Rock Pop, and American Culture (MUS 109) Final Study Guide Key terms

Playlist

- "Govern by rotation schedule." - A list of songs that can be played on a particular radio station.

Riff

- A Riff is a short, often rhythmically catchy piece of melody. - Brown's Riffs were designed to work in conjunction with other Riffs played at the same time.

Timothy Leary

- A clinical psychiatrist who began to explore the ritual uses of hallucinogenic drugs in cultures around the world. - His earliest research was promising enough to earn him a position among the faculty of Harvard, but as he became a vocal advocate for the personal use of LSD, he was fired. - Throughout the 1960s, he published many articles and delivered lectures promoting the use of hallucinogenic drugs.

Altamonte Free Festival

- A free concert hosted by the Rolling Stones in December 1969. They invited Jefferson Airplane, Carlos Santana, the Grateful Dead, Crosby, Stillsn Nash and Young, and other acts to warm the crowd up during the day before the Stones appeared at night. - A one day event modeled like Woodstock. - Difficulties arose from informal use of Hells angel biker gang resulting in many fights.

Alternative

- A genre that had once been the realm of punk- and rock-inspired bands had quickly become a much more generic form of music no longer representative of the ethos embodied by its original sources. - Embodies many sub genres including: Indie Rock, Alternative Folk, Gothic, British-Pop, Adult Alternative, and many others. - Catch- all term for what rock was in the 90's that were not hip hop or pop.

Merry Pranksters

- A group of people who regularly attended parties thrown by Ken Kesey that featured the consumption of LSD. - These parties often had music provided by the band that would become the Grateful Dead. - The Pranksters once made an across the country bus trip from San Francisco to New York, promoting the use of LSD.

Hook

- A hook can be musical or visual. It can be something that pulls the ear in (a strong and repetitive beat or vocal line) or the package that an artist presents of themselves. - A hook is often a repeated melody that is easily recognizable by a listener or something that a listener can sing back very quickly. - In hip hop and pop music, the word "hook" is used in the same way that I defined "chorus" above.

Counter Culture

- A movement and social phenomena that began in the 1960s which questioned mainstream values and sensibilities. - The music of the Counterculture was informed by the emergence of folk revival stars into the pop mainstream in two important ways. - First, many of the biggest stars began to write their own songs. In a sense, this practice was not at odds with the folk revivalists.

Hippie

- A participant in the American Counterculture movement of the 1960s. - A person who was hip, or aware of something about culture which was not self evident (e.g., fans of 1950s jazz who understood the subtle references to drugs within the music were hip to jazz in a way that other fans were not).

Grateful Dead

- A psychedelic rock band that emerged from San Francisco's Countercultural scene, and become one of the most famous Jam bands. - They were associated with the Merry Prankster's acid tests, and they became famous for their live shows. - The original line-up of the Grateful Dead consisted of Jerry Garcia, lead guitar; Bob Weir rhythm guitar; Phil Lesh bass guitar; Ron "Pigpen" McKernan keyboards; and Bill Kreutzman drums. Mickey Hart , a second drummer, played with the band from 1967 through most of its remaining years.

Joan Baez

- A singer whose simple renditions of folk songs earned her the nickname the "Queen" of the folk revival. - Baez's activism during the Civil Rights era helped to link fans of folk music with the protest movements of the Counterculture. - In Martin Luther King's March on Washington in 1963, Baez led the protesters in the song "We Shall Overcome."

Monterrey Pop Festival

- A three-day festival of music in 1967 that intended to demonstrate the artistic worth and stylistic diversity of pop and rock music. - Many music executives visited this event on the California coast, and several of the performers (e.g., Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix) recording contracts, or earned acclaim within the music industry based upon their appearance. -The festival contained artists that we today would label with a wide array of genre names, including soul—Otis Redding, Booker T and the MGs; world—Ravi Shankar; rock—the Who; folk revival/pop—the Mamas and the Papas; psychedelic rock—Jimi Hendrix, the Grateful Dead; blues rock—Janis Joplin and Big Brother and the Holding Company; folk rock—the Byrds; singer-songwriter—Simon and Garfunkel; country rock—Steve Miller Band; and so on.

Protest Songs

- A topical song, or song that objects to some aspect of society; i.e., a current event song whose lyrics protest something. - The protest songs of the 1960s stemmed from the Folk revival movement, but became associated with all styles and genres.

Peter, Paul, and Mary

- A trio which became among the most popular artists to crossover from the folk revival into the pop mainstream. - The group regularly performed protest songs during their concerts. - Peter Yarrow, Paul Stookey, and Mary Travers were introduced to one another through the efforts of their manager Albert Grossman. Grossman hoped that the three folk singers might be able to match the sound and success of the Kingston Trio, because of their passion for old folk songs and their talent as singers.

Disc Jockeys

- An announcer of a radio show of popular recorded music. - Also: one who plays recorded music for dancing at a nightclub or party. - A person who mixes recorded music for an audience; in a club event or rave.

Bridge

- An aspect of a popular song's form that varies from the alternation of verse and chorus. - The words can be synonymous, although a bridge suggests a connection between sections of music whereas a break suggests something that is new and different. - The bridge connects sections together, offering a contrasting melody and harmony from the verse and chorus.

Break

- An aspect of a popular song's form that varies from the alternation of verse and chorus. - The words can be synonymous, although a bridge suggests a connection between sections of music whereas a break suggests something that is new and different. - The word break comes from solo breaks in pop music arranging, where an instrument (e.g., guitar) would play a solo instead of a verse being sung, as a means of creating some variety in song form. In funk, the breaks represented shorter contrasting grooves that created variety within a song's form.

Jimi Hendrix

- An influential rock guitarist and songwriter; Hendrix became an iconic star in the late 1960s and many of his recordings reflect Countercultural values, or can be understood as psychedelic rock. - He played at the Monterey Pop Music Festival and at Woodstock. -Hendrix grew up in Seattle, Washington, where he had a difficult childhood. Guitars are built for right-handed players, and Hendrix was left-handed, so he strung the strings of his instrument upside down, in order to play the guitar more comfortably.

Atlantic Records

- Atlantic Records was formed in 1947 with the intention of focusing upon Rhythm 'n' Blues and Jazz recordings. - Atlantic was the label of Led Zeppelin, Crosby, Stills Nash and Young, and other mostly white groups). - Atlantic was involved with soul music largely because of the recordings of Ray Charles, the producing of Jerry Wexler, and the label's distribution deals with Stax and Fame records.Ray Charles's success in the late 1950s earned the company enough money to allow it to grow and expand during its first decade.

Bee Gees

- Australian pop group, who recorded the song "Stayin' Alive", which was impossible to avoid in the first half of 1978, as it played on pop, disco, urban, top 40 and other radio formats.

Sequencer

- By the 1980s, Sequencers became inexpensive and common as either stand-alone machines or as a feature added to the synthesizers and drum machines. - Sounds could be recorded onto a Sequencer, and then a musical loop established that took the recorded sounds and played them repetitively.

Marvin Gaye

- By the time he began recording at Motown records in the 1960s, he had already made R & B and Doo Wop recordings at Chess Records. - He wrote some songs, played drums on recordings, and emerged as one of the company's most popular male singers. - Gaye's charming stage presence and gentle voice allowed him to be promoted as a ladies man, and Motown capitalized on this image with a series of love song duets with various female stars (e.g., "Ain't No Mountain High Enough," "Ain't Nothin' Like the Real Thing").

Carol King

- Career began as a songwriter in the early 1960s during the Brill Building era. - Some of the most well known songs of that decade, including "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" and "Locomotion" were co-written by King and her husband, Gerry Goffin. - King's song "It's Too Late" from Tapestry also contains a 1970s adult contemporary sound.Her second album Tapestry (1971), though, eventually sold 25 million copies, and for several decades established her as the best selling female artist.

San Francisco

- City in California that became the most well known scene for America's Counterculture during the 1960s. -Many of the decade's psychedelic rock groups began in San Francisco or regularly played there.

Compact Discs

- Compact Discs or CDs were created jointly by the Phillips and Sony record companies in 1983. - For the majority of the 1990s, bands were booked in a traditional way by record labels, recorded, packaged in a cassette tape and/or Compact disc, and promoted on the airwaves of radio and television.

NWA

- Credited with popularizing Gangsta Rap. - California based, West Coast group. - Sold over 10 million records despite being banned on most radios.

Disco

- Disco began as an underground musical phenomenon, a style of music that gained popularity first in small dance clubs filled predominantly with African American, Latino or Homosexual fans. - The two most popular disco singles were "Rock the Boat" by the Hues Corporation (1974), and "The Hustle" by Van McCoy (1975). - Both song became a number one hit on the Hot 100 Billboard chart.

Drum Machine

- Drum Machines offered rock artists in the '80s a perpetual motion Machine of rhythm. - Drum Machines found their start as early as 1959. - The Sideman, an early drum Machine, was created for organ players as a way to help a single musician avoid having to hire a drummer.

Elton John

- Elton John, the stage name for Reginald Dwight, is created from the first names of two other musicians he knew. - The song "Candle in the Wind" about Marilyn Monroe proves a remarkable case in point. The song was popular in the 1970s when it first appeared. - Elton John's songs "Rocket Man" and "Bennie and the Jets" draw attention to the sounds of the 1970s.

FM Radio

- FM broadcasting became the dominant means of listening to popular music on radio in the 1970s. - Frequency Modulation (FM) as a means of broadcasting sound had existed for years, but it became increasingly popular during the late 1960s. - Although FM radio stations had better fidelity, receivers that could pick up FM were not common at first.-

Fame Records

- Fame is an acronym for Florence Alabama Music Enterprises, and was known as much as a place to make records as it was for being a music label. - Often the label is described in terms of the location where recordings were made, in a small town called Muscle Shoals, near the Tennessee border, but outside of the town of Florence, where the label began in the 1950s. - Jerry Wexler of Atlantic records identified that sound, and began to send Atlantic's artist to Muscle Shoals. Later, Wexler employed some of those same studio musicians for Atlantic session dates in New York City.

George Clinton

- George clinton was at the center of the funk universe during its rise in the late 1960s and early 1970s, where he has remained. - Clinton's career as a performer, a band manager, a record producer, and as a spokesperson for the music of funk earned him, among his many aliases, the nickname Dr. Funkenstein. -In 1969, George clinton lost the rights to use the name "The Parliaments," because of a contractual agreement with his record label, so he started a new group on a different label called Funkadelic, which utilized most of the same roster of musicians as the Parliaments. The new group blended the emerging funk style with psychedelic lyrics.Parliament and Funkadelic officially disbanded by the 1980s, but Clinton continues to perform with an ad hoc group called the P-Funk All Stars.

Grunge

- Grunge bands in the late 80s were primarily a local endeavor. Their fans were fiercely loyal and vehemently opposed to the mainstream, but the music was not widely accepted. - It was not until Nirvana emerged that a band found the magical balance of music that bridged the gap between the highly-produced arena rock of bands like Journey and Boston and the underground punk and Grunge scenes (Gulla, p. 6).

Stevie Wonder

- His enormous proclivity for performing music (singing, drums, piano, harmonica, organ) landed him a contract at Motown when he was just eleven years old, where Berry Gordy dubbed him "Little Stevie Wonder. - Wonder's next number one hit on the pop charts was "Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours" in 1970. -Wonder's song "Superstition" questions simplistic beliefs, "Isn't She Lovely" celebrates fatherhood, and "Living for the City" explores the affect of poverty in urban areas.

Napster

- In 1999, the 19-year-old Shawn Fanning launched the internet service Napster. - This product is what is known as a "file-sharing" service, which means that it connects internet users from across the globe to each other so they can search each others' hard drives for files they wish to share. - By 2002, Napster had filed for bankruptcy, by 2003 it was re-launched as legitimate online music service users paid to use, and in 2014 it was incorporated into the extant online streaming service Rhapsody.

Chorus

- In a song's form, the chorus has the same lyrics, melody, harmony, and basic rhythm. - Sometimes the word "hook" is used to describe the chorus. - The chorus always stays the same in music and lyrics.

Scopitone Video

- In the 1960s, Scopitones, French manufactured large jukeboxes that played video, could be seen in diners and truck stops across the U.S. - Scopitones often had racy content and were more sexually charged than American television's presentations of popular music.

Punk

- In the 1970s and 1980s, Punk rock embodied two core tenets: being both anti-social and anti-establishment. - These musicians were part of the inspiration behind grunge in the early 1990s, but the style did not merely morph into something else. - Green Day and Nirvana were two of many popular punk groups.

Muggle

- It was a colloquial term used by jazz musicians to describe someone who smoked marijuana.

Hip Hop

- It's a noun and verb. (it is a thing and a thing that can be done.) - Started in the south Bronx in 1970s. - Has a problem with language. (White privilege and language as a power in the south, Taking it back, and "bitches" and "Ho's")

James Brown

- James Brown began to perform for money in order to buy food and clothing when he was still just a child. He grew up in extreme poverty near Augusta, Georgia. - Dramatic presentations of his songs, and an elaborate focus upon the dancing, costumes, and acting that Brown did during his live shows earned him the nickname of "the Hardest working man in show business." - Brown's performances were famous. One of his most successful albums, and one of the best live albums in the history of popular music, was a taping of a show that Brown performed in New York's Apollo Theater.

Tom Wolfe

- Journalist and author. - He traveled with Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters in order to report on their "acid test" events. - Later he published his account as a book entitled The Electric Kool Aid Acid Test, which provides insight into the use of drugs in the Counterculture.

Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff

- Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, two African American entrepreneurs and song-writers, founded a company after having worked in many different aspects of the music business. - In 1972, Harold Melvin and Blue Notes recorded the Gamble and Huff tune "If You Don't Know Me By Now." - The record represents the Philadelphia International orchestral sound, a sound that other pop producers often used for slow songs during the decade.

Led Zeppelin

- Led Zeppelin consisted of Jimmy Page on guitar, Robert Plant on vocals, John Bonham on drums, and John Paul Jones on bass/keyboards. - The band never earned a number one spot on Top 40 radio, but they consistently made multiplatinum albums, which placed their first four albums towards the top of the album charts. - Led Zeppelin IV is one of the best selling albums ever made.

Madonna

- Madonna, arguably one of the more important figures in music from the 80s played within the stereotypes of the new video medium and subverted them at the same time. - Madonna's first video hints at how she played with stereotypes. - Madonna's ability to fulfill opposite expectations within the same video became a hallmark of her style.

Michael Jackson

- Michael Jackson began releasing solo albums while still a member of the Jackson 5, but the late 1970s saw his career begin to bloom when he began working with Producer and arranger Quincy Jones in 1978. -"Billie Jean" had been getting radio play for two months and had reached number one for six weeks in 1983. The video was offered to Mtv by CBS (Michael Jackson's label) after the single had been played regularly on the air. - The video to his song "Thriller" was thirteen minutes long and cost over a $500,000 to make at a time when many bands were making their videos for $30,000.

AM Radio

- Most popular format in 1950s and 1960s. Small transistor radios that could pick up only the Amplitude Modulation (AM) broadcasts were commonplace, and allowed music to be carried with one wherever there was a radio station. - Played predominantly nationwide broadcasts. - Oldies (which now began to include Rock 'n Roll and Pop).

Ken Kesey

- Novelist, who wrote One Flew Over the Cukoo's Nest. - Kesey worked in psychiatric facilities which administered LSD in the 1940s. - Later, Kesey promoted the recreational use of the drug, and hosted parties that featured the consumption of LSD.

Garth Brooks

- One of the two artists to make inroads into typically non-country-music listeners' ears was Garth Brooks. - Garth Brooks would become the 90s highest-selling male artist of any genre. - Anchored by the single "Friends in Low Places," Brooks toured nearly constantly throughout the majority of the decade.

Otis Redding

- Otis Redding spent years performing on this circuit (One night, they would play at a college fraternity party at a university that had no black students, and the next night, they would be playing a nightclub where white people never ventured) before he found the opportunity to play larger venues, and to become for a brief time in the mid-1960s, one of America's most well-known soul singers. - At the Monterrey Pop festival in 1967, Redding sang "I've Been Loving You Too Long," and the music executives in the audience were so blown away by the delivery and power that many sought to acquire his contract. - Even so, Redding had not recorded a song that went to the top of the pop charts, which was a goal of his. His last recording date, he began to feel that the song he'd just written, "Sitting on the Dock of the Bay," might become that song.

Philadelphia International Records

- Philadelphia International Records dominated the urban soul format in the 1970s, in part, because the founders of the company focused much of their energy on insuring that their artists found air-time on urban stations. - The songs of Philadelphia International Records followed in the footsteps of 60's soul, but it attempted to set itself a part from the Motown pop sound in its production.

DJs (Disc Jockey's)

- Played the music they enjoyed, instead of playing what program managers told them to play. - Sometimes would play an entire album side without stopping for commercials. - Would be handed a list of songs that could be played on air.

Loop

- Putting tracks together that repeat, and sound good together. Sounds could be recorded onto a sequencer, and then a musical loop established that took the recorded sounds and played the repetitively. - Looping, a common element of popular music in the twenty-first century, sounded novel to listeners in the early 1980s.

Sugar Hill Records

- Rap Music label. -First record was rapers delight. -Based in New Jersey, and is one of the first record label catered specifically to Hip Hop.

Ray Charles

- Ray Charles Robinson was a pioneer of soul music, or perhaps it's better stated that he was the pioneer of soul music. He was the first rhythm 'n' blues artist that brought the frenzied energy of gospel music, and blended it with pop and blues, leaving the music now thought of as soul. - By the age of 17, Ray Robinson had dropped his last name so as not to be confused with the boxer Sugar Ray Robinson, and began to make his first recordings. Among Charles' achievements was his ability to take a genre that seemed at odds with soul and rhythm 'n' blues, and to put his own particular sound and interpretation into the recording. - Ray Charles success as not only a rhythm 'n' blues artist, but also as a pop, soul, jazz, and country and western audience provided him with a multi-ethnic fan base during the height of the Civil Rights Movement. Frank Sinatra once described him as "the only genius in the business."

Sampling

- Re-using music. - Two turn tables and one groove. - Manually vs. pressing a button.

Weezer

- Rivers Cuomo was the band's lead singer, guitarist, and songwriter, and the Harvard-educated frontman brought a wry sense of humor to the punk scene. - Their self-title debut in 1994 had a string of hit singles including "Buddy Holly," "Say It Ain't So," and the wittily dry "Undone (The Sweater Song)." - Weezer were masters of the music video, and used the medium to broaden their appeal and play to their clever lyrics, catchy hooks, and nerdy good looks.

Sam Cooke

- Sam cooke, was the first gospel star to leave gospel and become a pop star. The King of Soul, as he has often been called. - Sam cooke was the biggest star in gospel music in the 1950s. Between 1957 and his death in 1964, Cooke had 29 top 40 hits, easily crossing over between the pop and rhythm 'n' blues charts. - So in 1957, when cooke followed the advice of "Bumps" Blackwell, a record producer and began to record love songs, many thought his defection to pop music reflected a good man turned bad. Fortunately for Cooke, the much larger pop audience thought Cooke's voice and gospel phrasing was the best thing they had ever heard.

Singer Songwriters

- Singer-songwriters began as a term to describe people in the folk revival that wrote their own songs in addition to performing folk songs. - In the 1960s, a singer-songwriter tended to write socially conscious songs and to advocate social changes that aligned with the Counterculture. Bob Dylan is a classic example of a 1960s singer-songwriter. - Among the singer-songwriters to emerge in the 1970s were: James Taylor, Carole King, Van Morrison, Carly Simon, and John Denver.

Bob Dylan

- Singer/ Songwriter who emerged from the folk revival. - Explored rock, pop, and other genres and styles of music. - His songs seemed to express something so intrinsic to the Counterculture of the 1960s, that he was sometimes called the "voice of his generation." his mentor Woody Guthrie.

Verse

- Songs often have multiple verses, each of which carries a different set of lyrics. - Verses help tell the story in songs that have narrative lyrics. - The verse will change lyrics, but not the melody or harmony.

Soul

- Soul is a genre of American popular music that emerges in the 1950s, becomes prominent in the 1960s and 1970s, and remains a viable sound that surfaces in recordings to the present day. -Soul singers in the 1960s recorded gospel records in the 1950s and had a significant audience in the black church. -During the late 1960s, the word Soul began to be used to express African American identity, particularly in regards to Civil Rights. Beginning in the 1960s, when a white singer sang in a soul style, they were often labeled as a "blue-eyed soul" singer. African Americans almost never have blue eyes, and so the term was used to refer to white singers who were heard (or marketed) as being able to sing in a black style

Stax Records

- Stax records in Memphis, Tennessee, had a group of studio musicians, songwriters, and a producer/owner that helped to establish the sound of soul. - Brother and sister, Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton (ST-ewart + AX -ton = Stax) purchased an old theater in 1960 to house their recording studio. - In addition to Otis Redding, Stax boasted a host of talent, including Sam and Dave ("I'm a Soul Man"), the Mar-Keys, Rufus Thomas, and his daughter Carla Thomas, and perhaps most importantly, Booker T. and the MGs ("Green Onions"). Booker T. and the MGs was an instrumental group that formed the backbone of most of the Stax recording's sound. - At one session, when Booker T. Jones was unavailable, a Memphis musician Isaac Hayes was invited to join a session. Hayes became a regular session player, and the label's most successful songwriter (along with lyricist David Porter).

Adult Contemporary (AC)

- The Adult Contemporary radio format began just after the Payola scandal, and it always targeted Adults instead of kids. -AC radio, unsurprisingly, evolved over time, to include the music that current Adults listened to when they were younger. - In the 1970s, it played softer hits from the 1960s mixed with similar sounding music of the 1970s. For example, it might mix Motown ballads of the 1960s with the soft soul of the 1970s, or combine 1960s girl groups with 1970s singer-songwriters.

Radiohead

- The British band Radiohead developed a distinctive sound that emerged out of metal, punk, and grunge. - Radiohead released a series of albums following OK Computer including 2000's Kid A, and 2007's In Rainbows which defied contemporary released models by encouraging fans to download the album from the band's website and to pay what they individually thought the album was worth.

Smashing Pumpkins

- The Smashing Pumpkins are perhaps the most successful of the non-Seattle alternative rock bands, and were a group that represented more of the original spirit of the genre. - They were made up of lead singer and songwriter Billy Corgan, guitarist James Iha, bassist D'Arcy Wretzky, and drummer Jimmy Chamberlain. - It was in 1995 that the Pumpkins saw their greatest success and most critically-acclaimed album, the double-CD set Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness.

Nirvana

- The band started in the small western Washington town of Aberdeen when guitarist and singer/songwriter Kurt Cobain teamed up with bassist Kurt Novocelic. - Their first album Bleach was released on the independent Seattle label SubPop in 1989 with drummer Chad Channing - Their 1991 album Nevermind came out on the national label Geffen Records that Nirvana's influence on the national music scene came to the fore.

Green Day

- The band that saw the most success (success that continued well into the 21st century) was the California-bred Green Day. - Led by guitarist and singer Billie Joe Armstrong, along with bassist Mike Dirnt and (for most of the band's existence) drummer Tré Cool, the power trio released their first record on the independent label Lookout! Records in 1989. - The single "Longview" showcases Green Day at their best with Armstrong's distinctive vocals and irreverent lyrics as well as Dirnt's and Cool's unshakable foundation. .

NewPort Folk Festival

- The folk festival featured the stars of the folk revival, including many whose popularity allowed them to crossover into the pop music charts of the 1960s. - In 1965, Dylan performed at the festival with a Paul Butterfield Blues Band, an electrified rhythm 'n' blues group that featured electric guitars and basses. - Dylan's "plugging in" (using electric instruments) was controversial, and alienated many of his folk revival fans.

Jackson 5

- The group was comprised of five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael Jackson. - They became a popular act for Motown records at the end of the 1960s, where they had a string of number one hits. - By the 1970s, the brothers developed a style that featured the different registers of each individual voice blending together in harmony akin to other Motown groups like the Temptations.

The Sex Pistols

- The most infamous punk band of the 1970s, the Sex pistols, was English. - The Sex pistols were formed and managed by Malcolm McClaren, who had become familiar with the underground trend of punk when he visited New York in 1974. - The Sex pistols consisted of the vocalist/lyricist Johnny Rotten, the alleged murderer Syd Vicious on bass, Steve Jones on guitar and Paul Cook on drums.

Urban

- The radio format that targeted an African American audience in the 1970s was variously referred to with the words "soul" and "black," but the name used most commonly was "Urban." -While some attention was given to sound and genre, from an industry perspective, the Urban format was the place where African American musicians were the most likely to be played, regardless of whether they were pop, soul, funk or disco.

Bernie Taupin

- The songwriting team of Elton John and Bernie taupin is one of the most successful in the history of popular music. - Taupin seldom spends more than an hour writing a song's lyrics. - Among their most notable albums was the 1973 release Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, which was their "concept album without a concept."

Funk

- The sound of Funk grew out of James Brown's late '60s style. - Dozens of bands followed in the wake of his initial attempts and explorations of stacking interlocking riffs together to create a groove that urged people to dance (e.g., Parliament, Sly and the Family Stone, Chic, Wild Cherry, Ohio Players, and Kool & the Gang). - Funk music builds up thick interlocking textures of riffs, but as the layers combine, instruments emphasize these smaller places within the beat, neither fully on the beat, nor off the beat.

Synthesizer

- The synthesizer got its start in rock music in the 60s with the Hammond B3 organ. - This electric organ added an amplified keyboard, which could be heard even in large groups. -MOOG synthesizers offered an extension to the Hammond B3 by offering a selection of voices that could be played to create new sounds.

Soft Rock and Hard Rock

- The words soft rock and hard rock became important distinctions in the late 1960s and early 1970s. - Generally, soft rock is more melodic, more likely to use acoustic instruments, and in many cases contains lyrics about love. - Hard rock is more likely to use electric instruments with distortion.

Sony Walkman

- This extremely popular item gave buyers a way to listen to music privately and a way to have their music on hand no matter where they are. - Though the introduction of the CD in 1982 derailed the rise of the Walkman to just a few years, it became a symbol of the beginning of a new musical technology that led to iPods, iPhones and the digital music movement. -Sony created a hand held playback machine (the Sony Walkman) that quickly became a status symbol for the younger generation.

Hair Band

- Though an odd name for a genre, this style is as much about the fashion of the band as it is about the music. - Ripped jeans, leather, big Hair and a bad boy look defines this genre as much as the sound of the band. - A Hair band identifies a group whose musical style is heavy on distorted guitar and driving drums, and whose image requires lots of Hairspray.

Scratching

- While scratching is most commonly associated with hip hop music, since the mid-1970s, it has been used in some styles of pop and in metal. - Within hip hop culture, scratching is one of the measures of a DJ's skills, as in DMC World DJ Championship or IDA (International DJ Association).

Max Yasgur

- Yasgur owned the dairy farm where the Woodstock festival took place. -He graciously hosted Woodstock on his land, and spoke positively of the event despite the fact that it was nearly three times as large as he had expected when he agreed to allow the land to be used.

Carly Simon

-Carly Simon began her musical career as a part of a folk duo with her sister, performing in the Greenwich Village coffee houses where Bob Dylan and Peter, Paul and Mary established themselves. -Simon's success as a solo artist began in the 1970s, when she became one of the more successful singer-songwriters of the decade. One of her songs, "Anticipation," became a popular jingle for Heinz ketchup. -Simon's song "You're So Vain" (1972) represents the decade's adult contemporary pop sound and draws attention to the autobiographical nature of singer songwriter's songs.

Folk influence on the Counter Culture

-Folk revival musicians like Bob Dylan began to sing songs they wrote, which expressed topics relating to society. - Protest songs were among the songs performed by Folk revival singer/songwriters. - These protest songs against the Vietnam War, or in favor of Civil Rights for African Americans directly stated the Counterculture's values.

Gospel

-Gospel music flourished in the 1940s through the 1960s. - Hundreds of groups were formed, toured churches across the United States, and made recordings. - Among the most popular of the performers and band-leaders during these years was a woman named Clara Ward.

Aretha Franklin

-Her father, a famous Baptist minister, Reverend Franklin's sermons were sold on record, and famous gospel singers, like Clara Ward and Sam Cooke spent time at his home, and performed regularly in his church. Franklin's first secular recordings were for Columbia records, the largest record company at the time, and one focused almost exclusively on pop songs. - Several of her albums charted high on the R 'n' B charts, but after her second album, none of her singles reached the top 40. - Franklin's version of "Respect" is not an exact cover of the Redding song, because in addition to changing the pronouns to reflect that a woman is singing instead of a man, she also adds new words and phrases, new breaks for instrumental solos, and the entire song is characterized by the gospel-style call-and-response between Franklin and her backup singers

Eagles

-Linda Ronstad, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon and Randy Meisner are the members of the band. - The band's music was often labeled "country rock," even after they had begun exploring a more distorted rock style in the late 1970s. -"Take it Easy" was the Eagles first single from 1972. The up-tempo lilt, complex though subtle guitar parts, and the songs many close-harmony vocals became a characteristic trait for the band.

Middle- of- the- Road (MOR) formats

-Middle of the Road radio was a catch-all format that focused on music that was broadly popular and uncontroversial. - MOR encompassed many styles and artists, but the phrase often would take on a negative connotation for music critics. -When a critic labeled an artist as MOR, they were dismissing the music as too generic, but when a record label used the term, they were touting the potential for widespread popularity of the music.

CBGBs

-New York club CBGBs. - CBGB was short for a longer name: Country, Bluegrass, Blues and Other Music for the Urban Gourmandizer. - The bands that played there were somewhat varied in style, including acts as diverse Patti Smith, Television, Talking Heads, Blondie and the Ramones.

Psychedelic Rock

-Rock music of the 1960s that was inspired by LSD and other psychedelic drugs. - The sound of the music and the lyrics of the songs often reflect the experience of hallucinogenic drugs.

Top 40

-The Top 40 radio format began after the congressional payola scandals in 1959 and 1960, when it appeared that radio stations could be bribed in order to play particular songs. -Stations began to play songs that were already hits as a means of demonstrating that they did not receive money to play new songs. - Elton John, and James Taylor were two of many artist who made it in the top 40.

Woodstock

-The Woodstock Music and Arts Festival held in August 1969 has become the most famous festival concert of the Counterculture. - The three day event had perhaps as many as 600,000 total participants and featured dozens of artists, including the Who, Jimi Hendrix, Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, Jefferson Airplane, Grateful Dead, Santana, Joe Cocker, Sly and the Family Stone, - Although there were insufficient facilities for the enormous crowd, and too little food, medical supplies or security personnel, Woodstock was a peaceful gathering, where people shared and acted in community for mutual benefit.

Ramones

-The first of the CBGB acts to emerge on the national and international stage, and the one that had the most influence in the new style's sound was the Ramones. - Each band member of the Ramones adopted a stage name ending with "Ramone,"as if the group members were all related (e.g., Johnny Ramone, Dee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Tommy Ramone). -The Ramones could play songs like these in quick succession, filling an intense live performance with a dozen songs in barely a half hour.

Album Orientated Rock

-The format continued to focus on bands that were perceived as rock groups who created "albums" instead of "singles." - A single might play on any number of formats, but songs from the middle of an album might never receive radio play, except at an AOR station. - By the 1980s, the AOR format became the Classic Rock format, which was one of the most profitable and widespread formats during the last fifteen years of the twentieth century.

Bubble Gum Pop

-The radio format Bubble Gum Pop is associated with pre teens, ('tweens) and young teenagers. - Consequently, a radio station might play Bubble Gum Pop music in heavier rotation in the afternoon, even if it plays other formats during other times of the day. - One of the most famous bubble gum pop artist were the Jackson 5.

Rotation Schedule

-The song on your playlist would be divided into a schedule based upon how often the songs could be played. - A song in "Heavy Rotation" might be played every other hour, while a song in "Light Rotation" might only be played once a day. - The plan that a radio station uses to rank the songs on its playlist is how often particular songs can be played.

Generation X

-This population born between the 1960s and the very early 1980s, known as a Generation X by demographers, was hungry for something different that reflected their disillusionment with the status quo of the 80s. - The generation X parents were born around the time of WWII. - The music that emerged in Seattle around this time became known as "grunge."

MTV

-When MTV began, it followed a rock format that targeted a suburban white audience. - As African-American artists were continually denied access to the network, MTV was accused of being racist. - One of MTV's flaws was in their questionable "demographic" research about their target audience.

LSD

-lysergic acid diethylamide, or acid. - This hallucinogenic drug became popular in the Counterculture, largely because of the lectures and writings of Ken Kesey and Timothy Leary.