Review for mass bio final
Identify the main ideas of the cell theory
-All organisms are composed of one or more cells. -All cells come from preexisting cells -.The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms.
qualities of a base
-Can burn your skin if you spill it on yourself -Has a pH of greater than 7 -Has a high concentration of -OH (hydroxide) ions
present in animal cell
-DNA -Nucleus -Ribosome
qualities of Acid
-Has a pH of less than 7 -Has a high concentration of H+ (hydrogen) ions -Can burn your skin if you spill it on yourself
what happens during the kreb's cycle?
-Pyruvic acid broken dpwn even more into CO2 -Pyruvic acid from glycosis makes e- carriers matrix
describes the use of carbs
-Used as a quick source of energy in cells -Polysaccharides are included in this category -Made up of glucose molecules linked together -Considered to be an "organic" compound
describes the use of protein
-Used for building & repair in cells -Enzymes are included in this category -Made up of amino acids -Considered to be an "organic" compound
describes the use of lipids
-Used for long-term energy storage in cells -Considered to be an "organic" compound -Oils are included in this category -Can be made of 3 fatty acid chains, that can be saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated, that are attached to a glycerol backbone
describes the use of nucleic acids
-Used to store genetic information in the form of a code -Considered to be an "organic" compound
how does the ETC use high energy e- from glycosis and the Kreb's cycle?
-Uses the HE e- to synthesis ATP -Membrane bound proteins pass e- down the line to make ATP -composed of e- carriers Inner-membrane
what happens during glycosis?
1 mol. of Glucose is coverted into 2 mol. of pyruvic acid. cytoplasm
1) A bacterium was discovered in several hot springs. The temperature of the springs can range from 50 to 80 degrees Celsius. Scientists investigate an enzyme from this bacterium They set up the data table shown to record their results. 2) What is a reasonable hypothesis for this study?
1)How does temperature affect the reaction rate of the enzyme? 2)The optimum reaction rate of this enzyme will be seen in tubes 4 or 5.
How much ATP does cellular respiration generate?
36 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose glucosis:ATP 1:2 ratio
Define prokaryotic cell
A smaller cell which has no true nucleus or nuclear envelope.
present in plant cell.
Cell wall DNA Ribosome
A scientist isolates a number of non-photosynthetic prokaryotes. Which structure could be found in these cells?
Cell wall.
how does the body produce ATP during the diffrent stages of exercise.
Cells split glycogen into glucose and lactic acid
The number of a particular organelle within a cell is dependent upon the function of that cell. Which of the following organelle would be found in abundance in sunflower leaf cells?
Chloroplasts
What role do enzymes play in living things, and what affects their function?
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.
how do organisms generate energy when oxygen isnt avalible?
Fermentation. They undergo glycolysis, followed by the anaerobic process of fermentation to make ATP.
How does water's polarity influence its properties as a solvent?
Gives it the ability to stick to itself (cohesion), stick to other substances (adhesion), and have surface tension (due to hydrogen bonding)
How do single-celled organisms maintain homeostasis?
Grow, respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce.
What element does carbon bond with to make up life's macromol.?
Hydrogen, O2, and Nitrogen
Why is it important for cells to buffer solutions against rapid changes in pH?
It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable
Which part of a phospholipid allows the cell membrane to interact with water in its environment?
Phosphate head, because it is polar
define relationship beteen CR and photosynthesis
Photosyn. converts CO2 and H2O into O2 and glucose. CR converts O2 and glucose into H2O and CO2.
what role do pigments playing in the role of photosynthesis?
The absorb the light witht he pigments inside the chloroplasts.
Which structural feature of the cell membrane allows molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse into and out of the cell?
The cell membrane is made up of two layers of phospholipids.
What organelles help make and transport proteins and other macromol.?
The endoplasmic reticulum
define how passive transport works
The flow from high to low concetrations -- no energy
what is CR?
The process of E convertion that releases E from food in presence of Oxygen
were do organisms get energy?
The sun-- or the food they eat
Which of the following are characteristics of all living organisms?
They must grow and develop. They must reproduce as a species. They must respond to their environment. They are made of one or more cells. They require energy. They maintain homeostasis.
How does the structure of water contribute to its unique properties?
Water mol. are polar, so they form hydrogen bonds
monomer of proteins
amino acids
What happens to chem. bonds durign chem. reactions?
bonds between atoms in the reactants are broken and the atoms rearrange and form new bonds to make the products.
mitochondria
breakdown sugars to produce energy during cellular respiration
What are the function of chloroplasts amd mitochandria?
breaking down fuel molecules and capturing energy in cellular respiration
Which pair of organelles works together to give structure and support in animal cells?
cell membrane and cytoskeleton
quality of plant Prokaryotes
cell wall ribosomes cell membrane DNA
lysosomes
contains digestive enzymes; digests old and worn out organelles
chloroplast
contains grana and stroma; responsible for performing photosynthesis
Define role of nucleus
controls and regulates the activities of the cell
Chief cells are found in the glands that line the inside of the stomach. These cells secrete large amounts of enzymes to aid in food digestion.
endoplasmic reticulum
Why is ATP useful to cells?
energy souce
monomer of lipids
fatty acid chain
monomer of carbohydrates
glucose
Which type of macromolecule stores energy and provides thermal insulation for the body?
lipid
flagella
long projections used for locomotion that move in a whip-like fashion
plasma membrane
maintains homeostasis within a cell
nucleus
manages functions within a eukaryotic cell
quality of plant organisms
mitchondria cell wall nucleus ribosomes cell membrane chloroplast DNA golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum
quality of plant animals
mitchondria nucleus ribosomes cell membrane lysosome golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum DNA
An animal sperm cell moves by a flagella whipping back and forth on one end of the cell and propelling it in the opposite direction. Due to this method of movement, which organelle would we expect to see more of in a sperm cell than in a skin cell?
mitochondria
what are electron carrier mol.?
mols. that are able to transport HE e- w/out losing much energy
Define diffusion
movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotides
chlorophyll
pigment in plants that absorbs all wavelengths of light except green
Antibodies are composed of amino acids. In which class of biomolecules would antibodies belong?
proteins
How do energy charges affect wether a chem reaction will occur?
released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds are formed or broken during chemical reactions. chem reactions wont happens when theres no E
what organelle modifies proteins and transports them out of the cell?
ribosomes and golgi apperatus.
cilia
short, hairlike projections used for locomotion in some cells that move in a wake-like manner
endoplasmic reticulum
site for protein OR LIPID PRODUCTION
nucleolus
site for ribosome production
ribosomes
site of protein production
golgi apparatus
sorts and transports proteins
Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the
speed
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?
store genetic information
define how active transport works
the flow from low to high concetrations -- involving ATP
What is the function of the membrane bound transport proteins in a cell membrane?
to help transport large molecules across the membrane that cannot diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane
What are function of vacuoles, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton?
vacuoles- maintain water lysosomes- help digestion cytoskeleton-shape of cell
what happens during the process of photosynthesis?
water+sunlight+CO2 = glucose+ O2
