Rock Quiz Study Guide
Deep Purple
Turned to heavy metal midway Funded by two London businessman to remake pop songs Switched to a loud, pulsating, dangerous sound after they failed to chart Played amps at full volume with boosted Marshalls Used the guitar tremolo bar to give the music a pitch-binding, vibrating effect like Hendrix Fuzz box from surf bands
Gulf of Tonkin
a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.
Skiffle
a mixture of Dixieland jazz and country blues
Bob Dylan
o Born Robert Allen Zimmerman Jewish in area that was prejudiced against Jews To cope with the isolation, he turned to music Listened to Hank Williams, early rockabillies o Folk music when it reached the Midwest Rock was finished, traded his stuff for an acoustic guitar Performed traditional music and bluegrass under the name Dillon and later Dylan Met Woody Guthrie and was his idol o Sang songs of protest at coffeehouses Hated people who were talking people o Influence of his girlfriend, Suze Rotolo Worked as a secretary for the civil rights group CORE and caused him to write "The Ballad of Emmett till" about the murder of a teen African American Became friends with civil rights leaders o Second album: The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan Blowin' in the Wind became an anthem for the civil rights movement • People were betrayed by their silence • Things important other than love and sex o Third album: The Times They Are a Changin' Hit the top 20 Battle cry of the emerging social revolution o Public demonstrations Refused to perform when censors banned him signing some songs Performed at the march on Washington
Arthur Big Boy Cruddup
o Born in Mississippi, manual laborer o Signed a contract with RCA in Chicago Released many sides that were later covered by Elton John, Elvis, Rod Stewart, etc. Quit playing music because other people were making money from his music o Dick Waterman, an agent and manager, started to fight for Crudup's royalties Reached an agreement for $60,000 in royalties which claimed his compositions The head of Hill and Range Songs, Julian Aberbach, refused to sign because the settlement gave more away than legal action Crudup never got the money and lived his whole life poor o Inspired Elvis Presley, lasting impression
Carl Lee Perkins
o Born in Tennessee, built his first guitar and created a unique style, learned from bluesman John Westbrook o Resembled other rockabillies Liked Bill Monroe, John Lee Hooker, Muddy Waters, electric, Presley Knew he could make it with their influence o Signed with Sun and toured from the back of a truck o Smash hit was Blue Suede Shoes Topped the charts Never attained the same stardom of Presley • His cover was more popular o More known for songwriting than performing
The Beach Boys
o Brought surf music to national prominence o Brad Wilson, Carl and Dennis, Mike Love, and Al Jardine o First called themselves the Pendletones, a play on the Pendleton shirts o Smoothed the rough edges of the fuzzy, twanging surf instrumental Favored an electric guitar, swinging sound with glossy harmonies from white vocal groups o Auditioned for Hite Morgan, the music publisher Changed their name to the Beach Boys and released Surfin' Their record label, Candix, ceased operations after financial problems o Signed later by Capitol Records Released Surfin' Safari and did even better Breakthrough album was Surfin' USA • Called the number one surfing group in the country • Started to be popular all over the country Trademark harmonies
The Monkees
o Created by two Americans with the Mersey beat craze o Placed an ad looking for insane, spirited boys to form the band Picked four photogenic, energetic, inexperienced boys: Robert Michael Newsmith, Mickey Dolenz, Peter Thorkelson, David Jones o Pilot TV series Groomed their product with acting lessons and music lessons Driving, exciting, frantic young sound The music had nothing to do with them, helped by songwriters, instrument players, background singers o Started to sell although fabricated Debuted their TV show and hit songs Selling a product $20 million of merch sales o Patterned after the Beatles Spent money on ads with posters No-no-no choruses like yeah-yeah-yeah chorus of the Beatles Published a monthly magazine Copied everything the Beatles had done
The Rolling Stones
o Andrew Loog Oldham became the manager of the Stones o Created a raunchy, crude, offensive image that contrasted with the Beatles o Appeared like most other British bands at first Checker suits o Quickly changed as an unpredictable bunch of undesirables Beatles already had the market of the good-boy image Flippant and insulting replies to journalists o Downgraded piano player Ian Stewart to roadie because he didn't fit the part and six was too many in the group Lied about their ages to make them teens Symbols of rebellion
Johnny Cash
o Attracted to the Blues (Robert Johnson, Delta blues, Howlin Wolf, Muddy Waters) o Signed with Sun Records and developed his own sound o Country and western charts o Signature song is I Walk the Line First written for Elvis
Chess Records
o Chess Records released a series of songs that became hits on the race charts Rollin' Stone, Long Distance Call, Honey Bee, Got My Mojo Working, I Just Wanna Make Love to You, I'm Ready - Bo Diddley and Other Chess Discoveries o Chess brothers recorded hard driving R&B Delta players o Bo Diddley moved to Chicago when he was six years old Got a record deal with Chess Records and took his name from a comedian Hit the charts with Bo Diddley, I'm a Man, Mona, You Can't Judge a Book by Its Cover, and Say Man o Aleck Rice Miller (Sonny Boy Williamson II) and Marion Walter Jacobs (Little Walter) Two pioneers of amplified harmonica Miller was king of the blues harmonica • Popular from his King Biscuit Time, a radio show • Classic singles for the Chicago label, although already popular when he signed Walter grew up in Louisiana • Played harmonica during the teens, learning from Miller • Left home and went to Chicago, joined the Muddy Waters band • Hit the chart with Juke • Formed his own band, the Night Cats, and followed with his biggest single My Babe o Had a new blues sound Amplified harmonica Country singing and low-down blues Guitar driven -Chuck Berry, the Temptations -guitar driven, amplified blues that reflected post war US
Blues
o Created by black slaves who adapted their musical heritage to America o Their African influenced voices glided between the lines of the European music scale, sounded off-key to Europeans o Calculated repetitions, call-and-response, field hollers o Emphasize rhythm in the music, several different rhythms Used their bodies to create it, drums were illegal =patting juba o Used these sounds in religious ceremonies = spirituals o Blues took the African sound with the European harmony (twelve bar European harmonic progression, 4/4 time, repeated over three chords, call-and-response, three note riff = groove or shuffle) o Used blue or bent notes (flattened third, fifth, and seventh notes) o Played on a one string instrument = diddley-bow, guitar, banjo o Griots = played oral traditions to music in African o Spoke about their personal situation or a natural disaster
Folk Rock
o Bands took the electric music with the sound of the British invasion o The Byrds Started by Gene Clark and Roger McGuinn, two former folkies who had been converted to the Beatles Combination of Dylanese folk, vocal harmonies, and Beatles music Rose to the top of the chart covering Dylan w/ bouncy harmonies and a twelve string guitar o Turtles Switched from surf music to folk Hit the top ten with the same style o Sonny and Cher Million-selling, Dylan-sounding "I Got You Babe" Cher, a former ronettes, scored a solo hit with a Dylan cover Happy music without a message o Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel Two high school friends, appeared on American Bandstand Influenced by folk boom and soft harmonies Became the number one hit when Tom Wilson, Dylan's producer, remixed the track by adding drums, percussion, and electric guitar o Donovan Leitch British answer to Dylan Performed folk in the UK Woody Guthrie inspired message and references to Dylan's music After the Newport Folk Festival, turned to folk rock • First American success with Sunshine superman (cryptic lyrics and rock band) • Vocal assistance from Paul McCartney o Lovin' Spoonful Formed by John Sebastian Debt to Dylan as a force on their music as well as the Beatles • Upbeat electric sound • Good time music
LynyrdSkynyrd
After the Allman brothers and learned from them Named after their PE teacher Released Southern rock hits until a plane crash killed them Blend of rock and country = rock blues • Loved country music, honesty, and blues Carried the Confederate flag to represent the South • Their fans often brought them and they accepted it without meaning • Traveled with it in the North "Sweet Home Alabama" • Most popular, defended their Southern heritage, retort to those who didn't like the South
Motor City Five
Aggressive, radicalized blues for the student protest movement Formed by high school students and met their manager in Wayne State University Beatnik community Lived and worked communally above the underground newspaper Started trans-love energies, communal associations with marijuana and LSD James Brown, free jazz, blues based Became radicalized and overly political • Became the White Panther Party and played to rioters • Committed to the revolution Their first album was released to revolution and political songs • Included extreme profanities • Stores refused to carry the record and were arrested for selling it • Their record contract ended
Woody Guthrie
Became a performer and radio host in LA where he reads the news Moved to NYC and wrote a column for the Communist newspaper Recorded for folklorist Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress Wrote songs for people that did little jobs and hard work This Machine Kills Fascists = guitar
The Everly Brothers
Cadence Records owned by Archie Bleyer NYC Two KY born brothers - Don and Phil • Toured across the country • Maxwell St in Chicago - Southern blues players everywhere • Started to listen to blues and black music Nashville • Wrote songs for Chet Adkin's publishing group • Signed with Cadence First hit was "bye love" • Bright, warm, country harmonies with an R&B beat • Inspired by Bo Diddley Followed with three other hits to sell $35 million
Bill Haley and the Comets
Country influence from parents Released a cover of Rocket 88, combining country swing with boogie-woogie Started as a country group and added a touch of R&B Crazy Man Crazy, Rock Around the Clock, Shake, Rattle, and Roll • Top of the chart and cause riots worldwide when on the soundtrack of Blackboard Jungle • Made teens feel like a powerful force More Top Forty records followed and appeared in two movies with his music Smoother than Presley, tamer stage show, older
Tom Paxton
Discovered the music of Guthrie and became radicalized Performed with all the others in NYC Appeared at Newport Folk Festival and Pete Seeger recorded some of his songs Recording contract with Elektra and a series of protest songs
Other Big Sun Players
o Billy Lee Riley formed the Little Green Men Played guitar, harmonica, drums, and bass Hits were Flying Saucers Rock and Roll and Red Hot Onstage antics o Sonny Burgess Raw rock with local audience Red Headed Woman Country heritage and R&B o Ray Harris Wanted to be another Elvis, but not as likeable Cut Come On Little Mama for Sun o Roy Orbison Took a more subdued approach Formed the Wink Westerners, renamed the Teen Kings Headed for Memphis and recorded Ooby Dooby • Sold half a million copies, best outside of the Big Four Sunglasses, black clothes, high pitched voice Rock house Later with Monument Records and became popular with songs with powerful, dramatic, emotional crescendos
Bo Diddley
o Bo Diddley moved to Chicago when he was six years old Got a record deal with Chess Records and took his name from a comedian Hit the charts with Bo Diddley, I'm a Man, Mona, You Can't Judge a Book by Its Cover, and Say Man
Jimi Hendrix
Epitomized late 60s blues with the desperate mood of his youth • Embodied the hippie ethos • Freely experimented with drugs and it controlled their music Unleashed a gut-wrenching electric blues to become rock's greatest virtuoso • Listened to Chicago Blues and played backup for top acts Formed the Jimi Hendrix Experience • Performance similar to James Brown and Little Richard • Mostly in Europe Sound • Loud, angry electric blues • Favored power chords and played the right-handed guitar backwards • Guitar improvisations • Technological advances o Broad range of devices to make the blues sound more menacing, distorted, and complex o Replaced the vacuum tube by the transistor to use the wah-wah petal, altering the frequency and giving the music a crying sound o Fuzz box clipped the sound and distorted it, making it gritty and harsh o Uni-Vibe made the music go in a doubt of phase with an uncertain feel o Octavia produced an octave higher for a doubling effect o Whammy Bar distorted the pitch o Amplifier designed by Jim Marshall 100 watts that could be stacked to create a roar through overtones in the feedback when played closely • Tumultuous sound Titles reflected the desperation of the times and political aggression His performances were also wild • Once set his guitar on fire • Showed his violent streak
Cream
Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker started in blues Their approach was blues ancient and modern • "Sunshine of Your Love" • Rock was like a battery that always had to back to blues Played at an ear-deafening level • Bought the new Marshall stacks • Fast drum speed with two bass drums • Six string bass • Benefited from electronic devices such as the wah-wah petal and the fuzz-tone effect • Played closely to the Marshall stacks to get distorted feedback
Lina Ronstadt
Focal point for other rockers She moved to LA to join a folk trio, went solo, and started a new band Hired a manager who helped her release charting singles Conservative political beliefs and hoped for a resurgence of patriotism
The Byrds
Followed Dylan, as they did in folk rock Moved by new singer-guitarist Gram Parsons, released "Sweetheart of the Rodeo" Brought out the country influence clearly, settling on country rock Only moderate commercial success
Bobby Rydell
Followed Frankie Avalon Member of Rocco and the Saints Solo career unsuccessful until American Bandstand Hits were "Kissin Time," "Volare," and "Swingin' School," later had 19 top 30 chartbusters Teenage version of smooth ballads by Italian crooners like Sinatra and Dean Martin
The Kinks
From a working-class suburb of London Formed Ray and Dave Davies, Peter Quaife, and Mick Avory After an unsuccessful debut, topped the chart with "You Really Got Me" • Defined power-chord rock • Multi-note barre chords played in staccato through an amplifier Turned toward a softer, music-hall style Four-year ban in the US after unprofessional conduct
Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers
Fronted by 12-year-old Frankie Lymon Practiced on street corners, backyard, top of the house Overheard by Richard Barrett, the lead singer of another Goldner act Didn't write down any music Recorded their hit song Why Do Fools Fall In Love the day after signed
Aretha Franklin
Her father was the pastor of Detroit's Baptist Church and recorded his sermons • Nurses there to help parishioners who were overcome Joined a traveling gospel group and then signed with Columbia Signed with Columbia and gave her voice lessons and pop material to only moderate success Signed with Atlantic and made "Respect" • Hit the streets as Detroit burned and epitomized their renewed self-pride • Chart topping song Continued crossover success
Ricky Nelson
Imperial Son of jazz band lander and a singer Inspired by the music of Carl Perkins and Sun artists Played himself on his parents' TV show The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet • Covered Fat Domino's "I'm Walkin" and Verve records released it o Sold 60,000 copies in 3 days = influence of TV o Sang on each episode When Verve refused royalties, signed with Imperial
Darlene Love
Infused the girl group sound with a gospel flavor Joined the Blossoms, a racially integrated female vocal group in LA • Included Annette, Nanette, and Fanita James and Grazia Nitzsche Sang lead on the Crystals' He's a Rebel, giving it a gospel sound With the Blossoms, kept gospel-influence under the Crystals' name Complained about bubblegum songs for 10-12 year olds
Rock N Roll Trio
Johnny and Dorsey Burnette, Paul Burlison In Memphis, met at the Crown Electric Factory (Elvis worked there too) Played a Hank Williams style but later blended country with electric blues Beale Street in Memphis • Popular blues place, black neighborhood, voodoo village Path breaking: The train Kept a Rollin, Rock Billy Boogie, Tear It Up, Rock Therapy Girls loved them
Pete Seeger
Joined Guthrie touring the country Founded the Almanac Singers with Guthrie, Lee Hays, and Millard Lampell Established a musician's union and booking agency Formed the Weavers with Lee Hays, Ronnie Gilbert, and Fred Hellerman • Popularized folk songs Fell into dispute during the McCarthyite witch hunt • Criticized politically minded entertainers like Guthrie and Seeger • Blackballed by the industry Did not become popular again until 60s with college kids
Ernest Evans
Known as Chubby Checker International dance craze • African American couple on American Bandstand that was hip based, told to keep cameras off of them • Realized commercial potential and suggested that Cameo Records covered "The Twist" o Chose Chubby Checker to sing it (went to high school with Fabian and Avalon, already had a novelty disc) • dance accompanied the song and very popular o some spin-offs
International Workers of the World
Known as the Wobblies Wrote protest songs to achieve equality for American workers Sang from the Little Red Songbook, written by Ralph Chaplin and Joe Hill Anthem was "Solidarity Forever" Crippled when federal and state authorities closed their offices during the Red Scare
The Marshall Tucker Band
Learned from the Allman Brothers Drummer Paul Riddle started it with his friends, named after a local piano tuner where they practiced Opened for the Allman Brothers on tour Reflected their influences of blues and country • Charlie Daniels played the fiddle, very country
Yardbirds
Learned from the Rolling Stones First performed as backup for Cyril Davies and replaced the Rolling Stones at the Crawdaddy Club Charted a few months later with a R&B cover Featured a series of guitar steeped in the blues • Clapton left the group when he felt they were too pop Added more rockabilly-influenced Jeff Beck Jimmy Page also joined who would later help invent heavy metal with Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin
Led by Jimmy Page • Started as backup for many popular performers including "You Really Got Me," which started the power chord One of metal's main stars Their first album was a blues foundation with some covers and hit the Top Ten in the US and UK Found their identity with a high volume blues and acoustic numbers • Loud volume • Backward echo and other guitar effects • Power chords between complex improve and played off the drums and bass • High-pitched, screaming, swooping vocals
Rockabilly
Listened to Delta bluesmen (B.B. King, John Lee Hooker, Chester Wolf Burnett) • Heard on the radio and in the clubs • Hung out with the African American musical culture in the South Steeped in the country and western tradition of the South • Called King of the Western Bop • Played at the Bel Air Club in Memphis with bassist Bill Black and guitarist Scotty Moore in Doug Pioindexter's Starlite Wranglers Early recordings showed dual influences: race numbers, country tunes • Loved the rhythm and beat of rock Incorporated African American sounds into their music • Southerners began programming R&B • Young white teenagers started requesting them • The South was closer to black people First found music in the southern churches • Preachers got more response when they were louder and jumping • Some guilt when they entered rock (thought they were going to hell for not preaching, singing that kind of music)
Black Sabbath
Loud, aggressive blues perfection First started in Alabama as a blues cover group Changed to a hard-driving, militant sound with a booming music, loud, power-chord, guitar-driven music Tritone gave their music a sinister sound • Interval between fourth and fifth notes Lyrics were focused on demons, hell, otherworld Name from a movie Doomy and evil songs to show how they felt in music Doom music Hit among teens who were also very aggressive like them
Dick Dale and His Del-Tones
Moved with his family to El Segundo on the Southern California coast Worked with Leo Fender, the manufacturer of the first solid body electric guitar Fused his two passions to create music for surfers, feeling of the waves Music was huge and throbbing "Let's Go Trippin'," "Surfbeat," "Miserlou" • Surf instrumental In movies and became a California celebrity
Woodstock
Organized by rich young people and songwriters A growing sense of empowerment among youths and reflected counterculture Some wanted change through peace, love, and community and set aside political issues Some took a political stance and wanted to assert their opposition to the war Coming together of all people Music reflected both their visions • Played folk rockers and psychedelic bands, Jimi Hendrix with the Electric Sky Church was the last o Performed The Star Spangled Banner as screaming-rockets, Whammy bar, heaving monster to capture the militant spirit of the country • The crowd was one family
Eddie Cochran
Parents were country fans Met Jerry Capehart in CA who became his songwriter-collaborator Movie producer offered him a role in the film The Girl Can't Help It • He sang Twenty Flight Rock in it • Convinced Si Waronker, president of liberty to sign hem Summertime Blues was his biggest song • Elvis whimper and a gravel voiced growl • Teenage frustration
The Velvet Underground
Performed with the Fugs Andy Warhol helped them become popular • Managed the band after meeting them through mutual friends Named after the novel about sadism and masochism Dealt with down-and-out themes of Beat fiction Sexual and drug related themes, only taboo on records
Frankie Avalon
Regular on American Bandstand Managed of Bob Marcucci Played trumpet with Rocco and the Saints His solo single "DeDe Dinah" got #7, then more hits with Venus and Why
Fabian
Resembled Elvis Presley Found when his father had a heart attack on the street Given youth voice and etiquette lessons Had full page ads in music papers Dick Clark promoted him • Lip-synced songs • Overnight sensation Sold 1 million copies of his signature song "Tiger"
Don Kirshner
Romantic lyrics, upbeat melodies, gospel-influenced, African American girl groups became more popular Wrote songs professionally and reshaped Tin Pan Alley o Established Aldon Music Built new writers Rented office space that was popular in Tin Pan Alley Writers tried to sell their songs there Got young songwriters
The Eagles
Ronstadt's tour band Cowboy record that was their dream music Exemplified their trademark soft, country-influenced rock
Jerry Lee Lewis
Roots in blues and country and boogie-woogie music • Played the black rhythm with his left hand the right the old country Headed for Memphis and met Jack Clement, a Sun producer • Strongly convinced him to record him immediately Spiritual sound o First single was Crazy Arms, entered the low charts Later a version of Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On for his second disc
Chuck Berry
Sang gospel at home, middle-class Heard country music on the radio that he liked Bought his first guitar and joined a trio with Johnnie Johnson on piano and Ebby Harding on drums that played locally in St. Louis Traveled to Chicago, met Muddy Waters, and told to sign with Chess Records Maybelline = country song with a little blues and an upbeat boogie-woogie beat on the guitar National airplay and followed with more hits Duck walk
Poco
Similar brand of country rock Relied on country instruments like steel guitars, mandolins, and dobros, and high harmonies
Charles Buddy Holly
Skinny kid from Texas, shy grin, thick glasses Influenced by white country music, especially bluegrass and western swing Formed a country music trio with Bob Montgomery and Larry Welborn • Played on the radio Rock changed their plans and started singing Elvis Incorporated his style to create a unique sound: light, bouncy, bright rockabilly Formed the Crickets with Joe B. Maudlin and Jerry Allison on bass and drums
The Band
Sometimes Dylan's backup group Became popular with a country sound First called the Hawks Recorded their debut at Woodstock "Music From Big Pink" • Went away from the flashy sound Rock/country hybrid with straight lines and sentiment
Phil Ochs
Son of a Jewish army physician Won his first guitar by betting on JFK's win Composed his first song "The Ballad of the Cuban Invasion" about the American invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs Radical singing group = Sundowners or Singing Socialists with Jim Glover Singing journalist Newport Folk Festival Churned out protest songs Backed with actions to help in strikes (No Christmas in Kentucky)
Allman Brothers
Southern rock, delivered electric, Deep-South blues combined with country and jazz Duane and Gregg Allman brothers Disbanded from the Allman brothers after two albums to create a new band with more members Students of the urban blues, but the new members were more innovative Unique electric blues with country music • Popular in the South • Complex sound with guitar jams and interplays between the country and blues • Five parts blues, one-part country, poor white man = Southern rock Became the spearhead of Southern rock and paved the way for followers • Represented the way other people felt
The Fugs
Started by Beat poets Caricatured American society with countercultural messages about the government and youth movement Appeared on magazines and TV, although not very popular Believed in social democracy
The Kingston Trio
Started the folk revival Formed by three college students: Bob Shane, Nick Reynolds, and Dave Guard "Tom Dooley" Safe, corporate image • Sincere without being serious • Audience felt like anyone could be them Established a company investment firm, office building, land development, restaurant, concert promotion agency, and music publishing company with their earnings
The Temptations
Street-corner doo-wop group, the Distants, started by Otis Williams and some friends, later became the Elgins One of the members met Berry Gordy Jr in a club where he signed them Renamed the Temptations and made into a Motown image • Carefully cropped Afros, suits, standard music, precise choreo First hit was "The Way You Do the Things You Do" Remained on the charts with a series of hits Revived the careers of other doo-woopers such as the Four Aims • Released on Chess Records and later signed with Columbia • Backed Billy Eckstine • Signed by Berry Gordy, dressed in tuxes, and paired with songwriters • Smooth, gospel-flavored, pop
Steppenwolf
The first appearance of the term 'heavy metal' Tumultuous, politicized rock Became popular after being featured on the "Easy Rider" soundtrack • "Born to Be Wild" o Anthem in the 60s and gave heavy metal its name Intense, frightening lyrical delivery
Ronettes
Veronica and Estelle Bennett and Nedra Talley Became resident dancers at Peppermint Louge, focus of twist craze Signed with Colpix Records and released 4 unsuccessful songs Ronnie Bennet was asked to sing by Phil Spector and was signed
Outlaw Country
Veteran country artists incorporated rock Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, and Hank Williams Jr Shed the Nashville sound, grew long hair, leather jackets, no lush orchestrations, country core, rock sensibility Waylon Jennings • Former rockabilly of Buddy Holly led the way and named the style • Started messing with his music against the executives Willie Nelson • Revived his career with country outlaw Hank Williams, Jr. • Rejected being another country singer and changed directions • Merged outlaw country and Southern rock • Covered songs and played with others
Jeff Beck
Veteran of the Yardbirds Formed his own group with Rod Steward Dressed as a hippie but performed a shattering, loud style Used fewer effects but still had a hard-edged sound Blues originals and rock standards
Jackson Browne
Wrote songs for the Eagles and Ronstadt and the Byrds Country-tinged, West Coast tunesmith Influenced ty the civil rights movement of his sister Deserted social protest for a personal, country-flavored folk Toured with the Eagles but charted as a solo artist
Little Richard
Younger and wilder, performed for white teens Born Richard Penniman in Macon, Georgia Sang in a choir and traveled with circuses Met gospel/R&B Billy Wright, who signed him to Camden Records • Did boogie-woogie and urban blues in his style His father, the owner of the Tip In Inn, was shot and so Richard washed dishes and sang with his group, the Upsetters Transformed into a wild madman who played the piano and screamed lyrics • Boogie-woogie bass line, right-hand notes at double speed, high-pitched screams before solos Sent a demo tape of two subdued blues tunes to Art Rupe at Specialty Records and was signed • Instead recorded Tutti Frutti and became a legend Many rock standards Music accompanied with a wild stage show
Ray Charles
"Genius of Soul" • R&B hit • Atlantic Records bought his contract and produced his first chart success and more notable hits
Otis Redding
"King of Soul" • Inspired by Little Richard • Johnny Jenkins and the Pinetoppers was his first band o After a quick recording session, they were signed and released as a hit
Joan Baez
o Bob Dylan's female counterpart o Mexican and faced discrimination at an early age o Performed in coffeehouses around Harvard Debuted to 13,000 people at the Newport Folk Festival Sold out Carnegie Hall o All three of her albums hit the top 20 o Political stance (antiwar, parody of McCarthy, nuclear weapons) o Refused to appear on Hootenanny when they blacklisted Pete Seeger and rejected concert dates because it would be to make money o Demonstrated in Birmingham and Washington
Motown
- Berry Gordy Jr created a music empire that exemplified the peaceful integration of King and reflected the civil rights movement - Established a year before the first sin-ins and achieved success during the civil rights - Used the assembly line techniques of auto factories in Detroit - Motown became the first African American owned label that sold the music of black youths to the white Americans His first popular song was "Reet Petite," recorded by Jackie Wilson "Lonely Teardrops" sold a million copies Established the Jobete Music Publishing Company Founded the Motown Record Corporation • Recorded R&B artists on Tamla Records at first • Signed Mable John, the gospel trained sister of Little Willie John • "Money" by Barrett Strong was the number two song • Distribution by Chess Records Convinced by Smokey Robinson that Motown should start distributing • A hit would throw them into bankruptcy because they were undercapitalized • "Shop Around" by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles topped the charts and made them an important company
Country Rock
- Confronted by the harsh realities of the Vietnam war and Kent State, moved toward country music that extolled simple living and rural traditions o Turned back towards easy blues and folk o Returned to the past, real or imagined o The music of reconciliation o Merged mellow folk rock with bluegrass and country swing
Philadelphia Sound
- Dick Clark and Don Kirshner produced a new group of idols and songs o Promoted photogenic Italian teens on TV and created the Philadelphia sound o Kirshner assembled young songwriters and made hundreds of songs for girl groups o Hosted the Philadelphia show Bandstand, which showcased local high school students dancing to popular music Clark had a clean cut image and so did the dancers • All had a dress code • Made it acceptable for adults to watch • Did not deal with sex at all Teenage book about etiquette and damped rebellion o Created a stable of mostly Italian, Philadelphian youths as the stars of his show came out of Philadelphia and associated with Cameo Records songs Hucklebuck, Pony, Limbo, Fly, Fish, Bristol Stomp, Continental, Mashed Potato • Chubby Checker, Bobby Rydell, the Dovells, Dee Sharp
New Frontier
- First baby boomers were becoming aware of the world - Civil rights, college-aged youths against racism and hypocrisy of corporate America - Songs of Protest President JFK • Gave civil rights crusaders hope in MLK's vision • Assured them of a new frontier • Sent federal troops to universities that refused to desegregate o Ordered guards to protect Meredith, who started going to classes o Happened with other university students as well • Wide reaching legislation that included equal access to public facilities, employment discrimination based on race, and civil rights suits • Liked by college students and devoted to his civil rights programs
Acid Rock
- Speak out, love, creativity, uninhibited, happening now o Love could replace war, sharing replace greed, community over individual o Youth movement starting in San Francisco - New rock hybrid helped spread the culture - Named after LSD - Tried to create an alternative community rather than the mainstream one o Featured a loud, experimental sound with amplification Sensory overload Guitar improvisations, blue riffs, Indian ragas Utilized the LP, 12-inch, 33 1/3 rpm record • Songs sometimes lasted an entire side Freewheeling and experimental
Janis Joplin
-acid rocker in San Francisco Iconic rock singer __________ was a representation of a culture and a generation much like Dylan who broke the barriers for women in the music industry. Overall, her performances were a fresh and sincere; she sang the blues to transcend pain.
Timothy Leary
-ex Harvard professor, editor of Psychedelic Review -organized the LSD based League for Spiritual Discovery -most visible popularizer and high priest of acid -microscopes to the eyes, see the muisc -resulted in altered, introspective states of individual consciousness -lowest level is sleep, then conventional wake, then marijuana effects, then LSD effects that go beyond cellular awareness -said to expanded the community and be essentials -embraced past beliefs in a counterculture -John Lennon wrote a song about his book -later called them another consumer product and not as good
The Supremes
o Fulfilled Gordy's dream of a polished African American act that sang gospel-based pop o Born in low-income Detroit: Diana Ross, Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard, and Barbara Martin sang in high school and talent shows o Name was changed from Primettes by random choice o At first had so little success that Martin quit the group Mary Wells left the company and Motown polished them with Maxine Powell o Started scaling the charts Got a spot on Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars tour to appeal to whites Appeared on the Ed Sullivan show o Had assembled the parts of the hit-making machine Standard songwriting, in-house rhythm section, equality control process, selective promotion, and family atmosphere Songwriting team kept giving them hits All sounded similar because of the in-house rhythm section, the Funk Brothers • Trademark percussive beat of Motown Consistent quality of Motown material by conducting weekly meetings over possible releases Carefully promoted to keep their image • Appearances on mainstream TV • Posh settings Family atmosphere • Limited each to a $100 weekly allowance • Funneled the profit into a bank account • Not allowed to date, engaged to Motown
Other Mersey Bands
o Gerry and The Pacemakers Formed by Gerry Marsden, the Beatles' neighbor in Liverpool Played on the same bill as the Beatles Top of the charts with a Beatles cover Premiered in the US, TV, movie o Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas Working class background Kramer teamed with the Dakotas, a Manchester combo, on Epstein's advice Zing singing with true beat accompaniment • Best singer at the time Charted with a Beatles cover and toured with them Performed songs written by Lennon o The Searchers Liverpool Named after a John Wayne movie Topped the charts with a Drifters' single o Mersey Sound Brash Guitar sound and drums o Freddie Garrity and the Dreamers From Manchester Hit the British top five Became popular for their comedy act and appeared on US TV o The Hollies More long lasting than other Manchester bands Started by Graham Nash and Allan Clarke Named after Buddy Holly British top ten and other chartbusters Toured America with crazed fans TV shows and US charts o Herman's Hermits Manchester band with the beat music craze Peter Noone was the front man and looked like JFK First song was of Carole King and backed by Led Zeppelin Did TV shows and were quickly number one o Dave Clark Five From London Most serious threat to the Beatles Inspired by rockabillies Many hits
Surf Rock
o Glorified beaches with Barbie-like girls o Surfing was introduced to California and received a boost from the movie Gidget, about a girl who falls in love with two summers o Surfboard companies - Hobie Surfboards and Sweet's Surfboards Replaced the wooden board with a foam strip with fiberglass and polyester resin Teens started going on the waves with the plastic surfboards o Developed its own culture Male, teenage surfers Pendleton shirts, sandals, white and tight Levis, loose boxer style shorts Station wagon with wooden sides (Woodie) to take their boards (polys/sticks) to the ocean (soup) Read surfing magazines or surfer movies
Funk
o James Brown's style o Polyrhythms of African music, mixture of gospel and R&B o New genre with bursts of dominant, repeating, overpowering rhythm accented by phrase shouting vocals and the staccato horns, drum like bass guitar lines Over that layered a percussive guitar, rhythm hits on horns, and frantic vocals with hollers and grunts Desert chord changes for a single chord First beat of a four beat emphasis = downbeat
Sun Records
o Many southern rockabillies record with Sun Record Company in Memphis, owned by Sam Phillips Said all black men sang good because of its spontaneity R&B had a special viability DJ from Muscle Shoals, Alabama to Nashville to Memphis Built his recording studio to record R&B artists • Only place in the South other than Chicago Many good performers moved to Chicago and Sun sold few records Sought a younger audience Wanted a white man who could sing like a black man
R&B
o Market exploded with urban African Americans Had cash for entertainment but faced with discrimination Frequented segregated clubs o Majority used records Bought electrified R&B records Wanted to citified and ignored country music At first, R&B was only for blacks (=race music) • Part of the black community but did not happen anywhere else • Sales in the ghettos White teenagers became aware and started to purchase it as well
American Bandstand
o Marketing genius and radio announcer o Hosted the Philadelphia show Bandstand, which showcased local high school students dancing to popular music At first, knew little about rock but became familiar Knew he could make money from the show Became a national phenomenon o 1957 - 67 stations, 8 million viewers Ninety minutes every weekday afternoon Teen girls rushed home to watch and dance Emphasized the audience and the music o More respectable rock and roll Clark had a clean cut image and so did the dancers • All had a dress code • Made it acceptable for adults to watch • Did not deal with sex at all Teenage book about etiquette and damped rebellion
Dick Clark
o Marketing genius and radio announcer o Hosted the Philadelphia show Bandstand, which showcased local high school students dancing to popular music At first, knew little about rock but became familiar Knew he could make money from the show Became a national phenomenon o 1957 - 67 stations, 8 million viewers Ninety minutes every weekday afternoon Teen girls rushed home to watch and dance Emphasized the audience and the music o More respectable rock and roll Clark had a clean cut image and so did the dancers • All had a dress code • Made it acceptable for adults to watch • Did not deal with sex at all Teenage book about etiquette and damped rebellion
Chicago R&B
o Merged Delta influences with Chicago environment -electric sound with guitar and amplifier -tension, volume, and confusion of the big city streets -combined the sounds of country and city into a nitty-gritty, low-down, jumpy sound -peppy blues and put the beat to Mississippi sound
Muddy Waters
o Merged Delta influences with Chicago environment o First introduction to music was in church, then bought his first guitar o Moved to Chicago to make it in the city and record o Formed the first electric combo in 1944 Created the tension, volume, and confusion of the big city Reflected the optimism of postwar African Americans who had escaped Gave the Blues a peppy beat o Signed with Aristocrat Records At first, they didn't like him but he was soon popular o Chess Records released a series of songs that became hits on the race charts Rollin' Stone, Long Distance Call, Honey Bee, Got My Mojo Working, I Just Wanna Make Love to You, I'm Ready
Mersey Beat
o Paved the way for other British groups o America had been closed to British artists -guitar and drum sound from Liverpool
Garage Rock
o Prompted Americans to embrace their blues heritage White youths recognized the black blues music o Bought electric guitars and drums, form bands, and practiced in garages In every part of the country
The Wolf
o Raw, electrified Delta blues o Formed an electric band, the House Rockers with harp players James Cotton and Little Junior Parker o Landed on the radio and attracted more attention o Left to Chicago from Memphis o Competition between Waters and Wolf o Series of hits with Dixon's songs and blues standards o Stage antics that preceded those of rock performers
Folk Revival
o Reappeared around 1960 amongst college students searched for an alternative to the popular, romanticized singles of Kirshner's songwriters frustrated by Broadway, weary of juvenile pop, and annoyed by jazz o African American civil rights shaped the folk music scene Woolworth's Sit in Protest • Organized by college students Sit ins, picketing, and boycotts ended segregation in restaurants and beaches and city facilities across the country Albany Boycott • College students of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee in Albany, Georgia sat in the white lobby of the bus station until they were arrested • MLK JR led a protest against their arrest • Boycotted the bus system and caused it to close Protests became violent over time • Assaulted/arrested by police • When it ended, Birmingham desegregated the downtown public facilities, hired African Americans, and established a committee Racist violence • Killed Megar Evers, the Mississippi field secretary of the NAACP and William Moore, a white civil rights crusader Washington DC March • 250,000 people joined • I Have a Dream speech President JFK • Gave civil rights crusaders hope in MLK's vision • Assured them of a new frontier • Sent federal troops to universities that refused to desegregate o Ordered guards to protect Meredith, who started going to classes o Happened with other university students as well • Wide reaching legislation that included equal access to public facilities, employment discrimination based on race, and civil rights suits • Liked by college students and devoted to his civil rights programs Campus protests
Soul
o Reflected the focus on African-American identity o Started with jazz musicians such as John Coltrane and Eldridge Cleaver o Had been involved with R&B for a long time before -gospel based R&B
Height-Ashbury
o Resurfaced in San Francisco to inspire the hippies o Free improvisation, costumes o Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters Hosted the Trips Festival • Projected colors and shapes, spiked the punch, costumes, free-form poetry Psychedelic bus took them on a symbolic trip though the country o First Human Be-In Started with a Hindu blessing ritual, the dakshina, dancing to acid rock bands, poets, free things o The amount of psychedelics swelled in San Francisco A clubhouse for dropouts o the most popular district for hippies
Jan and Dean
o Same message of California surf o Started recording teen ballads o Reached the Top Ten with "Baby Talk" and appeared on American Bandstand o Became involved with the surfing music after the Beach Boys Performed with them Added lyrics and recorded "Surf City"
The Who
o Similar transition from Chicago blues to their own songs o Started as the Detours and covered American blues, then changed to the High Numbers again o Pete Meaden, a Mod, reshaped the R&B cover band Gave them the Mod image because it was different from all the other cover bands Clean cut style Performed in top Mod clubs and top Mod dances, walking, standing o Reworked blues single "I'm the Face" as a Mod anthem Called the first authentic Mod record, a hip tailored for teens shuffle rocker o Featured in a movie about Mods o Firmed Meaden and hired new managers, Lambert and Stamp Reinforced their Mod image Wanted them to identify with their audience • Bull's eye t-shirts, pants, shirts, and jackets with the British flag • Renamed the Who and played at the London Marquee club, a Mod hangout Wrote original material for the band o Grew up in working class neighborhoods o Captured the anger and rebelliousness of the English Mods Screamed the lyrics, crashing chords, thumping bass, propulsive drumming
Other British Blues Bands
o Spencer Davis Band Formed by Spencer Davis, Peter York, and Steve and Muff Winwood Heavy blues copies After two years, starting writing for themselves o Mann-Hugg Blues Brothers Budding jazz pianist, Manfred Mann, teamed with Mike Hugg Added three more members to become Manfred Mann and the Manfreds Did the theme of the TV show "Ready, Steady, Go!" and topped the charts with covers o The Animals Group of poor youths from N. England Wild stage behavior and British R&B Recorded "The House of the Rising Sun" as their first number one hit in the US and UK o Them Dedicated to American R&B Raised by blues and jazz enthusiasts "Here Comes the Night" Emulated by garage bands later
The Beatles
o Started as a skiffle band in the Cavern Club of Liverpool, first under different names o Traveled to Germany to back up Tony Sheridan, who helped them on "My Bonnie" o From working class families, developed the Rocker image o American rockabilly was a large influence o Initially wanted money and fame, dreamed of stardom Shout about going to the top o Became well known in Liverpool and locals spent all day at the Cavern hoping to see them Beat music had a rhythmic stimulation on the brain o British television Appeared on Philip Jones' variety show "Thank your Lucky Stars" and helped launch their song "Please Please Me" Headlined the London Palladium on Sunday night at the London Palladium • 15 million viewers o Manufacturers started selling Beatles products, fan clubs, millions of singles sold o Their first album, Please Please Me, topped the British chart for more than 6 months, sold eleven million records, and $18 million of goods o Public opinion of the was high Helped stimulate the economy because people admired their fashion Their manager feared overexposure • Anxiety about maintain public interest o Price of success Loss of friendships and control They did what they were told by the record company and felt they gave away too much control
Metal
o Turned to a hard, menacing, and loud rock from an oppressed race Blues was more popular • Developments included ear splitting volume, fuzzy, menacing, and vibrating electronic gadgetry, dominant bass guitar, heavy two-bass drumming, lead-guitar power chords, piercing, intricate, and fleet guitar solos, militant lyrics • Power trios like the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Cream • British groups defined the sound -aggressive electric blues
Payola
pay for play"/song promotion o Began with fraud on TV Charles Lincoln Van Doren admitted that he was given answers in advance as a contestant on NBC's Twenty-One quiz show Discontinued many game programs (Tic Tac Dough, Price is Right, Quiz Kids, Stop the Music, The $64,000 Question) Most popular shows in America o Spread to the music industry American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers attacked interests of radio, TV, and record companies represented by the rival licensing agent, BMI Lashed out against rock and roll and the music it licensed because performers wrote their own material • Said that it was highly engineered, manipulated into liking it Congressman wanted to impress their conservative supporters and attacked the music too • Said that the music was only played and became popular because the industry payed for it • Pushed on unsuspecting teens Focused on DJs • Boston announcers admitted to taking money to play the music and more joined o 207 DJs in 42 states received $263,000 o They were fired after admitting it • Dick Clark under close scrutiny o Nothing happened to him, did not take money o Said to only be a product of the system • Alan Freed did worse o Unemployed and charged with commercial bribery o Blackballed by the music industry and fined $300, six-month suspension o Charged with tax evasion, $38,000 payment o Alcoholism and died
John Lee Hooker
• Delta born guitarist in Detroit • Learned guitar from his stepfather, sang with gospel groups • Spotted by record distributor Bernie Besman who recorded him on his Sensation label o Boogie Chillin = an electric, dark, extremely popular song
Elvis Presley
• Recorded his first songs for his mom and then returned to record songs for radio • Teamed with Scotty Moore (guitar) and Bill Black (bass) after an unsuccessful session on a ballad • They came up with That's All Right, Mama o Animated performance with a steady, repetitive boogie-woogie bass line for the rockabilly sound • Dewey Phillips broke it on the radio and it became extremely popular o People listening thought he was colored o Sun offices had more than 5,000 orders for the disc • Live performances contributed to the hysteria o Greasy look o Girls tore at Elvis, screaming and fainting o Hips • Also appealed to African American teens o Agreed to benefit poor black teens o Created the same reaction • Teenage girls saw him as a sexual call to arms o Embellished his shaking leg o Forbidden • Regional radio show o Broadcast on KWKH from Louisiana to California and televised on the weekends o Changed his life overnight
Wilson Pickett
• Roots in early R&B • Joined the Falcons as lead vocal
Elmore James
• Taught himself guitar by playing a broom wire to a wall of his cabin • Master of slide guitar • Trumpet Records first recorded him: Dust My Broom • Meteor Label, under Modern, in Chicago • Pain and anguish of three centuries of slavery
The Mods and the Rockers
• The Rockers modeled after tough boys, wore leather jackets, tight pants, and pointed boots or suede shoes, greased hair, sunglasses, motorcycles • The Mods (or Modernists) had short hair, suit, good shoes, took pills, scoot, parka, rich, brightly colored styles, blonde hair, still lower class but with enough money to buy Sunday's best o Took away the fashion mantle from the rich o Sense of belonging in the lower class • Fought each other for dominance with nothing else to do
B.B. King
• Worked on a cotton field at age 9 • Earliest sound of music was in the fields, singing what they felt while working • Began his music in church, bought a guitar, sang gospel • Moved to Memphis and lived with his cousin, Booker T. White, a Delta blues figure • Sang Peptikon commercials on the black radio • His fully developed music was Delta influences with falsetto vocals, swinging, single-note guitar • Dozens of R&B classics
