RNA vs DNA
What is the function of rRNA?
rRNA molecules help hold ribosomal proteins in place and help locate the beginning and end of the mRNA message. They may also carry out the chemical reaction that joins amino acids together.
How do you convert the DNA strand ATCCGT to a protein?
1. Identify the other side of the DNA strand (TAGGCA). 2. Identify the complimentary mRNA strand (AUCCGU). 3. Divide the mRNA strand into seperate 3-letter codons (AUC CGU). 4. Use the genetic code table to identify the protein.
What are the steps in the process of transcription?
1. RNA polymerase unwinds the two DNA strands. 2. RNA polymerase copies the genectic instructions to form a strand of mRNA. 3. The mRNA carries the genetic instructions through the nuclear por complex into the cytoplasm to a ribosome subunit. 4. The mRNA attaches to a ribosome subunit.
What are the steps in the process of translation?
1.After the mRNA attaches to the ribosome subunit, a second ribosome subunit attaches to the first subunit to form a fully functional ribosome. 2. tRNAs bring the proper amino acids into the ribosome. 3. Each tRNA has an anticodon that is complementary to the codon on the mRNA strand. The ribosome positions the start codon to attract its anticodon. 4. Ribosome attaches the amino acids and forms a peptide bond between the 1st and 2nd amino acids. 5. tRNA exits the ribosome. 6. Ribosome moves to the 3rd codon and tRNA brings in the amino acid specified by the 3rd codon and poly pepetide grows until it reaches the "stop" codon. 7. It releases the polypetide and mRNA molecule.
How many possible three-base codons are there in RNA?
64, because there are 4 different bases.
What is the genetic code for RNA?
ACGU.
What is an anticodon?
An anticodon is the three unpaired bases on a tRNA that is complementary to one mRNA.
Why are the chemical differences between RNA and DNA important?
Because they make it easier for enzymes in the cell to tell DNA and RNA apart.
How are the roles played by DNA and RNA similar to the plans used by a builder?
Builders have a master plan, which contains all of the information that they need to construct a building. However, builders rarely bring the master plan to the job site, because they might get damaged. Instead, builders make a disposable copy. DNA is the "master plan." RNA is the "disposable copy" or blueprint. The DNA stays safely in the nucleus, while the RNA goes to the protein-building sites in the cytoplasm -- the ribosomes.
What happens during transcription?
During transcription, segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules.
What do proteins have to do with the color of a flower?
Everything. Many proteins are enzymes, which catalzye and regulate chemical reactions. A gene that codes for an enzyme to produce pigment can control the color of a flower. Another gene may regulate patterns of tissue growth in a leaf.
How does protein synthesis differ in prokaryote cells and eukaryote cells?
In prokaryote cells, RNA synthesis and protein synthesis take place in the cytoplasm. In eukararyotes, RNA is produced in the cell's nucleus and then moves to the cytoplasm to play a role in the production of protein.
What are introns?
Introns are pre-mRNA molecules that have bits and pieces cut out of them before they go into action.
What is the purpose of a genetic code table?
It makes it easier to to decode codons.
How is RNA similar to DNA?
Like DNA, RNA is made up of a 5-carbon surgar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
What are polypeptides?
Long strands of amino acids.
What are the 3 types of RNA?
Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and Transfer RNA (tRNA).
What is the function of mRNA?
Messenger RNA carries copies of the genetic instructions from DNA to other parts of the cell.
What is the field of molecular biology?
Molecular biology seeks to explain living organisms by studying them at the molecular level, using molecules, like DNA and RNA.
What is the principal job of RNA?
Protein synthesis, or the assembly of amino acids into proteins.
How is RNA different from DNA?
RNA is different from DNA is three ways: (1) the sugar in RNA is ribose not dioxyribose; (2) RNA is generally single-stranded and not double-stranded; and (3) RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.
How does RNA polymerase know where to start and stop making a strand of mRNA?
RNA polymerase binds only to promoters, which are signals in the DNA molecule that show RNA polymerase exactly where to start making mRNA. Similar signals in DNA cause transcription to stop when a new mRNA molecule is complete.
What is the function of RNA polymerase in transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to DNA, separates the strands, then uses one of the strands as a template from which to assemble nucleotides into a complementary RNA strand.
What is RNA polymerase?
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that binds to DNA during transcription and separates or unwinds the DNA strands.
Why is RNA polymerase important?
RNA polymerase is important because its ability to copy a single DNA sequence into RNA makes it possible for a single gene to produce hundreds or even thousands of RNA molecules.
What enzyme does transcription require?
RNA polymerase.
What is RNA short for?
Ribonucleic Acid.
What is the function of rRNA?
Ribosomal RNA forms an important part of both subunits of ribosome.
What are Ribosomes composed of?
Ribosomes are composed of roughly 80 proteins and 3 or 4 different rRNA molecules.
What is the role of Ribosomes in Translation?
Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.
How do you read a genectic code table?
Start aat the middle of the circle with the first letter of the codon, and move outward. Next, move out to the second ring to find the second letter of the codon. Find the third and final letter among the smallest set of letters in the third ring. Then, read the amino acid in that sector.
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
That information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein.
What are the 4 different nitrogenous bases in RNA?
The four different bases in RNA are: adenine (A), cystosine (C), guanine (G) and uracil (U).
How is the genetic code for RNA read?
The genetic code is read three "letters" at a time, so that each "word" is three bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid.
How do all three major forms of RNA come together in in the ribosome during translation?
The mRNA molecule carries the coded message that directs the process. The tRNA delivers exactly the right amino acid called for by each codon on the mRNA. The tRNA are adaptors that enable the ribosome to read the mRNA's message accuarately and to get the translation just right.
What are exons?
The remaining pieces of pre-mRNA that are spliced together to form the final mRNA.
What influences the shape of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids, which in turn influences the function.
What determines the properties in proteins?
The specific amino acids in a polypeptide and the order in which they are joined.
What is a codon?
The three-letter word in mRNA. It consists of three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid to be added to a polypeptide chain.
What is the difference between transcription and translation?
Transcription is the process of transforming DNA into mRNA. Translation is the process of going from mRNA to a polypeptide or a protein. Transcription can happen in the nucleus. Translation always happens in the cytoplasm.
Most of the work of making RNA occurs during what phase of protein synthesis?
Transcription.
What is the function of tRNA?
Transfer RNA transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by the coded messages in the mRNA.
Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?
Translation is carried out by ribosomes after the transcribed mRNA enters the cell's cytoplasm.
