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Hydrolysis

(1) A chemical reaction in which the interaction of a compound with water results in the decomposition of that compound. (2) A chemical reaction wherein a water molecule (HOH) and a reactant exchange functional groups resulting in two end products, one containing the hydrogen cation (H) and the other the hydroxyl anion (OH). An example is the chemical reaction of water with the ions of salt resulting in the formation of an acid and a base, one or both of which is only slightly dissociated. (3) The process of splitting a compound into fragments with the addition of water; a kind of reaction that is used to break down polymers into simpler units, e.g. starch into glucose.

Polymer

(1) A compound made up of several repeating units (monomers) or protomers. (2) The product of polymerization.

Phospholipid

(1) A lipid with one or more phosphate groups attached to it. (2) A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Amino Acid

(1) A molecule consisting of the basic amino group (NH2), the acidic carboxylic group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (-H), and an organic side group (R) attached to the carbon atom, thus, having the basic formula of NH2CHRCOOH. (2) The building block of protein in which each is coded for by a codon and linked together through peptide bonds.

Monomer

(1) A molecule that may react chemically to another molecule of the same type to form a larger molecule, such as dimer, trimer, tetramer, polymer, etc. (2) The simplest unit, or the repeating unit, of a polymer.

Polypeptide

(1) A polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds (2) An unbranched peptide, often comprised of about a hundred amino acids

Monosaccharides

(1) A simple sugar, example: fructose, glucose, and ribose. (2) The simplest form of carbohydrate; therefore, it cannot be broken down to simpler sugars by hydrolysis.

Polysaccharides

(1) Any of a class of carbohydrates formed by repeating units linked together by glycosidic bonds. (2) A complex carbohydrate composed of a chain of monosaccharides joined together by glocosidic bonds.

Peptide Bond

(1) The covalent bond joining amino acids, particularly at the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the other amino acid, with the concomitant release of a molecule of water

Active Site

(Science: chemistry) A specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place (binding site). The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.A structural element of protein that determines whether the protein is functional when undergoing a reaction from an enzyme. this structural element will be accordingly shaped to the structure of the enzyme at work on it.

Protein

1) A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. It can be distinguished from fats and carbohydrates by containing nitrogen. Other components include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and sometimes phosphorus. 2) A protein is a linear polymer built from about 20 different amino acids. The type and the sequence of amino acids in a protein are specified by the DNA in the cell that produces them. This sequence of amino acids is essential since it determines the overall structure and function of a protein.

Examples of monosaccharides

1. Glucose 2. Fructose 3. Galactose

Examples of Disaccharides

1. Maltose 2. Sucrose 3. Lactose

Examples of Polysaccharides

1. Starch 2. Cellulose 3. Glycogen

Enzyme

A catalyst or a chemical produced by cells to generally speed up specific chemical reaction without changing the chemical reaction at the end of the reaction

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules.

Lipid

A fatty or waxy organic compound that is readily soluble in nonpolar solvent (e.g. ether) but not in polar solvent (e.g water). Its major biological functions involve energy storage, structural component of cell membrane, and cell signaling. Supplement Examples of lipids are waxes, oils, sterols, cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides (fats), and phospholipids. Fatty acids (including fats) are a subgroup of lipids, hence, it will be inaccurate to consider the terms synonymous.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A form of fatty acid containing one or more double (or triple) bonds and therefore can absorb additional hydrogen atoms.

Saturated Fatty Acid

A form of fatty acid that lacks unsaturated linkages between carbon atoms.

Macromolecule

A large complex molecule, such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, with relatively large molecular weight.

Catalyst

A substance capable of initiating or speeding up a chemical reaction.

Disaccharides

A sugar (carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides, thus yields two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis.

Monomer of Proteins

Amino acids

Organic Compound

An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.

Inorganic Compound

Any compound lacking carbon atoms, or when present is ionically bound to other atoms.

Carbohydrate

Any of the group of organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio of 1:2:1, hence the general formula: Cn (H2O) n. Examples include sugar, starch, cellulose and gums.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate macromolecules made of many sugar monomers Function- Storage and structure

Fatty Acid

Fatty acids can be classified into two major groups depending on the nature of covalent bond: unsaturated fatty acid (e.g. monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fat, omega fatty acids, etc.) saturated fatty acid (e.g. lauric acid, palmitic acid, etc.)

Monomer of Lipids

For lipids, the monomers are glycerol and fatty acids.

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

For nucleic acids, the monomers are nucleotides which is made of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Monomer of Carbohydrate

Monosaccharides (single sugars)

Function of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are important because they make up genetic information in living things. There are two types of nucleic acid and they are DNA and RNA. DNA is the basic instructions for living things.

Nucleotide

The basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

Nucleic Acid

The chains of nucleotides in a nucleic acid are linked by 3', 5' phosphodiester linkages. Nucleic acids may be in the form of DNA or RNA molecules containing the genetic information important for all cellular functions and heredity.

Function of Lipids

The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.

Function of Carbohydrates

The main function of carbohydrates is to provide the body and brain with energy.

Substrate

The substance acted upon by an enzyme.

Function of Proteins

proteins provide structure, regulate body processes, transport materials throughout your body, help your immune system and act as a source of energy.

Sterol

sterol (Science: chemistry) Any steroid-based alcohol having a hydrocarbon (aliphatic) side-chain of 8-10 carbons at the 17-beta position and a hydroxyl group at the 3-beta position (therfore an alcohol). Cholesterol is a sterol