RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The respiratory membrane consists of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar type ______ cell. Multiple choice question. B 1 A 2

1

In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ______ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is ______ mm Hg. Multiple choice question. 40; 104 104; 95 95; 104 104; 40

104; 40

Restful breathing has a typical rate of ______ breaths per minute and a tidal volume of ______ ml. Multiple choice question. 12-15; 500 20-30; 200 5-10; 1000 20-30; 100

12-15; 500

A normal breathing rate is ______ to ______ breaths per minute Multiple choice question. 12; 20 25; 35 40; 50 2; 10

12; 20

The left lung has ______ secondary bronchi since it has ______ lobes; the right lung has ______ lobes; and ______ secondary bronchi. Multiple choice question. 2; 2; 3; 3 3; 2; 2; 3 3; 3; 2; 2 2; 3; 3; 2

2; 2; 3; 3

During external respiration, the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from _ mm Hg to 40 mm Hg.

45

Tidal volume typically averages ______mL. Multiple choice question. 500 3500 1700 2100

500

In what ways does the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract differ from the epithelium in the alveoli?

A general pattern of structural change is observed in the epithelium along the length of the respiratory tract. The epithelium lining the nasal cavity is a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (that function in producing mucus), whereas the epithelium lining the alveolar ducts and alveoli is a simple squamous epithelium.

A significant feature of alveoli is that the internal surface is moist, causing a high surface tension because of the attractive forces of the water molecules (see section 2.4b). This makes alveoli prone to collapse and to remain collapsed (figure 23.12b). Surfactant is an oily fluid (which contains a mixture of lipid and protein molecules) that when released from alveolar type II cells coats the inner alveolar surface. If an alveolus begins to collapse, which occurs with each expiration, the surfactant molecules within each alveolus become more tightly packed together and tend to collectively oppose the collapse of the thin walls of the alveolus. Note that alveolar type II cells begin to produce surfactant beginning about 2 months prior to birth.

A third type of cell that is part of the alveolus is the alveolar macrophage, also called a dust cell (figure 23.12a). This cell is a leukocyte that may be either fixed or free. Fixed alveolar macrophages remain within the connective tissue of the alveolar walls, whereas free alveolar macrophages are migratory cells that continually move across the alveolar surface within the alveoli. Both types of alveolar macrophages engage in phagocytosis to engulf microorganisms and particulate material that reaches the alveoli (see section 22.3c). The alveolar macrophages are able to leave the lungs either by entering the lymph vessels or by being coughed up in sputum and then expectorated from the mouth.

What changes occur to inhaled air as it passes through the nasal cavity? What is the function of the nasal conchae in this process?

Air is warmed, cleansed, and humidified as it passes through the nasal cavity.

The condition that is directly related to the magnitude of a pressure gradient and inversely related to airway resistance is _

Airflow, Ventilation, or Flow

Which respiratory structure is associated with the exchange of respiratory gases?

Alveoli are associated with the exchange of respiratory gases.

What are the significant structural differences between bronchi and bronchioles?

Bronchi have incomplete rings or plates of hyaline cartilage to support their walls and ensure that they remain open. Unlike bronchi, bronchioles have no cartilage in their walls, because their small diameter alone normally prevents collapse. However, bronchioles have a proportionately thicker layer of smooth muscles than bronchi. Contraction of this smooth muscle narrows the bronchiole diameter and decreases the amount of air passing through the bronchial tree. The nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi are supported by cartilage.

Which statement describes the net movement of carbon dioxide during internal respiration? Multiple choice question. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the tissues. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood. Carbon dioxide moves in the same direction as oxygen.

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood.

True or false: Hyperpnea is another name for hyperventilation.

F *Reason: These are two different things. Hyperpnea does not involve increased breathing rates.

True or false: A person breathing fast during a foot race is most likely hyperventilating. True false question. True False

F Reason: Rapid breathing is only hyperventilation if the rate exceeds demand.

The movement of respiratory gases between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues is _

Gas or Internal; exchange or respiration

A breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand is called _

Hyperventilation

The respiratory tract can be damaged from desiccation (drying out), cold air, microbes, or exposure to chemicals or particulate matter. Which of the following help(s) protect the respiratory tract: nasal hairs, mucus, tonsils, cilia, macrophages, sneezing, or coughing? Explain how for each.

Nasal hairs keep large pathogens and debris out of the nasal cavity. Mucus traps pathogens and particulates, and also humidifies inspired air. Tonsils (which are composed of lymphatic tissue in the pharynx) and macrophages (within the respiratory zone) destroy pathogens. Cilia continuously sweep mucus (and particulate matter that is trapped in it) inferiorly in the nasal cavity and pharynx and superiorly in lower respiratory tract so that it may be expectorated or swallowed. Sneezing and coughing reflexes produce bursts of air that expel substances from the respiratory system.

Which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration? Multiple choice question. Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the alveoli. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood. Oxygen moves in the same direction as carbon dioxide.

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood.

What two regions of the pharynx contain tonsils? What is their purpose?

Paranasal sinuses are spaces within thThe nasopharynx contains both the lymphatic nodules called the tubal tonsils and the single pharyngeal tonsil. The oropharynx contains the paired palatine tonsils on its lateral walls and the lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue.e skull bones. Ducts connect the paranasal sinuses to the nasal cavity.

True or false: Contraction of the internal intercostals is not necessary during exhalation at rest. True false question.

T Internal intercostals are only necessary during forced exhalation.

How does the larynx assist in increasing abdominal pressure?

The epiglottis of the larynx closes over the opening of the larynx so air cannot escape and simultaneously abdominal muscles contract to increase abdominal pressure. This action is referred to as the Valsalva maneuver.

Which of the following respiratory structures are supported by cartilage: nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar sacs?

The nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi are respiratory structures that are supported by cartilage. (Bronchioles and alveolar sacs are not.)

What are the three unpaired cartilages in the larynx?

The three unpaired cartilages in the larynx are the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage.

What are the structural and functional differences between the vocal folds and vestibular folds?

The vocal folds consist of vocal ligaments (elastic connective tissue) that extend between the thyroid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilages. The ligaments are covered with a mucous membrane to form the vocal folds. Vocal folds produce sound when air passes between them and for this reason are also called the true vocal cords. The vestibular folds consist of vestibular ligaments that extend between the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoids and corniculate cartilages. The ligaments are covered with a mucosa. The vestibular folds are located superiorly to the vocal folds and serve to protect the vocal folds as air moves into the larynx. Because vestibular folds have no function in sound production, they are also called the false vocal cords.

What is the function of the C-shaped tracheal cartilages? How do the trachealis muscle and elastic ligamentous membrane that complete each ring posteriorly function?

These C-shaped tracheal cartilages reinforce and provide structural support for the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea to ensure that the trachea remains open (patent). The more flexible trachealis muscle and ligamentous membrane on the posterior aspect of the trachea allows for distension during swallowing of food through the esophagus. In addition, the trachealis muscle contracts during coughing to reduce the diameter of the trachea, thus facilitating the more rapid expulsion of air, helping to dislodge material (foreign objects or food) from the air passageway.

The larynx serves as a passageway for ______. Multiple choice question. air only air and food food only

air only

The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath is called _

airflow

The condition that is directly related to the magnitude of a pressure gradient and inversely related to airway resistance is _

airflow

The smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called

alveolar ducts

The distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated _

alveolar sacs

The trachea is ______ to the esophagus, ______ to the larynx, and ______ to the primary bronchi. Multiple choice question. posterior; superior; inferior anterior; superior; inferior anterior; inferior; superior posterior; inferior; superior

anterior; inferior; superior

The wide ______ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm. Multiple choice question. apex hilum base

base

The respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the ______. Multiple choice question. blood lymph alveolar duct respiratory bronchiole

blood

Respiration affects all conditions except ______. Multiple choice question. blood levels of oxygen blood levels of carbon dioxide venous return of blood blood K+ levels

blood K+ levels

Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the ______ through the medulla oblongata and the pons. Multiple choice question. cerebellum spinal cord brainstem cerebrum

brainstem

The involuntary, rhythmic activities that control breathing are located in which part of the CNS? Multiple choice question. brainstem cerebellum cerebrum diencephalon spinal cord

brainstem

Hemoglobin binds not only to oxygen but also protons and _

carbon monoxide/dioxide

The _ are the "doorways" that lead from the nasal cavity into the pharynx. The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the hard and soft palates, and the roof is composed of the nasal, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones, and some cartilage of the nose.

choanae

The apex of the lung projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior to the bone called the _

clavicle or sternum

The structures of the respiratory system are also categorized based on function. Passageways that transport or conduct air are part of the _ zone; these structures include the passageways from the nose to the end of the terminal bronchioles. Structures that participate in gas exchange with the blood—including the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli—are part of the _ zone.

conducting respiratory

During inhalation, the external intercostals ______ to increase the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Multiple choice question. contract relax

contract

The flared components of the nose are composed of ______. Multiple choice question. cartilage dense irregular connective tissue bone

dense irregular connective tissue

Contraction of the internal intercostals ______ the ribs. Multiple choice question. elevates depresses

depresses

Which events are associated with inhalation? Multiple select question. diaphragm contracts internal intercostal contracts sternum moves anteriorly external intercostals contract diaphragm relaxes

diaphragm contracts sternum moves anteriorly external intercostals contract

Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by ______ within a mixture of gases. Multiple choice question. each gas all gases

each gas

During inhalation, the external intercostal muscles ______ the ribs. Multiple choice question. elevate depress

elevate

The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is composed of ______ and is ciliated in most portions of the conducting zone. Multiple choice question. nervous tissue epithelial tissue smooth muscle tissue fibrous connective tissue

epithelial tissue

The respiratory tract is exposed to the external environment and is lined internally by a mucosa, also called a mucous membrane. This mucosa is more specifically called the respiratory mucosa. In general, the respiratory mucosa is composed of an _ resting upon a basement membrane, and an underlying _ composed of areolar connective tissue. The epithelium is ciliated (having cilia) in most portions of the respiratory tract conducting zone.

epithelium; lamina propria

Which are the functions of the respiratory system? Multiple select question. exchange of O2 and CO2 allows air passage control of Na+ plasma levels detection of odors sound production

exchange of O2 and CO2 allows air passage detection of odors sound production

The external oblique is a muscle of forced ______. Multiple choice question. expiration inspiration

expiration

The abdominal muscles and serratus posterior inferior muscles help with forced

expiration, breathing, or exhalation

In the basic processes of respiration, alveolar gas exchange is also known as _ respiration, and systemic gas exchange is also known as internal respiration.

external

The paranasal sinuses are named for the bones where they are located. Rank the bones in order starting with the most superior. maxilla frontal ethmoid

frontal ethmoid maxilla

The ability of blood to transport oxygen is dependent on the solubility coefficient of oxygen and the presence of _

hemoglobin or Hb

The parietal pleura meets the visceral pleura at the ______ of each lung. Multiple choice question. apex hilum base

hilum

Exercise may cause an increase in the depth of breathing known as ______. Multiple choice question. hypopnea hyperpnea bradypnea tachypnea

hyperpnea

Hyperventilation is a(n) ______ in breathing rate and depth. Multiple choice question. decrease increase

increase

The scalene muscles help to ______ the thoracic cavity dimensions. Multiple choice question. decrease increase

increase

When the diaphragm contracts and the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase, _ occurs.

inhalation or inspiration

The superior opening of the larynx is called the laryngeal ______. Multiple choice question. inlet outlet

inlet

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a muscle of forced ______. Multiple choice question. expiration inspiration

inspiration

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a muscle of forced ______. Multiple choice question. inspiration expiration

inspiration

Pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases, _ , and _.

inspiration or inhalation; expiration or exhalation

Which is always higher, intrapulmonary pressure or intrapleural pressure? Multiple choice question. intrapulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure

intrapulmonary pressure

The trachea connects the ______ to the ______. Multiple choice question. larynx; bronchi oral cavity; pharynx pharynx; larynx oral cavity; stomach

larynx; bronchi

The secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called _ bronchi.

lobar

The trachea is part of the ______ respiratory tract. Multiple choice question. upper lower

lower

Which is not part of the upper respiratory system? Multiple choice question. nose lungs pharynx nasal cavity

lungs

Mucous secretions contain _, a protein that increases the viscosity of mucus to more effectively trap inhaled dust, dirt particles, microorganisms, and pollen. The secretions also contain specific substances to help defend the body against infectious agents, including lysozyme (an antibacterial enzyme), defensins (antimicrobial proteins), and immunoglobulin A (antibodies)

mucin

The nose is supported superiorly by paired _ bones that form the bridge of the nose.

nasal

The _ is oblong-shaped, and it extends from the nostrils to paired openings called _.

nasal cavity; choanae

The _ is immediately internal to the nostrils and is lined by skin and coarse hairs called _ to trap large particulates. This is the only normally visible portion of the nasal cavity.

nasal vestibule; vibrissae

The pharynx is made of three separate regions. Choose those regions from the list. Multiple select question. nasopharynx tracheopharynx esophopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

The structure that is the initial conducting airway for inhaled air is the _

nose

The _ form the upper respiratory tract.

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

The _ is the superior portion of the nasal cavity. It contains the olfactory epithelium (which houses the olfactory receptors). Airborne molecules that dissolve in the mucus covering the olfactory epithelium stimulate olfactory receptors to detect different odors

olfactory region

Which substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin? Multiple select question. oxygen hydrogen ions (protons) bicarbonate ions carbon dioxide

oxygen hydrogen ions (protons) carbon dioxide

Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called _ that help to lighten the heavy load of the head.

paranasal sinuses

The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture is called the _

partial pressure

The symbol "PO2" is used to indicate the ______. Multiple choice question. partial pressure of oxygen concentration of oxygen percent oxygen in a mixture

partial pressure of oxygen

The movement of gases between blood in pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli of the lungs is called ______ gas exchange. Multiple choice question. tissue pulmonary

pulmonary

The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the ______ and returns to the ______. Multiple choice question. pulmonary arteries; left atrium pulmonary veins; left ventricle pulmonary arteries; left ventricle pulmonary veins; left atrium

pulmonary veins; left atrium

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs is called _. The same term may also refer to the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute.

pulmonary ventilation

The respiratory system consists of the _ (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchiole tree that ends at air sacs called alveoli) and the _.

respiratory tract; lungs

Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the ______ through the pulmonary trunk into ______, which enters the lungs. Multiple choice question. right atrium; pulmonary veins right atrium; pulmonary arteries right ventricle; pulmonary veins right ventricle; pulmonary arteries

right ventricle; pulmonary arteries

The muscles that increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation are the _ muscles.

scalene

Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs? Multiple select question. serratus posterior inferior internal intercostals abdominal muscles external intercostals

serratus posterior inferior internal intercostals abdominal muscles

Which are the functions of the larynx? Multiple select question. serves as a passageway for air contains tonsils for immune responses produces sound for speech blocks food and drink from entering the airway

serves as a passageway for air produces sound for speech blocks food and drink from entering the airway

Lobar bronchi are ______ in diameter than main bronchi. Multiple choice question. larger smaller

smaller

Both mucus and saliva entrap materials, which may be coughed up together as a viscous substance called _. Physicians may request sputum samples from their patients to diagnose potential respiratory infections.

sputum

Which activities are associated with exhalation? Multiple select question. diaphragm contracts sternum moves posteriorly diaphragm relaxes internal intercostals contract external intercostals contract

sternum moves posteriorly diaphragm relaxes internal intercostals contract

The respiratory system is organized _ into two regions: an upper respiratory tract and a lower respiratory tract

structurally

The parietal pleura lines which structures? Multiple select question. superior surface of the diaphragm the outer surface of each lung internal thoracic walls lateral surfaces of the mediastinum

superior surface of the diaphragm internal thoracic walls lateral surfaces of the mediastinum

Which are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration? Multiple select question. systemic gas exchange alveolar gas exchange gas transport cellular respiration pulmonary ventilation

systemic gas exchange alveolar gas exchange gas transport pulmonary ventilation *cellular respiration Reason: While this is the reason for the respiratory system, it is considered as separate process.

The thyroid cartilage enlarges at puberty due to the increase of ______. Multiple choice question. growth hormone thyroid hormone testosterone estrogen

testosterone

Which affects the ability of blood to carry oxygen? Multiple select question. the partial pressure of nitrogen the presence of hemoglobin the solubility coefficient of oxygen

the presence of hemoglobin the solubility coefficient of oxygen

A general pattern of structural change is observed in the epithelium along the length of the respiratory tract. The epithelium becomes progressively _ from the nasal cavity to the alveoli; it changes from _ ciliated columnar to simple ciliated columnar to simple cuboidal to simple squamous. Exceptions to this general pattern occur in selected regions of the respiratory tract. These exceptions include (a) portions of the pharynx that serve as a passageway for both air and food (i.e., oropharynx and laryngopharynx) and (b) components of the larynx that include the vocal folds and the area immediately superior to them. These areas are lined by a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (instead of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium) to withstand abrasion.

thinner; pseudostratified

The lungs are located in the ______. Multiple choice question. thoracic cavity mediastinum

thoracic cavity

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ______ cartilage, which forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx. Multiple choice question. cricoid thyroid thyrohyoid corniculate

thyroid

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing is known as the _ volume.

tidal

Pulmonary ventilation can be calculated using the following formula:Pulmonary ventilation = respiration rate x ______ Multiple choice question. tidal volume pressure gradient vital capacity airway resistance

tidal volume

The _ and the air passageways within the lungs— _ —are the components of the lower respiratory tract.

trachea; bronchi, bronchioles (including terminal and respiratory bronchioles), alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _ and posterior to the larynx is the _.

trachea; esophagus

'Breathing" is more formally known as pulmonary _

ventilation