratory group d. cerebral cortex

c. hemoglobin & oxygen

Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following? a. hemoglobin & carbon dioxide b. carbonic anhydrase & carbon dioxide c. hemoglobin & oxygen d. carbonic anhydrase & oxygen

b. vocal folds

Sounds are produced because of vibration of the ___________. a. epiglottis b. vocal folds c. glottis d. larynx e. rima glottidis

respiratory

The ___________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the obyd

b. visceral pleura

The membrane that adheres to the outer surface of the lungs is the : a. respiratory membrane b. visceral pleura c. parietal pleura d. mucosa

d. increasing speech resonance

The nose/nasal cavity has all of the following functions except which? a. filtering particles from air b. warming inhaled air c. increasing compliance d. increasing speech resonance e. moistening inhaled air

c. ectoderm

The olfactory pits form from which of the following? a. mesoderm b. cartilage c. ectodermd. endoderm

it diffuses into the alveoli

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. what happens to the carbon dioxide?

visceral and parietal pleurae

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ___________

d. partial pressure

The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a gas mixture is the _______________ of that gas a. partial force b. partial percentage c. partial volume d. partial pressure

to remove pathogens and debris

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

surface tension of the intrapleural fluid

What keeps the visceral pleura in close proximity to the parietal pleura? a. trans-alveolar pressure b. positive pressure in the intrapleural space c. surface tension of the intrapleural fluid d. the mesothelia are one and the same e. spider web-like processes extending from  the outer covering

d. cartilage rings

What structure helps keep the airways open? a. epiglottis b. smooth muscle c. leukotrienes d. cartilage rings e. cricoid cartilage

around week 20

When do fetal breathing movements begin?

c. an increase in CO2.

When holding our breath for a long time we get the urge to breathe due to: a. a decrease in N2. b. a decrease in O2. c. an increase in CO2. d. an increase in pH.

a. the capillary constricts

When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs? a. the capillary constricts b. the capillary dilates c. the partial pressure of oxygen in the affected alveolus increases d. the bronchioles dilate

d) is lined with stratified squamous epithelium

Which of the choices listed below is FALSE for the nasopharynx? a) lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar  epithelium b) is the superior portion of the pharynx c) has openings that lead to the auditory  (eustachian) tubes d) is lined with stratified squamous epithelium e) moves dust-laden mucus down the pharynx

b. secondary bronchi

Which of the following delivers air to the lobes of the lungs: a. primary bronchi b. secondary bronchi c. tertiary bronchi d. terminal bronchioles

d. internal intercostal muscle contraction

Which of the following does not help with inhalation (inspiration)? a. diaphragm contraction b. increasing thoracic cavity size c. lung compliance d. internal intercostal muscle contraction e. pleural cavity negative pressure

d. all of the above

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve? a. temperature b. pH cBPG d. all of the above

b) hiccupping

Which of the following involves spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm and spasmodic contraction of the glottis? a) coughing b) hiccupping c) sneezing d) sobbing e) yawning

d) 1, 2, 4, 5 only

Which of the following is a/are function(s) of the internal structures of the nose? 1. filtering incoming air 2. moistening incoming air 3. detecting olfactory (smell) stimuli 4. warming incoming air 5. modifying speech vibrations a) 1 only b) 1, 2, 4 only c) 1, 2, 3, 4 only d) 1, 2, 4, 5 only e) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

c. Transpulmonary pressure

Which of the following is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing? a. Surfactant b. Intrapulmonary pressure c. Transpulmonary pressure d. Intrapleural pressure

c. Nitrogen

Which of the following is the most abundant gas in our air? a. Oxygen b. Hydrogen c. Nitrogen d. Argon

b) systemic capillaries

Which of the following is the site of the exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and air-filled spaces in the lungs? a) respiratory membrane b) systemic capillaries c) terminal bronchioles d) tertiary (segmental) bronchi e) visceral pleura

b. chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate

Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift? a. chloride is removed from the erythrocyte chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate c. bicarbonate is removed from the erythrocyte d. bicarbonate is removed from the blood

a. residual volume

Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing? a. residual volume b. tidal volume c. expiatory reserve volume d. inspiratory reserve volume

a. pulmonary ventilation

Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? a. pulmonary ventilation b. production of pulmonary surfactant c. resistance d. surface tension

d. erythropoietin

Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes? a. AMS b. high blood levels of carbon dioxide c. low atmospheric pressure d. erythropoietin

terminal bronchioles

Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree a. alveoli b. bronchi c. terminal bronchioles d. respiratory bronchioles

b. fissure

Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes? a. mediastinum b. fissure c. root d. pleura

Pharynx

passage for air from internal nares to larynx

Epiglottis

superior larynx, flap of cartilage that opens to allow air to pass and closes when swallowing food or drink

Nasal Septum

the ethmoid and vomer bone, with cartilage, that divides the left and right sides

Larynx

voice box, cartilage

Emphysema

walls of alveoli destroyed, often a precursor to lung cancer

Alveoli Machrophages

wandering phagocytes that remove dust particles and other debris