Review Chapters 1-6: Sociology
Anomie
"Normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose as a result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change.
Socialism
A political system based on state ownership or control of principal elements of the economy in order to reduce levels of social inequality.
Communism
A political system based on the collective ownership of the means of production, opposed to capitalism.
Rapport
A positive relationship often characterized by mutual trust or sympathy.
Scientific Method
A procedure for acquiring knowledge that emphasizes collecting concrete data through observation and experiment.
Structure
A social institution that is relatively stable over time and that meets the needs of society by performing functions necessary to maintain social order and stability.
Conversation analysis
A sociological approach that looks at how we create meaning in naturally occurring conversation, often by taping conversations and examining them.
Hawthorne effect
A specific example of reactivity, in which the desired effect is the result not of the independent variable but of the research itself.
Achieved status
A status earned through individual efforts or imposed by others.
Embodied status
A status generated by physical characteristics.
Master status
A status that is always relevant and affects all other statuses we possess
Identification
A type of conformity stronger than compliance and weaker than internalization, caused by a desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or a group.
Deconstruction
A type of critical post-modern analysis that involves taking apart or disassembling old ways of thinking
Theories
In sociology, abstract propositions that explain the social world and make predictions about the future.
Backstage
In the dramaturgical perspective, places in which we rehearse and prepare for our performances.
Region
In the dramaturgical perspective, the context or setting in which the performance takes place.
Frontstage
In the dramaturgical perspective, the region in which we deliver our public performances.
Expressions given off
Observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually non-verbal.
Honor killing
The murder of a family member--usually female--who is believed to have brought dishonor to her family.
Synthesis
The new social system created out of the conflict between thesis and antithesis in a dialectical model.
Auguste Comte
"Social Physics" Invented the idea of positivism.
Values
Ideals about what is desirable or contemptible and right or wrong in a particular group. They articulate the essence of everything that a cultural group cherishes.
Secondary deviance
In labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant.
Feral children
In myths and rare real world cases, children who have had little human contact and may have lived in the wild from a young age.
Front
In the dramaturgical perspective, the setting or scene of performances that helps establish the definition of the situation.
Rebels
Individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means.
Stereotyping
Judging others based on preconceived generalizations about groups or categories of people.
Technology
Material artifacts and the knowledge and techniques required to use them.
Existing sources
Materials that have been produced for some other reason, but that can be used as data for social research.
Iron Cage
Max Weber's pessimistic description of modern life, in which we are caught in bureaucratic structures that control our lives through rigid rules and rationalization.
Variables
One of two or more phenomena that a researcher believes are related and hopes to prove are related through research.
Bourgeoisie
Owners; the class of modern capitalists who own the means of production and employ wage laborers.
Criminal justice system
A collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws.
Law
A common type of formally defined norm providing an explicit statement about what is permissible and what is illegal in a given society.
Critical Theory
A contemporary form of conflict theory that criticizes many different systems and ideologies of domination and oppression. q
False Consciousness
A denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed when they fail to recognize the interests of the ruling class in their ideology.
Dysfunction
A disturbance to or undesirable consequences of some aspect of the social system.
Ethnography
A naturalistic method based on studying people in their own environment in order to understand the meanings they attribute to their activities; also the written work that results from the study.
Taboo
A norm ingrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust, horror, or revulsion.
More
A norm that carries great moral significance, is closely related to the core values of a cultural group, and often involves sever repercussions for violators.
Structural Functionalism
A paradigm that begins with the assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures.
Queer Theory
A paradigm that proposed that categories of sexual identity are social constructs and that no sexual category is fundamentally either deviant or normal.
Symbolic Interactionism
A paradigm that sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that meanings are not inherent but are created through interaction
Conflict Theory
A paradigm that sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change, and emphasizes a materialist view of society, a critical view of the status quo, and a dynamic model of historical change.
Postmodernism
A paradigm that suggests that social reality is diverse, pluralistic, and constantly in flux.
Simple random sample
A particular type of probability sample in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Multiculturalism
A policy that values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and so encourages the retention of cultural differences within society rather than assimilation.
Pilot study
A small study carried out to test the feasibility of a larger one
Talcott Parsons
A stable environment offers means for success and allows humans to adapt
Bureaucracy
A type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonality, and formal written communication.
the Chicago School
A type of sociology practiced by researchers at the University of Chicago in the 1920s and 30s which centered on urban sociology and field research methods.
Crime
A violation of a norm that has been codified into law
Sociological Perspective
A way of looking at the world through a sociological lens
Likert scale
A way of organizing categories on a survey question so that the respondent can choose an answer along a continuum.
Positive deviance
Actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic. (Civil rights movement)
Bias
An opinion held by the researcher that might affect the research or analysis.
Out-group
Any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward.
Probability sampling
Any sampling scheme in which any given unit has the same probability of being chosen.
Means of Production
Anything that can create wealth: money, property, factories, and other types of businesses, and the infrastructure necessary to run them.
Beginner's mind
Approaching the world without preconceptions in order to see things in a new way (BERNARD MCGRANE)
Empirical
Based on scientific experimentation or observation
Id
Basic, inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy.
White collar crime
Crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of his occupation.
Violent crime
Crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery.
Property crime
Crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
Harriet Martineau
Criticized the hypocritical nature of American "democracy in the 1830s and translated Comte's "Introduction to Positive Philosophy" into English.
Differential association theory
Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers
Copresence
Face to face interaction or being in the presence of others.
Interviews
Face-to-face, information-seeking conversation, sometimes defined as a conversation with a purpose.
Experiments
Formal tests of specific variables and effects, performed in a controlled setting where all aspects of the situation can be controlled.
Reflexivity
How the identity and activities of the researcher influence what is going on in the field setting.
Labeling theory
Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgements, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person
Social loafing
The phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficiency when working in teams.
Ethnomethodology
The study of "folk methods" (everyday analysis of interactions) and background knowledge that sustains a shared sense of reality in everyday interactions. HAROLD GARFINKEL
Harold Garfinkel
founded ethnomethodology. believed that as a member of society we must acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to act practically in our everyday lives.
Comparative and historical methods
methods that use existing sources to study relationships between elements of society in various regions and time periods.
Content analysis
a method in which researchers identify and study specific variables--such as words--in a text, image, or media message.
Dependent variable
factor that is changed (or not) by the independent variable.
Independent variable
factor that is predicted to cause change
Closed-ended question
A question asked of a respondent that imposes a limit on the possible responses.
Sign
A symbol that stands for or conveys an idea.
Proscriptions
Behaviors a particular social group wants its members to avoid.
Sacred
The holy, divine, or supernatural
Verstehen
"empathic understanding"; Weber's term to describe good social research, which tries to understand the meanings that individual social actors attach to various actions and events.
Deviance
A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction.
Operational Definition
A clear and precise definition of a variable that facilitates its measurement.
Aggregate
A collection of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations.
Group
A collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other.
Erving Goffman
Explained how and why we interact differently with different people through social interactionism
Society
A group of people who shape their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish their group from other groups.
Institutional review board
A group of scholars within a university who meet regularly to review and approve the research proposals of their colleagues and make recommendations for how to protect human subjects.
In-group
A group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward
Reference group
A group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves.
Subculture
A group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle.
Counterculture
A group within society that openly rejects and/or actively opposes society's values and norms. Example: hippies.
Folkway
A loosely enforced norm involving common customs, practices, or procedures that ensure smooth social interaction and acceptance.
Survey
A method based on questionnaires that are administered to a sample of respondents selected from a target population.
Participant observation
A methodology associated with ethnography whereby the researcher both observes and becomes a member in a social setting.
Sociological imagination
A quality of the mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our individual circumstances and larger social forces. (C. WRIGHT MILLS)
Open-ended question
A question asked of a respondent that allows the answer to take whatever form the respondent chooses.
Causation
A relationship between variables in which a change in one directly produces a change in the other.
Correlation
A relationship between variables in which they change together; may or may not be casual.
Norm
A rule or guideline regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable and appropriate within a culture.
Informed Consent
A safeguard through which the researcher makes sure that respondents are freely participating and understand the nature of the research.
Representative sample
A sample taken so that findings from members of the sample group can be generalized to the whole population
Culture Shock
A sense of disorientation that occurs when you enter a radically new social or cultural environment
Paradigm
A set of assumptions, theories, and perspectives that make up a way of understanding social reality.
Ideology
A system of beliefs, attitudes, and values that directs a society and reproduces the status quo of the bourgeoisie.
Language
A system of communication using vocal sounds, gestures, or written symbols.
Crowd
A temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact.
Feminist Theory
A theoretical approach that looks at gender inequities in a society and the way that gender structures the social world.
Dramaturgy
A theoretical paradigm that uses the metaphor of the theater to understand how individuals present themselves to others. ERVING GOFFMAN
Pragmatism
A theoretical perspective that assumes organisms (including humans) make practical adaptations to their environments. Humans do this through cognition, interpretation, and interaction. WILLIAM JAMES AND JOHN DEWEY
Hypothesis
A theoretical statement explaining the relationship between two or more phenomena
Social identity theory
A theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging.
Intervening Variable
A third variable, sometimes overlooked, that explains the relationship between two other variable.
Literature Review
A thorough search through previously published studies relevant to a particular topic.
Triad
A three-person group
Dyad
A two-person group
Outsiders
According to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society.
Expressions given
Expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as utterances.
In-group orientation
Among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgements or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity. (I.e. NAAFA, the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance)
Definition of the situation
An agreement with others about "what is going on" in a given circumstance. This consensus allows us to coordinate our actions with those of others and realize goals.
Dramaturgy
An approach pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms of its similarities to theatrical performance.
Midrange Theory
An approach that integrates empiricism and grand theory.
Rehabilitation
An approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty.
Retribution
An approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal
Deterrence
An approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes.
Incapacitation
An approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them.
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and characterized by competition, the profit motive, and wage labor.
The Milgram Experiment
An experiment where a "teacher", an "evaluator", and a "student" were put into their prospective positions and told to shock the student. It went extremely wrong and showed powerful influence to peer pressure among the subjects.
The Asch Experiment
An experiment where straight, even lines were shown and peer pressure was evaluated in relation to wrong answers and the test subject's response.
Value-free sociology
An ideal whereby researchers identify facts without allowing their own personal beliefs or biases to interfere.
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
An inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate a prediction that causes itself to become true.
Ascribed status
An inborn status; usually difficult or impossible to change.
Grounded Theory
An inductive method of generating theory from data by creating categories in which to place data and then looking for relationships between categories.
Total institutions
An institution in which individuals are cut off from the rest of society so that their lives can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of systematically stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new roles.
Collective Effervescence
An intense energy in shared events where people feel swept up in something larger than themselves.
Uniform Crime Report
An official measure of crime in the U.S., produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 17,000 agencies.
Traditional authority
Authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right.
Legal-rational authority
Authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader.
Charismatic authority
Authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader
Prescriptions
Behaviors approved of by a particular social group
Cooling the mark out
Behaviors that help others to save face and avoid embarrassment, often referred to as civility or tact.
Looking-glass Self
Charles Cooley's notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us.
Culture Wars
Clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld.
Thomas Theorem
Classic formulation of the way individuals define situations, whereby "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequence."
Karl Marx
Conflict Theory, praxis
Role conflict
Experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations.
Social ties
Connections between individuals
Fieldnotes
Detailed notes taken by an ethnographer describing her activities and interactions, which later becomes the basis of the ethnographic analysis.
Role-taking emotions
Emotions like sympathy, embarrassment, or shame that require that we assume the perspective of another person or many other people and respond from that person or group's point of view.
Stigma
Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attributes that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction.
Code of ethics
Ethical guidelines for researchers to consult as they design a project
Autoethnography
Ethnographic description that focuses on the feelings and reactions of the ethnographer.
McDonaldization
George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization.
Psychosexual stages of development
Freud's four distinct stages of development of the self between birth and adulthood. Each stage is associated with a different erogenous zone.
Emile Durkheim
Functionalist, mechanic and organic solidarity, individualism still relates to the entire, anomie, collective effervescence & conscience.
Conflict
Generated by the competition between different class groups for scarce resources and the source of all social change, according to Karl Marx.
Objectivity
Impartiality, the ability to allow the facts to speak for themselves.
Control
In an experiment, the process of regulating all factors except for the independent variable.
Primary deviance
In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant
Groupthink
In very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement. `
Innovators
Individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them.
Ritualists
Individuals who have give up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means.
Retreatists
Individuals who reject both society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them
Secondary Groups
Larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary.
Robert Merton
Latent and manifest functions is societal structure.
Expressive leadership
Leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group
Instrumental leadership
Leadership that is task or goal-oriented
Dialectical Model
Marx's model of historical change, whereby two extreme positions come into conflict and create some new thing between them.
Category
People who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging.
The Stanford Prison Experiment
Philip Zimbardo placed young men in positions of guard and inmate and the experiment showed yet again the power of influence in social situations.
Status
Position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations
Sanction
Positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms, including rewards for conformity and punishments for violations.
Influential power
Power that is supported by persuasion
Praxis
Practical action that is taken on the basis of intellectual or theoretical understanding.
Passing
Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to.
Deviance avowal
Process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process. ("Fat Amy")
Double-barreled questions
Questions that attempt to get at multiple issues at once, and so tend to receive incomplete or confusing answers.
Leading questions
Questions that predispose a respondent to answer in a certain way.
Tertiary deviance
Redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon.
Applied research
Research designed to gather knowledge that can be used learned to create some sort of change
Replicability
Research that can be repeated, and thus verified, by other researcher later.
Quantitative Research
Research that translates the social world into numbers that can be treated mathematically; this type of research often tries to find cause-and-effect relationships.
Qualitative Research
Research that works with nonnumerical data such as texts, fieldnotes, interview transcripts, photographs, and tape recording; this type of research more often tries to understand how people make sense of their world.
Structural strain theory
Robert Merton's argument that in an unequal society the tension or strain between socially approved goals and individual's ability to achieve those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals of the means of both.
Bureaucracies
Secondary groups designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, written rules, impersonality, and formal written communication.
Conscience
Serves to keep us from engaging in socially undesirable behavior.
Expressions of behavior
Small actions such as an eye roll or head nod that serve as an interaction tool to help project our definition of the situation to others.
Herbert Spencer
Social Darwinism
Virtual Communities
Social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet.
Agents of Socialization
Social groups, institutions, and individuals (especially the family, schools, peers, and the mass media) that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place.
Feeling rules
Socially constructed norms regarding the expression and display of emotions; expectations about the acceptable or desirable feelings in a given situation.
Agrarian Societies
Societies that depends on agriculture as their primary means for support and sustenance.
Functionalism outlook (2 things)
Society is stable Structures have purpose to stability.
Respondent
Someone from whom a researcher solicits information.
Dual nature of the self
The belief that we experience the self as both subject and object, the "I" and the "me"
Pilfering
Stealing minor items in small amounts, often again and again.
Negative questions
Survey questions that ask respondents what they don't think instead of what they do.
George Herbert Mead
Symbolic interactionism founder, "the individual personality is shaped by society and visa versa"
Weighting
Techniques for manipulating the sampling procedure so that the sample more closely resembles the larger population.
Hegemony
Term developed by Antonio Gramsci to describe the cultural aspects of social control, whereby the ideas of the dominant social group are accepted by all of society.
Organic Solidarity
Term developed by Emile Durkheim to describe the type of social bongs present in modern societies based on difference, interdependence, and individual rights.
Mechanical Solidarity
Term developed by Emile Durkheim to describe the type of social bongs present in premodern, agrarian societies, in which shared traditions and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion.
Agency
The ability of the individual to act freely and independently.
Power
The ability to control the actions of others
Coercive power
The ability to exhibit power on someone that is backed by a threat of force
Validity
The accuracy of a question or measurement tool; the degree to which a researcher is measuring what he thinks he is measuring.
Rationalization
The application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns.
Social Darwinism
The application of the theory of evolution and the notion of "survival of the fittest" to the study of society.
Confidentiality
The assurance that no one other than the researcher will know the identity of a respondent
Reliability
The consistency of a question or measurement tool; the degree to which the same questions will produce similar answers.
Capital punishment
The death penalty
Solidarity
The degree of integration or unity within a particular society; the extent to which individuals feel connected to other members of a group.
Representativeness
The degree to which a particular studied group is similar to, or represents, any part of the larger society.
Social Sciences
The disciplines that use the scientific method to examine the social world, in contrast to the natural sciences, which examine the physical world.
Cultural Diffusion
The dissemination of beliefs and practices from one group to another.
Impression management
The effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation; the use of self-presentation and performance tactics.
Target population
The entire group about which a researcher would like to be able to generalize.
Culture
The entire way of life of a group of people (including both material and symbolic elements) that acts as a lens through which one views the world and is passed from one generation to the next.
Thesis
The existing social arrangements in a dialectical model
Personal front
The expressive equipment we consciously or unconsciously use as we present ourselves to others, including appearance and manner, to help establish the definition of the situation.
Deception
The extent to which the participants in a research project are unaware of the project or its goals.
Preparatory Stage
The first stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children mimic or imitate others.
Social control
The formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus increase social cohesion.
Social control
The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
The idea that language structures thought and the ways of looking at the world are embedded in language.
Symbolic Culture
The ideas associated with a cultural group, including ways of thinking (beliefs, values, and assumptions) and ways of behaving (norms, interactions, and communication)
Cultural Imperialism
The imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through mass media and consumer products rather than by military force.
Self
The individual's conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identity separate and instinct from other individuals.
Peer pressure
The influence of one's fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors.
Authority
The legitimate right to wield power
Latent Functions
The less obvious, perhaps unintended functions of a social structure.
Microsociology
The level of analysis that studies face-to-face and small-group interactions in order to understand how they affect the larger patterns and institutions of society.
Macrosociology
The level of analysis that studies large-scale social structures in order to determine how they affect the lives of groups and individuals.
Compliance
The mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments.
Real culture
The norms, values, and patterns of behavior that actually exist within a society.
Ideal culture
The norms, values, and patterns of behavior that members of a society believe should be observed by principle.
Technological determinism
The notion that developments in technology provide the primary driving force behind social change.
Response rate
The number or percentage of surveys completed by respondents and returned to researchers.
Material Culture
The objects associated with a cultural group, such as tools, machines, utensils, buildings, and artwork; any physical object to which we give social meaning.
Manifest Functions
The obvious, intended functions of a social structure for the social system.
Nature vs. Nurture Debate
The ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits.
Antithesis
The opposition to the existing arrangements in a dialectical model
Profane
The ordinary, mundane, or everyday.
Experimental group
The part of a test group that receives the experimental treatment.
Sample
The part of the population that will actually be studied.
Control group
The part of the test group that is allowed to continue without intervention so that it can be compared with the experimental group.
Group dynamics
The patterns of interaction between groups and individuals.
Primary Groups
The people who are most important to our sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belonging.
Generalized other
The perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or of society in general) that a child learns and then takes into account when shaping his or her own behavior.
Particular or significant other
The perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes.
Cultural Relativism
The principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging or evaluating according to one's own culture.
Ethnocentrism
The principle of using one's own culture as a means or standard by which to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one's own are abnormal or inferior.
Social construction
The process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that it exists.
Access
The process by which an ethnographer gains entry to a field setting.
Cultural leveling
The process by which cultures that were once unique and distinct become increasingly similar.
Emotion work
The process of evoking, suppressing, or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotions.
Socialization
The process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we becoming functioning members of society.
Role exit
The process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy.
Resocialization
The process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life.
Disenchantment
The rationalization of modern society.
Ego
The realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the id and superego.
Class Consciousness
The recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed, leading to revolutionary action.
Basic research
The search for knowledge without any agenda or desire to use that knowledge to effect change
Play stage
The second stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children pretend to play the role of the particular or significant other
Alienation
The sense of dissatisfaction the modern worker feels as a result of producing goods that are owned and controlled by someone else, according to Marx.
Group cohesion
The sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel towards a group of which they belong.
Role
The set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her status.
Collective Conscience
The shared moral and beliefs that are common to a group and which foster social solidarity.
Internalization
The stronger type of conformity, occurring when an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them her own.
Sociology
The systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior, from large-scale institutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions.
Gestures
The ways in which people use their bodies to communicate without words; actions that have symbolic meaning
Social network
The web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual.
Desistance
The tendency of individuals to age out of crime over the life course
Reactivity
The tendency of people and events to react to the process of being studied.
Eurocentric
The tendency to favor European or Western histories, cultures, and values over other non-Western societies.
Role strain
The tension experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role.
Positivism
The theory, developed by AUGUSTE COMTE, that sense perceptions are the only valid source of knowledge.
Game stage
The third stage of Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other.
Social Inequality
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society.
Cyberbullying
The use of electronic media to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone.
Dominant culture
The values, norms, and practices of the group within society that is more powerful (in terms of wealth, prestige, status, influence, etc.)
Superego
Two components (the conscience and the ego-ideal) and represents the internalized demands of society.
Ego-Ideal
Upholds our vision of who we believe we should ideally be
Hidden Curriculum
Values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the structure of the educational system and the teaching methods used.
Proletariat
Workers; those who have no means of production of their own and so are reduced to selling their labor power in order to live.
