Review exam 2 (final)

Precapillary sphincters will

- control blood flow into the true capillaries - cause blood to flow directly from the met arteriole into the post capillary venule - open when the tissue needs nutrients - close when the tissues needs have been met (all answers correct)

Which are the characteristics of leukocytes?

- have a nucleus - have no hemoglobin - depending on type, may or may not contain granules b, c, e

Label the blood types according to their description.

- type A, Surface antigen A , anti-B antibodies - type B, surface antigen B, anti-antibodies - Type AB, surface antigens A and B, neither antibodies - type O, neither surface antigen A nor B, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Which are characteristic of type A blood?

-Has anti-B anti-bodies - Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes - Will agglutinate with blood type B B, C, F

Match the vessel with its associated chamber.

1. Inferior and superior vena cava Right atrium 2. Pulmonary trunk Right ventricle 3. Pulmonary veins Left atrium 4. Aorta Left ventricle

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _____ days

120

The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature.

1° C higher

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be

50 mmHg

Which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output?

An increase in afterload

Which of the following vessel types typically has the thickest tunica media?

Arteries

Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?

Basophils

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur?

Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases.

Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?

Contraction of the right ventricle

Which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot?

Femoral a., popliteal a., anterior tibial a., dorsalis pedis a.

What are the cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers called?

Intercalated discs

The shutting of the semilunar valves occurs during which phase?

Isovolumic relaxation

Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae?

Muscular arteries

In an ECG, what does the T wave represent?

Repolarization of the ventricles

Which pair is located more anteriorly in a heart in normal position?

Right atrium and right ventricle

Label the internal anatomy of the heart.

Study anatomy of heart

Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage?

Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?

Systemic circuit

Sympathetic innervation of the heart arises from the ________ segments of the spinal cord.

T1-T5

Which prenatal structure forms the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Truncus arteriosus

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the

a & d (internal jugular veins & subclavian veins)

The tetralogy of Fallot is

a developmental disorder that is a cardiac septal defect.

Someone with a heart block would have

a long P-R interval.

Which are found in the capillary wall?

a. Endothelium d. Intercellular clefts f. basement membrane A,D,F

Which describes the endocardium?

a. has single layer of epithelium b. has layer of areolar connective tissue c. epithelial cells are squamous a, b, c

Sympathetic innervation of the heart

a. increases the heart rate c. increases the force of contractions a, c

An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which

action potentials fire spontaneoulsy.

Angiogenesis

allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue.

The anterior communicating artery of the cerebral arterial circle connects the

anterior cerebral arteries.

The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. The pulmonary trunk is a(n)

artery.

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

basic, proteins

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

basophil

The first phase of hemostasis involves

blood vessel constriction

The superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the _______ veins.

brachiocephalic

For the repolarization phase of an SA nodal cell action potential,

calcium channels close and potassium channels open.

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body.

capillaries

High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate

chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.

Blood velocity is measured in _________ and is generally _________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels.

cm/second; inversely

The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the

common iliac arteries.

The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by the

coronary sulcus

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely

decrease.

The main function of leukocytes is to

defend against pathogens.

At the AV node of the conduction system, the action potential is

delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions.

Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood.

deoxygenated

The pulmonary trunk carries

deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of

diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Blood flow is

directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.

The largest arteries of the body are classified as

elastic arteries.

The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains

fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels.

The atrioventricular (AV) node is located in the

floor of right atrium

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries

get smaller

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units.

globin

Cardiac output equals the

heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.

hemostasis, 9

Occlusion of blood vessels tends to lead to

inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues.

The left renal vein, right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the

inferior vena cava.

The posterior interventricular sulcus

is a groove between the ventricles on the back of the heart.

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel

is called the blood pressure.

After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the

ligamentum teres.

Cardiac output is usually expressed in

liters per minute.

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

liver and spleen.

The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to

lubricate membranes of the pericardium.

At the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the _______ artery arises to supply the sacrum and coccyx.

median sacral

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte.

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.

The heart valves

permit the passage of blood in one direction

The base of the heart faces in the _____________ directions.

posterior and superior

The arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the _____ and _____ arteries.

radial; ulnar

Which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood?

right atrium and right ventricle

Each of the receiving chambers of the heart has a wrinkled flaplike extension; the one that is more visible from an anterior view is the

right auricle.

The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is

slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

The metabolic pathways of cardiac muscle make it

somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism.

Correctly label the anatomical features of pulmonary circulation.

study pulmonary circulation

Label the veins of the upper limb.

study veins of upper limb

When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system.

sympathetic

The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the

tendinous cords.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to

the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.

During ventricular contraction

the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close.

Angiotensin II causes

vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.

Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates

vasodilation, increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure.

Blood pressure is lowest in

veins.