Rolfs Master APUSH American Pageant Periods 1-5 Key Terms and Ideas Chapters 1-21, Rolfs Pageant Chapter 22, Rolfs Pageant Chapter 23, Rolfs Pageant Chapter 24, Rolfs Pageant Chapter 25, Rolfs Pageant Chapter 26, Rolfs Pageant Chapter 27, Rolfs Pagea...

Washington Irving

an American author, essayist, biographer, and historian of the early 19th century. He is best known for "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and Rip Van Winkle

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

James Russell Lowell

an American romantic poet, critic, editor, and diplomat. He wrote the the "Biglow Papers" and was associated with the Fireside Poets.

Phineas T. Barnum

an American showman, businessman, and entertainer; founder of the circus

Political and economic power in the southern colonies was dominated by

extended families of wealthy planters

Issues with killing beavers

extreme ecological damage

Horace Kallen

an intellectual who championed alternative conceptions of the immigrant role in American society, defended newcomer's right to practice their ancestral customs, vision- the US should provide a protective canopy for ethnic and racial groups to preserve their cultural uniqueness, stressed the preservation of identity, believed pluralism

Cornelius Vanderbilt

famous industrialist who worked in railroads and shipping, partner with Thomas Gibbons with the Union Line

Farmer's Alliance

farmer's organization that manifested rural discontent; led to the creation of the Populist party after breaking down due to ignorance towards landless tenant farmers and blacks

Wyoming Stock-Growers Association

farmers organization that controlled state and legislature

The Half-Way Covenant provided

baptism, but not full communion, to people who had not had a conversion experience

Bryan

became Democratic nominee for the election of 1896 after his sensational "Cross of Gold" speech; advocated for radical coinage of silver

Root

became Secretary of War and established a general staff of the army and War College

Republicanism, without the monarchy, depended on the ___________________ and mattered more than __________ and interests

collective good of the people private rights

Mercantilism

colonies purpose is to enrich mother country. Colonies provide bullion or raw materials which Mother country processes and resells to colonial markets for more bullion. Goal: Accumulation of bullion

When British officials decided to enforce the East India Company's tea monopoly and the three-pence tax on tea,

colonists were outraged because they saw it as a trick to undermine their principled resistance to the tax

The British Proclamation of 1763 angered

colonists who thought that it deprived them of the fruits of victory

Protestant Ethic

commitment to work and engagement in worldly pursuits

mariner's compass

compass eliminated some of the uncertainties of sea travel

The original cause of the French and Indian War was

competition between French and English colonists for land in the Ohio River Valley

The original cause of the French and Indian War was

competition between French and English colonists for land in the Ohio River valley

Indentured servants

displaced farmers coming to the colonies to work for several years and "received" parcels of land and some money at the end (3/4 of the immigrants to the colonies were indentured servants)

Hickok

gunman and cowboy of Abilene

Fundamental Orders

established a regime in Connecticut democratically controlled by regular people

The average colonial New England woman who did not die in childbirth could expect to

experience about ten pregnancies, occurring on average every two years from her twenties through menopause

Custer

leader of the 7th Cavalry that was destroyed by the Sioux in Montana

Mao Zedong

leader of the Chinese Communists whose revolutionary army seized power in China in 1949

Raplh Waldo Emerson

leader of the Transcendentalist movement; also an American lecturer, essayist, and poet

Walter Rauschenbusch

leading Protestant advocate of the social gospel who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems

stephen austin

leads many early American Pioneers into texas

Blaine

led Half-Breeds

Conkling

led Stalwarts

Half-Breeds

led by Blaine (split from the Republican party)

Stalwarts

led by Conkling (split from the Republican party

Kelley

led the Grange and encouraged the farmers to socialize

Andrew Carnegie

led the expansion of the American steel in the late 19th century, one of the richest Americans ever

Dakota and Oklahoma

places were government herded Indians through the reservation system

Must of the impetus of Spanish exploration and pursuit of glory in the early 1500s came from Spain's recent

national unification and expulsion of the Muslim Moors *Ferdinand and Isabella Inquisition*

Great Britain

England in Scotland joined in 1707

Salutary Neglect

England took a hands-off approach with colonies as long as they were making money - Lasted 150 years until 1763

Henry Hudson

English explorer for Netherlands who got land for Dutch after being told to go Northeast

General Court

representative assembly of Plymouth

"unconditional surrender"

Controversial U.S.-British demand on Germany and Japan that substituted for a " second front"

Maize

Corn that fed large populations and sustained life

The British forces suffered crushing early defeats in the French and Indian War under the overall command of

General Braddock

Meuse-Argonne offensive

General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing led American troops in this effort to cut the German railroad lines supplying the western front. It was one of the few major battles that Americans participated in during the entire war, and was still underway when the war ended.

2nd Era of Good Feelings

General peace because of the Compromise but the Fugitive Slave Law made tension

Unicameral

Having one branch of a type of government

Bicameral

Having two branches of a type of government

Progress and Poverty

Henry George's best-selling book that advocated social reform through the imposition of a single tax on land

Spice Islands

Indonesia

Underground Railroad

Informal chain of anti-slavery homes through which white and black abolitionists assisted slaves in escaping from slave states to the North or Canada

William Wilberforce

Inspired by Charles Grandson Finney during the Second Great Awakening, this British abolitionist was instrumental and helped to gain emancipation for the British West Indies in 1833.

Cambridge

Intelectual center for England's Puritanism

War aims of the North

Preserve Union and later abolish slavery

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents.

Sacajawea

Shoshone woman that helped Lewis and Clark

Lewis

Lewis Domineering boss who launched the CIO

Beginning Battles of the Revolution

Lexington and Concord

A crucial political development that paved the way for the European colonization of America was the

rise of the centralized national monarchies, such as those of Spain, Portugal, and France

Capitalism & the commercial revolution

rose because of the flood of gold and silver from Spain's New World Empire into Europe after 1500

Fighting in 1776: British concentrated on _____ because ________ was _________

NYC - Boston - evacuated

Liliuokalani

Native Hawaiian queen overthrown in a revolution led by white planters and aided by US troops

New England praying towns

Natives gathered to be baptized

George Dewey

Naval commander whose spectacular May Day victory in 1898 opened the doors to American imperialism in Asia

Rome-Berlin Axis

Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, and Fascist Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, allied themselves together under this nefarious treaty. The pact was signed after both countries had intervened on behalf of the fascist leader Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War.

reason Americans allied with French

Need for supplies

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Neither US nor Britain would seek exclusive control of the isthmus waterway

National banking system

Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during war to establish a stable national currency and stimulate sale of war bonds

Thurmond

southern segregationist who led Dixiecrat presidential campaign against Truman in 1948

Winfield Scott

the American general who led his forces from Vera Cruz to Mexico City in 1847.

Cortés and his men were able to conquer the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán party because

the Aztec ruler Montezuma believed the Cortés was a god whose return had been predicted

Which of the following was not among the ancient Indian cultures established in North America before 1300 A.D.? a. the Incas b. The Pueblos c. The Anasazis d. The Cahokia e. the Mound Builders

the Incas

Tenskwatawa was known as

the Prophet

One of the advantages the British enjoyed in the impending conflict with the colonies was

the ability to enlist foreign soldiers, Loyalists, and Native Americans in their military forces.

Pet banks

State institution banks that were pro-Jackson

Johnson Debt Default Act

Steeped in ugly memories of World War I, this spiteful act prevented debt-ridden nations from borrowing further from the United States.

scabs

Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

Cold War

The 45 year tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist. Most of the international conflicts during that period, particularly in the developing world, can be traced to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Stalin

The Allied leader who constantly pressured the U.S. a nd Britain to open a "second front" against Hitler

Battle of Buena Vista

the battle won by the forces of Zachary Taylor in 1847 that made Taylor a "hero" and presidential timber.

antinomianism

the belief that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved don't need to bother to obey the law of either God or man

Black Legend

the belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while contributing nothing good

The British theory of mercantilism, by which the colonies were governed, held that

the colonial economy should be carefully controlled to serve the home country's needs.

Nahuatl

the language of the powerful Aztec rulers of the great empire in the highlands of central Mexico

vertical integration

the practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition

horizontal integration

the practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by farming trusts and alliances with competitors

cult of domesticity

tradition that housework and child care were considered the only proper activites for married women

George Washington won the election _________

unanimously

New England Emigrant Aid Company

2,000 people sent to KS to forestall the South and make a profit (supported by Henry Ward Beecher)

Cleveland

22nd U.S. President. 1885-1889. Democratic

Pequot War

1637 New England colonists wipe out Pequot tribe using total warfare

New England Confederation

1643 - Military alliance intended to defend New England (except RI) colonies against potential threats - First step towards colonial unity

King Philip's / Metacom's War

1675-76 - Leader of Wampanoags defeated by colonists - End of significant Native resistance to NE colonies - Made pan-Indian alliance to strike English colonies

Bacon's Rebellion (characteristics)

1676 - Went on a Native killing spree - Chased Berkeley out of Jamestown - Set fire to Jamestown - Nathaniel Bacon died - Rebellion collapsed

NYC Slave revolt

1712 - Death of 12 whites and 21 blacks - Some burned at stake over slow fire

The War of Jenkin's Ear

1739 - Spanish revenue authorities encountered Captain Jenkins and cut off his ear - Occurred in Caribbean sea and Georgia - James Oglethorpe fought Spanish to a standstill - War merged with War of Austrian Succession

Stono River Rebellion

1739 - Tried to march to Spanish Florida but were stopped by local militia - 50 Southern Carolina blacks

Declaratory Act

1766 - Occurred at the same time of the repeal of the Stamp Act - Permitted Parliament to affirm its power to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" - Claimed the leaders were unqualified

Neutrality Proclamation

1793 - GW proclaimed the government's official neutrality - Warned citizens to be impartial to armed camps

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, came to office after Lincoln's assassination and opposed Radical Republicans; he was impeached but remained in office

Anglo-American Convention

1818 - Pact with Britain to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada - Fixed vague northern limits of LA along 49th parallel - 10-year joint occupation of Oregon

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 - 1816 - 2nd BUS charter passed by Congress - 1818 - MD attempted to destroy a branch of the BUS by imposing tax on their money *- Marshall declared bank constitutional by Hamilton doctrine of implied powers* - Strengthened federal authority by not allowing MD to tax the bank - Loose constitution

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 - College granted charter by King George III in 1769 - NH legislature saw fit to change it → Dartmouth appealed - Marshall said the original charter must stand - Safeguarded business from state governments - Corporations are also protected charters or contracts -Enabled chartered corporations to escape public control - *Restricted ability of state governments to control corporations*

Cohens v. Virginia

1821 - Cohen Brothers found guilty by VA courts for illegally selling lottery tickets - VA won by conviction of Cohen Brothers being upheld - Lost because Marshall asserted *rights of the Supreme Court to review decisions of all state courts involving federal powers*

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Message to Congress delivered annually - Stern warning to European powers: → 1) Not to colonize Latin America → 2) Not to intervene in Latin America - The US would stay out of European affairs - Permit current settlements

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824 - "Steamboat Case" - NY attempted to grant a private company a monopoly of commerce on rivers between NY and NJ - Marshall decision expanding Federal power over the states Broad expansion of "commerce clause" that allows Federal government to regulate all interstate commerce or exchanges

Anthony Burns

1853 slave who escaped from slavery

Civil Rights Bill

1866; Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904; A brazen policy of "preventative intervention" advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in his Annual Message to Congress in 1904. Adding ballast to the Monroe Doctrine, his corollary stipulated that the United States would retain a right ti intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin American nations in order to restore military and financial order.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

1942; Nonviolent civil rights organization committed to the "Double V" - victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. Wafter World War II, CORE would become a major force in the civil rights movement,

Huey P. "Kingfish" Long

"Kingfish" Rep. senator of LA; pushed "Share Our Wealth" program and make "Every Man a King' at the expense of the wealthy; assassinated

Virtual representation

"Parliament had in mind the interest of all the King's subjects, no matter where they resided." - George Grenville's idea

Congressman Matthew Lyon

"Spitting Lion" - Spit in a Federalist's face and got the nickname - Was sent to jail for four months (not because of spitting)

Midwifery

*Assists with childbirths* - Fostered bonds - One midwife alone delivered 3000+ babies

Economy of New England

*Fishing* - cod off of coast of Newfoundland *Lumber* *Shipbuilding* - more exports of cod led to building better ships

Results of the Alien and Sedition Acts

- 10 Jeffersonians brought to trial with Federalist judges - Made converts for Jeffersonians - Made expire in 1801 so it couldn't be used against them if they lost the election

End of Constitutional Convention

- 17 weeks - Feared if the Constitution would be acceptable to the country

Demographics of colonies from 1700-1775

- 1700 - 300,00 souls, 20,000 being black - 1775 - 2.5 million, 500,000 being black - 400,000 white and 400,000 black immigrants - Most of the population growth done by procreation - 5% of multicolored population European - Mainly Anglo-Saxon - South held 90% of slaves - New England had least ethnic diversity

George Grenville

- 1763 - ordered British navy to strictly enforce Navigation Laws - 1764 - Sugar Act - Caused protest - duties lowered and agitation died down - 1765 - Quartering Act

Results of Salem Witch Trials

- 19 hung, 1 pressed to death, and 2 dogs hung - *Most accused witches came from wealthy families* - *Most accusers came from subsistence farming families* - Showed tension between classes

Results to the VA and KY Resolutions

- 1st statement of states' rights - Opened for nullification controversy and secession later on

Jefferson's military

- 2,500 men and officers - Supplanted by huge state militia force - Jeffersonians distrusted large armies to prevent military dictatorship

Results of Bacon's Rebellion

- 20+ rebels hung by Berkeley - Tensions remained - Landowners went to African slavery because the indentured servants seemed to be an unreliable labor source

British uprooting of French Acadians

- 4,000 - Expected a stab in the back - Caused them to be spread elsewhere - Cajuns in the South

Confederate States of America

- 7 seceding states made a government (SC, AL, MS, FL, GA, LA, & TX) - Jefferson Davis as president

Scots-Irish characteristics

- 7% of population - Non-English but spoke English - Turbulent Scots Lowlanders - Presbyterians - Violent against Natives - Frontiersmen

Jefferson winning the election

- 73-65 - Won NY because of Aaron Burr - Won South states and West states because of male suffrage - 3/5 Compromise helped him - more representatives

9th and 10th Amendment

- 9th - Rights not listed in the Constitution are still rights - 10th - Anything the Constitution says Congress doesn't have is up to the states and the people

Federalist accusations of Thomas Jefferson

- Accused of robbing a widow and son - Sally Hemmings relationship - Separated church and state in VA - Alleged athiest

Land Ordinance of 1785

- Acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds should be used to pay off national debt - Land surveyed by six square miles per area - 16th district was for education

Voyageurs went to look for beavers where?

- Across Great Lakes into Saskatchewan and Manitoba - Along valleys of the Platte - Arkansas and Missouri - West of the Rockies - South to border of Spanish Texas

Chief Justice John Marshall

- Adams appointed to Supreme Court as 4th choice - Cousin of Thomas Jefferson - Served at Valley Forge

Negatives of American army

- Badly organized and lacked unity - Continental Congress just debated and grew feebler - Fought almost the whole war without Constitution till 1781 - Jealousy - Economic difficulties - Other states had to make their own depreciated currency - Inflation occurred

George Washington in the war between France and Britain

- Believed war had to be avoided at all costs - Nation was unstable and disunited - Strategy of delay allowed population to increase, stabilize the nation, and then assert its power

Women's rights

- Believed women were weaker than men - Women kept house and men worked with their hands - New England would separate abusive spouses

Positives of making a new government

- Functioned under similar constitutions - Political inheritance from Britain - High order leaders

The Americans, in terms of British, were expected to:

- Furnish products needed in the mother country - Refrain from making for export certain products - Buy manufactured goods from Britain - Not indulge in economic self-sufficiency or self-government

Issues with the end of the French Revolution

- King beheaded in 1793 - Church attacked - Reign of terror began

California gold rush

- Many were German, Irish or Chinese immigrants, - - Overwhelmingly male in nature - Attracted thousands of people to CA - Sped up state's admission to the Union - Creates new dilemma for Taylor Admin

Republican Convention of 1860

- Met in Chicago in a wigwam - Voted Lincoln because he had fewer enemies

Republican Party

- Spontaneously occurred as protest against the Kansas-Nebraska Act - Included Whigs, Democrats, free soilers, Know-Nothings, and others against the KS-NE Act - Spread eastward quickly, became 2nd major political party - Not allowed South of the Mason-Dixon Line...

Issues with colonists when refusing to provide resources for conflict

- Wanted the rights and privileges of an Englishmen without the responsibilities and not actually being an Englishman - Only enthusiastic when reimbursed by Pitt

Crops used

- tobacco in MD and VA - wheat/grain in Middle colonies

Basic principles of the Model Treaty

1) No political connection 2) No military connection 3) Only a commercial connection

Brigham Young

a Mormon who caught and continued to lead the religion after Joseph Smith's death

Oneida Community

a Utopian community in Oneida, New York that strived for perfection. They believed that Christ had already returned in the year 70

Lancaster Turnpike

a broad, hard-surfaced highway built in Pennsylvania in the 1790s (by a private company) that extended 62 miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster, PA. Drivers had to pay a toll to gain access to the highway

Gilbert Stuart

a competant painter who produced several portraits of George Washington

Charter

a document, issued by a sovereign or state, outlining the conditions under which a corporation, colony, city, or other corporate body is organized, and defining its rights and privileges

Maine Law

a drastic statute of 1851 that prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor in the state of Maine

Edgar Allen Poe

a gifted poet who is best known for his short stories (horrors); was an orphan at an early age, who was cursed with ill health, poverty, hunger, debt, and bad luck.

American Temperance Society

a group established in Boston of 1826 for the reform and abstinence of alcohol

Knickerbocker group

a group of talented writers including Washington Irving, James Fennimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant

plantation

a large piece of land (or water) where one crop is specifically planted for widespread commercial sale and usually tended by resident laborers.

trust

a mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller companies

Hudson River School

a mid 19th century American Art Movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influened by romance

American Federation of Labor

a national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886. Led by Samuel Gompers for nearly 4 decades, this sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers with better wages, hours, and conditions. Their membership was mostly white and male until the middle of the 20th century

John J. Audubon

a painter who made "Bird of America"

Henry David Thoreau

a poet (wrote mostly about nature) who advocated for Transcendentalism and civil disobedience

domestic feminism

a political movement composed mainly of women, begun in the late 19th century in order to campaign against women's suffrage in the United States and United Kingdom

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Shakers

a popular name for members of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing (aka the Millenial Church)

Because there were few urban centers in the colonial South...

a professional class of lawyers and financiers was slow to develop

Louis Agassiz

a professor at Harvard College for 25 years who broke paths in biology

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

a professor at Harvard College for many years who taught modern languages

James Fenimore Cooper

a profilic and popular American writer of the early 19th century who wrote numerous sea-stories and historical novelss known as the the "Leatherstocking Tales"

Almshouse

a shelter for widows and/or orphans

Caravel

a ship built by the Portuguese that could sail more closely into the wind

Stephen Foster

a white Pennsylvanian who made a valuable contribution to American folk music by capturing the plaintive spirit of true slaves with songs like "Old Folks at Home" and "Oh!Susana!"

Mayflower compact

agreement established a basic government based upon majority rule (basis of self-government)

Nonimportation

agreements among the American colonies to boycott English goods about the revealing of the Stamp and Townshend Acts

The primary source of livelihood for most colonial Americans was

agriculture

Noah Webster

aka "Schoolmaster of the Republic" and was educated at Yale. He wrote Webster's Dictionary and it was published in 1828

Horace Mann

an American Education reformer and a member of the Massachussetts House of Representatives from 1827-1833. He was elected into the U.S. House in 1848

Peter Cartwright

an American Methodist revivalist and politician in Illinois. He helped start the 2nd Great Awakening.

Lucretia Mott

an American Quaker, abolitionist, social reformer, and advocate for women's rights. She was aroused when she and fellow female delegates were not recognized at the Candon Antislavery Convention of 1840

Sylvester Graham

an American dietary reformer who was ordained in 1826 as a Presbyterian minister. He is notable for his emphasis on vegrtarianism and the Temperance Movement.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement. She wrote the "Declaration of Sentiments" at the Women's Rights Convention of 1842.

Malinche

an Indian slave who knew Mayan and Nahuatl

Frederick W. Taylor

an engineer, an inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies.

Coureurs de bois

an independent entrepreneurial French-Canadian woodsman who traveled in New France and the interior of North America — did not follow the "laws"

Williem H. McGuffey

an influential person for the education reform. He wrote books that taught lessons on morality, patriotism, and idealism. 122 million copies were sold

Herman Melville

an orphan from New York who went on a sea voyage at 18 and produced "Moby Dick"

Pribilof Islands

area of conflict with Canada; resolved with arbitration (1893)

Samoan Islands

area of conflict with Germany in the Caribbean; resolved by division (1899)

The mobilization of non-importation policies against the Stamp Act was politically important because it

aroused revolutionary fervor among many ordinary American men and women

William D. ("Big Bill") Haywood

as a leader of the Industrial workers of the World, the Wester Federation of Miners, and the Socialist Party of America. He was one of the most feared of American labor radicals. During WWI, he became a special target of anti-leftist legislation

Guiteau

assassinated Garfield

Tilden

attorney that gained fame after prosecuting Tweed; ran for president in 1876 on the Democrats side

problem with amount of growing population

available soil supply and growing population did not equate, so land was subdivided repeatedly

The French fur trade decimated

beaver populations while spreading the French empire

Social Darwinism/ Darwinists

believes in the idea, popular in the late 19th century, that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest". Therefore, the wealthy had simply won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor, and indeed service to the poor would interfere with this organic process. Some also applied this theory to whole nations and races, explaining that powerful people were naturally endowed with gifts that allowed them to gain superiority over others. This theory provided one of the popular justifications for US imperial ventures like the Spanish-American War

Slave codes made...

blacks and their children property for life to their masters

Shawnee mission

border ruffians made a puppet government in Kansas

Middle Colonies nickname

breadbasket

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

brilliant feminist writer who advocated cooperative cooking and child care arrangements to promote women's economic independence and equality

Separatists

broke away from the church because of fraternization of the damned and saints

Among the many important results of the Great Awakening was that it

broke down sectional boundaries and created a greater sense of common American identity

Most of the slaves who eventually reached North America were originally

captured by West African coastal tribes and sold to European slave merchants

Which of the following was not among the generally small-scale manufacturing enterprises in colonial America? a. Carriage manufacturing b. Liquor distilling c. Beaver hat making d. Iron making e. Spinning and weaving

carriage manufacturing

treaty of 1846

compromised dispute between 54-40 line and 40 line to 49th parallel line with GB for oregon

Yellowstone & Yosemite

conservative national parks created after the frontier line was no longer discernible

For most of their early history, the colonies of Maryland and Virginia

contained far more men than women

Henry George

controversial reformer whose book, Progress and Poverty, advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land

Joint-stock company colony type

corporate colony

Many of the early Puritan settlers of America were

displaced farmers from eastern and western England

The Indian peoples of the Americas were...

divided into many diverse cultures speaking more than two thousand different languages

Remington

drew sketches for Hearst's "Journal"

The passage of the Quebec Act aroused intense American fears because it

extended Catholic jurisdiction and a non-jury judicial system into the English-speaking Ohio country.

One of the advantages the colonists enjoyed in the impending conflict with Britain was

fighting defensively on a large, agriculturally self-sufficient continent.

The passage of increasing British restrictions on trade encouraged colonial merchants to

find ways to smuggle and otherwise evade the law by trading with other countries

West Africa Squadron

group organized by the British Royal Navy meant to capture slave ships en route to the Americas. This lasted for a few years after the abolition of the slave trade in Britain in 1807

British issuance of the Proclamation of 1763

heightened colonial anger and encouraged illegal westward expansion

Comstock Lode

huge silver and gold deposit that brought wealth and statehood to Nevada

Georgia legislature called the tribal council ________ Result:

illegal - Cherokees appealed to the Supreme Court three times

Colonial American smuggling and trading with French enemy

increased British government's disdain for colonial Americans and raised doubts about their loyalty to the empire

Lower classes were getting a flow of...

indentured servants

Printing presses

introduced in 1450 and spread scientific knowledge

twine binder and combined reaper-thresher

inventions that increased production of wheat

Propreitorship

land given by the king to an individual or group

Sand Creek, Colorado

location of an Indian massacre led by Chivington

Central Valley, California

location of large agricultural business

Whigs associated with...

log cabins and hard cider as symbols of their campaign

Nat Turner's Rebellion

named for the leader, this rebellion involved the killing of around 60 Virginians in 1831.

Adams' advocated for

nationalism

Bering isthmus

once was made of an ice bridge that immigrant ancestors of the Native Americans traveled on

annexation of texas

opposed by whigs b/c created another slave state; done b/c texas as an independent nation threatened US to become involved in war w/ North America & GB; highlight of Tyler administration for capitalizing on Manifest Destiny

Royal

paid for and ruled directly by the monarchy

New Orleans

place where Americans lynched Italians and therefore had to pay compensation in order to prevent conflict

Fire-eaters

refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.

Benjamin Franklin's attempt to create inter-colonial unity at the Albany Congress resulted in

rejection of the congress' proposal for colonial home rule both by London and by the individual colonies

Tariff of 1842

reluctantly signed by Tyler for additional revenue; gradually led the country out of recession (panic of 1857)

The French and Indian War weakened interior Indian peoples like the Iroquois and Creeks by

removing their French and Spanish allies from Canada and Florida

The summoning of the Albany Congress

represented the first major attempt at inter-colonial unity

Wolfe's victory over Montcalm at Quebec

resulted in decisive French defeat and British domination of North America

Carlisle Indian School

school in Penn that "civilized" Native American children

pilgrims

separatists who wanted to break away from the Anglican church

Electoral Count Act

set up a commission to resolve the crisis of the Hayes-Tilden standoff in the election of 1876

Jackson planned to eliminate the BUS by...

taking money for government expenses

Dingley Tariff Bill (1897)

tariff bill proposing new high rates after McKinley's election

Joseph Smith

the creator of the Mormon religion(Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints). He ran into much opposition and was murdered with his brothers in 1844 by a mob

38th parallel

the dividing line between north and south korea, across which the fighting between communists and united nations forces ebbed and flowed during the korean war

Elizabeth Blackwell

the first female graduate of a medical college; also was part of the women's rights movement and helped educate women

Middle Passage

the passage from Africa to the West - The death rate was 20% - survivors sold in auctions in major port cities

Even before the discovery of the Americas, Portugal became the first nation to enter the slave trade and establish large-scale plantations using slave labor in

the sugar islands off the coast of Africa

The most significant effect on the colonists of the French defeat in North America was

to reduce the colonies' reliance on Britain for protection and increase their sense of independence

Cheyenne and Sioux

transformed themselves into nomadic traders and hunters with horses

Savannah Indians

wanted to end peace alliance with Carolina and go to Maryland and Pennsylvania; all were killed by 1710

John D. Rockefeller

was an American oil industry businessman, head of Standard Oil Company

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Pony Express

A Mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail speedily along the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California; they could make the trek in 10 days.

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Ida Tarbell

A famous muckraker; published a devastating but factual exposé about the Standard Oil Company

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

After 1776, what terms did the British offer to all Americans? Why?

A measure offering all Americans home rule — everything they wanted other than independence Because of Saratoga

Eli Whitney

A mechanical genius who invented the cotton gin, which was machine that separated the cotton from the seed. This greatly improved efficiency, and the South was able to clear more acres of cotton fields, which also increased the demand for slaves.

League of Nations

A world organization of national governments proposed by President Woodrow Wilson and established by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. It worked to facilitate peaceful international cooperation. Despite emotional appeals by Wilson, isolationists' objections to the League created the major obstacle to American singing of the Treaty of Versailles.

Merrimack

Abandoned Union warship salvaged by the Confederacy. Enforced with iron plates to become an ironclad ship. Renamed "Virginia"

Maine

Acquired by Sir Ferdinando Gorges' heirs Fishermen and fur trades

Florida Purchase Treaty

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) - Spain ceded FL and Spanish claims in Oregon in exchange for American TX claims - Adams-Onís Treaty Line NW to Rockies and Pacific

North Carolina in the ratification of the Constitution

Adjourned convention without a vote

Who could vote in the meeting houses to elect leaders, schoolmasters, discuss issues, etc.?

Adult males

Freemen

Adult males who belonged to Puritan congregations

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Party Convention

After 1828 Members of the political party nominate the candidate

Albany Congress

Albany, New York - 7/13 colonial representatives showed up - Purpose: to keep Iroquois loyal to British - Long-term: achieve greater colonial unity and defend against France

Most of the population lived east of the _____________.

Allegehnies

Churchill

Allied leader who met with FDR to plan strategy at Casablanca and Tehran

Result of the end of the war on Britain

Allowed London to rebuild its army, navy, etc. and eventually defeat Napoleon

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Goethals

American military engineer who built the Panama Canal

Hessians

American slang for the German troops under British command

Rosenberg

Americans convicted and executed for spying and passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union

Catharine Beecher

An American educator known for her forthright opinions on female education as well as her strong support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education.

Federal Reserve Act

An act establishing twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks and a Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president, to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in the volatile banking sector. The law carried the nation through the financial crises of the First World War.

"Molly Maguires"

An active, militant Irish organization of farmers based in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields who are believed responsible for much violence

Two Colonial churches by 1775

Anglican and Congregational

Disestablished

Anglican church was reformed and was named Protestant Episcopal Church and disestablished as the official religion

The two denominations that enjoyed the status of established churches in various colonies were the

Anglicans and Congregationalists

Lexington and Concord

April 19, 1775 - British commander sent troops there to seize colonial stores of gunpowder and to bag the rebel ringleaders - Minute Men couldn't disperse rapidly enough, so eight Americans died in Lexington and several were wounded - Redcoats pushed onto Concord where they were forced to retreat - British went back to Boston - Killed 70 - Americans won - Precedented the first major "battle" between the British and Americans

John Tyler

Ascending to presidency after William Henry Harrison's death; famous for not having a political party, as he was removed from the Whigs after denying their proposal for another BUS, house talked of impeaching him.

William Walker

Attempted to take control of Nicaragua to make it a slave state; failed because of an alliance of Central American countries (Mnemonic: William Walkeragua)

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

V-J (Victory in Japan) Day

August 15, 1945, heralded the surrender of Japan and the final end to World War II.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

David Walker

Author of "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" Walker incited the idea of a violent war for emancipation. He was among the ranks of influential black abolitionists.

William Lloyd Garrison

Author of "The Liberator" (est. 1831), this abolitionist exemplified unyielding fights for liberty. He was instrumental in beginning radical abolitionism, and continued the war with words over slavery.

Which Native American tribe took the hearts of living victims to offer to gods as a crowning of a new chieftain?

Aztecs

African slavery became the prevalent form of labor in the 1680s when

Bacon's Rebellion and rising wages in England made white indentured servants no longer a reliable labor force

Lend-Lease Bill

Based on the motto, "Send guns, not sons," this law abandoned former pretenses of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis Powers. Patriotically numbered 1776, the bill was praised as a device for keeping the nation out of World War II.

Some of the coureurs de bois new settlements

Baton Rouge, Terre Haute, Des Moines, and Grant Teton

What type of hat was sought after?

Beaver

Most important product to French at the time

Beaver skins

Frances E. Willard

Became leader of the WCTU; worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol; urged laws banning the sale of liquor; worked to outlaw saloons as a step towards strengthening democracy

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

Why was New England less ethnically mixed?

Because Europeans wouldn't want to come to a place with stony soil and angry preachers

Orders in Council

Began in 1806 Series of edicts closing European ports unless stopped at a British port first

Charles Darwin

Believed in evolution by natural selection, the principal that the weaker die out or "survival of the fittest." Wrote On The Origin of Species.

W. E. B. Du Bois

Believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately; founded the NAACP

Richard Olney

Belligerent US Secretary of State who used the Monroe Doctrine to pressure Britain in the Venezuelan boundary crisis as well as broke up the Pullman Strike

Great *Plains* and Great Basin Natives

Blackfeet, Sioux, and Chippewa -Nomadic -Lots of flat land for fertile soil and grazing animals -Lived in tepees or grass houses -Hunter-gatherers for caribou or bison -Worked together to hunt and trade together -Irrigation and dam attempts

Gullah

Blended English with African languages like Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa (remember yih)

muckrakers

Bright young reporters at the turn of the twentieth century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society. Their subjects included business manipulation of the government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts and helped spur the passage of reform legislation.

Royal veto

British government had the right to nullify any legislation passed by colonies if it went against the mercantilist system — used 469 times in relation to the 8,563 laws

The French and Indian War created conflict between the British and the American military because

British officers treated the American colonial militia with contempt

Lusitania

British passenger liner that sank after it was torpedoed by Germany on May 7, 1915. It ended the lives of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the United States closer to war.

The decisive event in the French-British contest for North America was the

British victory in the Battle of Quebec

positives and negatives about winning the French and Indian War

British victory made Britain a master of domain in North America but financially challenged them to put troops on the frontier

General Zachary Taylor

Candidate for the Whigs, had slaves, didn't commit himself to the issue

Louis Sullivan

Chicago-based architect whose high rise innovation allowed more people to crowd into limited urban space

Jiang Jieshi

Chinese Nationalist leader whose corrupt and ineffective government fell to communist rebels in 1949

Port Arthur, Manchuria

Chinese territory that was in dispute between Russia and Japan

Democratic convention of 1856

Chose Buchanan (no enemies), not Pierce or Douglas because of the KS-NE Act - For popular sovereignty

Whigs in the election of 1852

Chose Winfield Scott, didn't boast about the Compromise of 1850 as much as the Democrats

Boston Port Act

Closed harbor until damages were paid and order ensured

land-grant colleges

Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrill Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887. These grants helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late nineteenth century, and many of today's public universities derive from them.

Fort Sumter

Comfederacy shot first shots of the Civil War in South Carolina in 1861 after Union forces attempted to provision the fort

Wood

Commander in Spanish-American War who organized the efficient American military government of Cuba

Dwight D Eisenhower

Commander of the Allied military assault against Hitler in North Africa and France

Douglas MacArthur

Commander of the US Army in the Pacific during WWII, who fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines

Chester W. Nimitz

Commander of the US Naval forces in the Pacific and brilliant strategist of the island-hopping campaign

Joseph Stalin

Communist leader of Russia

holding companies

Companies that own part or all of other companies' stock in order to extend monopoly control. Often, a holding company does not produce goods or services of its own but only exists to control other companies. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 sought to clamp down on these companies when they obstructed competition.

Compromise of 1877

Compromise that enables Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction in the South.

Battle of Shiloh

Confederate forces surprised union troops & drove them across the Tennessee river; union got backup and won the battle but it was one of the most bloody battles in the civil war

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Carolinas and the Tuscaroras

Crushed Tuscaroras - Sold into slavery - Go north and seek protection of Iroquois (6th nation to join confederacy)

insurrectos

Cuban insurgents who sought freedom from colonial Spanish rule. Their destructive tactics threatened American economic interests in Cuban plantations and railroads.

Results of Goliad and Alamo

Delayed Mexico advancement and stimulated US opposition

Lewis Cass

Democrat candidate who believed slavery should be decided based on popular sovereignty

Bryan

Democratic and Populist candidate for President "Great Commoner" in 1896 who advocated a policy of free silver known for "Cross of Gold Speech"

Sutter's Mill

Discovery of gold in California starting the gold rush

Steffens

Early muckraker who exposed the political corruption in many American cities

The Man Without a Country

Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journeys in exile. The book was widely read in the North, inspiring greater devotion to the Union.

interchangeable parts

Eli Whitney's innovation of manufacturing precise identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

Free-soilers in Kansas

Established a government in Topeka because of Shawnee Mission

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

Established by FDR to act as an arbitration tribunal and mediate disputes between labor and management that might have led to work stoppages and thereby undermined the war effort. The NWLB was also charged with adjusting wages with an eye to controlling inflation.

Allies of 7 Years War; name them

Europe: Britain and Prussia vs France, Spain, Austria, and Russia

Powell

Explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of the 100th meridian

Craftspeople/artisans

Extremely scarce e.g. Virginia carpenter murdered somebody but was freed because his working skills were needed

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Wallace

FDR;s liberal vice president during most of WWII, dumped from the ticket in 1944

Operation Dixie

Failed effort by the CIO after WWII to unionize southern workers, especially in textile factories.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Fall 1811 - William Henry Harrison - gov. of Indiana - gathered army - Advanced to Tecumseh's HQ - Tecumseh was absent b/c he was recruiting Southern support - Tenskwatawa attacked Harrison's army with small force of Shawnees

What events caused the Americans to realize that they needed to separate?

Falmouth and Norfolk

Effects of inflation

Families of soldiers hit hard, and hundreds of anxious husbands and fathers were abandoned

Appomattox Courthouse

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Thorstein Veblen

Famous sociologist/economist; wrote "The Theory of the Leisure Class"

Antoine Cadillac

Founded Detroit to thwart English settlers pushing into Ohio River Valley

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Founded in Ohio in the 1870s to combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption, it went on to embrace a broad reform agenda, including campaigns to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women.

The event of the end of the 20-month conflict with Britain showed that...

France hoped America would be a naval power in the future

Fort McHenry

Francis Scott Key was detained and watched from a British ship the battle — wrote "The Star Spangled Banner"

General William Howe

GW opponent focused on his own wife - satirists made fun of the incident

The only colony formally established in the American colonies by the royal government was

Georgia

Arthur Zimmermann

German minister whose famous telegram was responsible for drawing the US into WWI

U-boats

German submarines, named for the German Unterseeboot, or "undersea boat," proved deadly for Allied ships in the war zone. U-boat attacks played an important role in drawing the United States into the war.

Dust Bowl

Grim nickname for the Great Plains region devastated by drought and dust storms during the 1930s. The disaster led to the migration into California of thousands of displaced "Okies" and "Arkies."

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Randolph

Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters whose threatened march on Washington opened job opportunities for blacks during WWII

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some 3,000 Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries.

"Lost Cause" Myth

Idealized version of Southern culture; black slaves were happy to be slaves, they were never mistreated. Blacks wanting rights was offensive, outrageous, and a challenge to white supremacy.

Why did the Whigs believe British freedom was being fought for in America?

If George III won, his rule might be tyrannical

New Immigrants

Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had come before them. These new immigrants congregated in ethnic urban neighborhoods, where they worried many native-born Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help the immigrants assimilate.

Birds of Passage

Immigrants who came to America to earn money for a time and then returned to their native land

Justification for expanding?

Improve land by clearing lands for urban usage

Benjamin Franklin's impact on *reading*

In Philadelphia, he established first privately supported circulating library

modernism

In response to the demanding conditions of modern life, this artistic and cultural movement revolted against comfortable Victorian standards and accepted chance, change, contingency, uncertainty, and fragmentation. Originating among avant-garde artists and intellectuals around the turn of the twentieth century, modernism blossomed into a full-fledged cultural movement in art, music, literature, and architecture.

Harry S. Truman

Inconspicuous former senator from Missouri who was suddenly catapulted to national and world leadership on April 12, 1945

Morrill Tariff Act

Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War

One way in which Indians and Africans were similar to whites in 18 century North America was they

Increasingly mingled and intermarried with people from beyond their original ethnic group or tribe

Trail of Tears

Indian route to the Indian Territory under the Indian Removal Act

The primary reason for the drastic decline in the Indian population after the encounter with the Europeans was the

Indians' lack of resistance to European diseases such as smallpox and malaria

United Nations/UN

International body formed in 1945 to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars. Much like the former League of Nations in ambition, the UN was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five powers in keeping the peace in the world. Thus, it guaranteed veto power to all permanent members of its Security Council - Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States.

Kearny

Irishman who fired up a street fight between Irish and Chinese

East Natives

Iroquois mainly -Made Iroquois Confederacy to organize socially and politically (led by Hiawatha) -Matrilineal system -Typically lived in longhouses and wigwams -Three sister farming

Nonimportation agreement effects on jobs

It stimulated *manufacturing* because there was a higher need for things that were originally supplied by England - *agriculture* was still the *leading* industry

Marco Polo

Italian adventurer who returned to Europe in 1295 and began telling tales of his sojourn in China. His book stimulated European desires for a cheaper route to the East

Nicola Sacco

Italian immigrant and anarchist who may have been unfairly convicted because of his political views

Candidates in the election of 1824

JQA, Henry Clay, William H. Crawford, and Andrew Jackson — all claimed to be Republicans

Indian Removal Act

Jackson proposed the movement of tribes to the West — 100,000 Indians transplanted from the East to the West

Virginia Resolution

James Madison made a similar but less extreme resolution approved by VA legislature. Introduced Interposition, governor shields state from unconstitutional federal acts

Norfolk

January 1776 British set fire to Virginia town of Norfolk

Hirohito

Japanese emperor who was allowed to stay on his throne despite unconditional surrender policy

"We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists"

Jefferson's Inaugural Address

Congress declaring war

June 1, 1812 - Showed division over wisdom of fighting - Support from S & W and Republicans in populous states (VA, PN) - Federalists in N & S disliked the war

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 1775 - Was really Breed's Hill - Colonists seized the hill and menaced enemy in Boston - British launched an attack with 3,000 men instead of cutting off the retreat of the colonists by flanking them - 1,500 Americans killed but eventually ran out of gunpowder - Forced to abandon hill in disorder - British won, but it killed majority of the British army and was a confidence booster for America

Monmouth, New Jersey

June 1778 - Withdrawing redcoats attacked by Washington - Many collapsed from heatstroke - Indecisive battle - British went to New York - 1/3 of Hessians deserted - Washington remained in NY area

Two people in power at the time

King George III and Lord North

Virginia Plan

Known as large-state plan - Both houses of Congress should be based on population - Gave big states the advantage

The Great Compromise

Known as the Connecticut Compromise - House of Representatives - representative assembly based on the number of districts in a state (all tax bills must originate from here - population counted more heavily) - Senate - Two representatives from each state

New Jersey Plan

Known as the small-state plan - Equal representation of a one-branched Congress regardless of size and population - Feared larger states would override them

William Pitt's siege of Louisbourg

Laid siege to Louisbourg and got victory — first British victory

New Jersey

Land given to two proprietors by Duke of York

Lower social group than small farmers

Landless whites who were former indentured servants and never got their payment

Jones Act

Law according territorial status to the Philippines and promising independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The United States did not grant the Philippines independence until July 4, 1946.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Law extending the anti-trust protections of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and exempting labor unions and agricultural organizations from antimonopoly constraints. The act conferred long-overdue benefits on labor.

Repeal of the Townshend Acts

Lord North persuaded Parliament to repeal them, but a three-pence toll was kept on tea

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

Most important manufacturing activity

Lumber, which also supplied shipbuilders

Tallmadge Amendment

MO asked Congress to be a slave state → No more slaves should be brought into MO and emancipation of children born from slave parents

The ________ and the ________ reinvigorated the spirit of Manifest Destiny

MX War and CA gold rush

Non-separatist puritans secured royal charter to form... Why?

Massachusetts bay Company Feared faith persecution and future of England

Jackson

Massachusetts writer whose books aroused sympathy for the plight of Native Americans

Bretton Woods Conference

Meeting of Western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned World War II. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries.

Atlantic Charter

Meeting on a warship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed this covenant outlining the future path toward disarmament, peace, and a permanent system of general security. Its spirit would animate the founding of the United Nations and raise awareness of the human rights of individuals after World War II.

realism

Mid-nineteenth century movement in European and American literature and the arts that sought to depict contemporary life and society as it actually was, in all its unvarnished detail. Adherents eschewed the idealism and nostalgia of the earlier romantic sensibility.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Military alliance of Western European powers and the United States and Canada established in 1949 to defend against the common threat from the Soviet Union, marking a giant stride forward for European unity and American internationalism.

Midwest Natives

Mississippian culture -Built mounds, biggest being Cahokia -Made larger settlements when maize was introduced -Had certain ways of life similar to 10 commandments -Trading routes because of Mississippi River

Platt

NY politician who successfully schemed to get TR out of NY and into the vice presidency in Washington

Name of the Middle Colonies

NY, NJ, DE, and PN

John Hancock

Nicknamed "King of the Smugglers"; he was a wealthy Massachusetts merchant in 1776 who was influential in persuading the American colonies to declare their independence from England. He was the ringleader in the plot to store gunpowder which resulted in the battles of Lexington and Concord. These battles began the American Revolution.

Whig ideas about the British army and taxes

No need for the army because the French were gone

Nonimportation agreements on the Townshend Acts

Not effective because the acts weren't heavily taxed

Baron von Steuben

Notable Prussian officer who whipped the regulars into shape through stern drills and discipline

Battle of Saratoga

October 17, 1777 - American militia swarmed around Burgoyne and caught British army - Burgoyne surrendered - Decisive battle in colonial favor - Revived colonial cause and led to foreign aid from France

Falmouth (Portland), Maine

October 1775 British burned it down

Bonus Army

Officially known as the Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF), this rag-tag group of 20,000 veterans marched on Washington to demand immediate payment of bonuses earned during World War I. General Douglas MacArthur dispersed them with tear gas and bayonets.

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

One of the best-known sculptors of the period. he was known for his large and robust compositions.

Mary Harris "Mother" Jones

One of the first and most influential female members in the Knights of Labor. She got her start by agitating for the Knights in the Illinois cornfields.

Thomas Alva Edison

One of the most prolific inventors in US history. He invented the phonograph, light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph and moving picture.

US Sanitary Commission

Organization developed to provide medical supplies and assistance to Union armies in the field

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Organization founded by W. E. B. Du Bois and others to advance black social and economic equality

Quakers

Pacifists, no paid clergy, no taxes to Church of England, etc.

Greenbacks

Paper currency issued by union. Was not supported by gold, fluctuated in value through out war reaching a low of $.39

Why was the Bank a monster in Jackson's eyes?

Paper notes by private banks were worthless and value fluctuated

Loyal opposition

Party out of power balances wishes of their political party

Workingmen's Compensation Act

Passed under Woodrow Wilson, this law granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability. It was a precursor to labor-friendly legislation passed during the New Deal.

Incas location Mayans location Aztec location

Peru Central America Mexico

Benjamin Spock

Physician who provided advice on child rearing to baby boomers' parents after World War II

Herbert Croly

Political theorist that argued that the government should use its regulatory and taxation powers to promote the welfare of its citizens

Taft

Politically inept inheritor of the Roosevelt legacy who ended up allied with the reactionary Republican Old Guard

Election of 1844

Polk (Dem) defeats Clay (Whig) Polk's campaign- 54 40 or fight, expansion, Manifest Destiny

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Portugal received territory in Africa, Asia, and Brazil. Spain received the discovery of Columbus

John Brown

Pottawatomie Creek, studied L'Ouverture and Turner's tactics

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Powerful progressive women's organization that sought to "make the world homelike" by outlawing the saloon and the product it sold

Warren G. Harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

Fundamentalists

Protestant believers who strongly resisted liberal Protestantism's attempts to adapt doctrines to Darwinian evolution and biblical criticism

Reed

Republican Speaker of the House who dominated Billion Dollar Congress, proposed the Dingley Tariff Bill in 1897

Dewey

Republican presidential nominee in 1944 who failed in his effort to deny FDR a fourth term

Landon

Republican who carried only two states in the futile campaign against "The Champ" in 1936

Taft-Hartley Act

Republican-promoted, anti-union legislation passed over President Truman's vigorous veto that weakened many of labor's New Deal gains by banning the closed shop and other strategies that helped unions organize. It also required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath, which purged the union movement of many of its most committed and active organizers.

Waving the Bloody Shirt

Republicans that revived gory memories of the Civil War, coined powerful Republican slogan "Vote as You Shot"

"Give me liberty or give me death"

Said by Patrick Henry in the Virginia Assembly

Southern defense of slavery

Said it was a violation of their Constitutional rights

Alamo

San Antonio - Santa Anna came to TX and trapped 200 Texans - Wiped them out in a 13-day siege

Gilded Age

Sarcastic name given to the three decade long post Civil War era by Mark Twain in 1873; time of a large increase in wealth caused by industrialization

Bunau-Varilla

Scheming French engineer who helped stage a revolution in Panama and then became the new country's "instant" foreign minister

What did the Constitutional Convention do with the Articles of Confederation (AOC)?

Scraped it completely

Royal order of Connecticut

Sea-to-sea charter grant legalized squatter settlements

homesteaders

Settlers who acquired free land from the government

Executive Order No. 9066

Signed by President FDR on Feb. 19, 1942, it authorized the secretary of war to designate military zones from which certain categories of people could be excluded. Fueled by historic anti-Japanese sentiment as well as panic following the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the order led to the forced removal of some 120,000 persons of Japanese ancestry (70,000 of the US citizens) from the Western Military Zone (the coastal sections of Washington, Oregon, and California.) Most but not all of those removed were interned in relocation camps in the interior West. The order was rescinded in December 1944, and legislation passed in 1988 offered an official government apology and modest financial compensation to surviving citizen internees.

Casablanca

Site of 1943 Roosevelt-Churchill conference in North Africa, at which the Big Two planned the invasion of Italy and further steps in the Pacific war

Detroit

Site of a serious racial disturbance during WWII

Yamasee

South Carolinians annihilated Yamasee Indians and sold into slavery or allowed them to wander

Redeemers

Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction.

Francisco Franco

Spanish General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting.

conquistadors

Spanish conquerors that fanned out across the Caribbean and eventually onto the mainland of the American continents

"Butcher" Weyler

Spanish general whose brutal tactics against Cuban rebels outraged American public opinion

Brain Trust

Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, many of them young university professors, who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped develop the policies of the New Deal.

Aim of the Committees of Correspondence

Spread resistance by exchanging letters and keep opposition to British

Stamp Act's Repeal in 1766

Stamp Act repealed — Colonists celebrate the victory attributed to their political protest and economic boycotts. NY residents made King George III statue

Acceptance of the concessions of the Compromise

Strengthened by relief and prosperity of the CA gold rush as well as Union-savers like Clay, Webster, and Douglas

Issues when the Bank was gone

Surplus federal funds placed in pet banks without a central bank and no stable currency

Rosie the Riveter

Symbolic personification of female laborers who took factory jobs in order to sustain U.S. production during WWII

Sharecropping

System in which ex slaves would rent land and pay by growing crops, turned in to a very abusive system a second time bondage.

Peculiar institution

System of black slavery in the South US

Adams became known as...

The Father of the American Navy

Why did anti-feds later adopt the Constitution?

The Federalists promised to add a Bill of Rights

Industrial Workers of the World

The IWW, also known as the "Wobblies," was a radical organization that sought to build "one big union" and advocated industrial sabotage in defense of that goal. At its peak in 1923, it could claim 100,000 members and could gain the support of 300,000. The IWW particularly appealed to migratory workers in agriculture and lumbering and to miners, all of whom suffered from horrific working conditions.

The French and Indian War eventually became part of the larger world conflict known as

The Seven Years' War

Dupuy de Lôme

The Spanish minister in Washington, overwhelmed and infuriated by the depiction of Spanish customs officials brutally disrobing and searching American women; forced to resign his position

Judicial Review

The Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality

Why did Southerners want a stronger fugitive slave law?

The Underground Railroad assistance from northern abolitionists seem a moral judgment against slavery

Battle of Fredericksburg

The Union, led by Major General Ambrose Burnside, was defeated and lost 12,000 men. General Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, was the Confederate general who led in the defeat.

the trained mob

The common people of Samuel Adams

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment, finally passed by Congress in 1919 and ratified in 1920, gave women the right to vote over seventy years after the first organized calls for woman's suffrage in Seneca Falls, New York.

Black Tuesday

The dark, panicky day of October 29, 1929 when over 16,410,000 shares of stock were sold on Wall Street. It was a trigger that helped bring on the Great Depression.

mechanization of agriculture

The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence.

Sunbelt

The fifteen-state crescent through the American South and Southwest that experienced terrific population and productivity expansion during World War II and particularly in the decades after the war, eclipsing the old industrial Northeast (the "Frostbelt").

Monitor (ship)

The first Union ironclad held its own battle but was unable to claim a victory.

Château-Thierry, Battle of

The first significant engagement of American troops in World War I—and, indeed, in any European war. To weary French soldiers, the American doughboys were an image of fresh and gleaming youth.

Iwo Jima & Okinawa

The last two heavily defended Japanese islands conquered by the U.S. in 1945

Great Migration

The movement of 6 million African American from the rural South to the urban North and West in two major waves. The first, from World War I until the onset of the Great Depression, brought more than 1.5 millions migrants to northern cities. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million left the South, pushed off the land by the mechanization of cotton farming and lured north and west by hopes for greater economic opportunity and more equitable political participation. After the 1970, increasing numbers of African Americas trekked back to the South in what was called the New Great Migration, as new jobs became more plentiful in the South than in the older industrial cities of the North and racial relations improved in the South

Ostend Manifesto

The proclamation that the US would pay $120 million for Cuba, and if Spain refused, the US would be justified in taking it if it threatened the US. Pierce dropped it. (Free-soilers?)

Bible Belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

Knights of Labor

The second organization in US history , organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. They were known for their efforts organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race. After the mid 1880s, their membership declined for a variety of reasons, including their participation in violent strikes and discord between skilled and unskilled members

WACs (Women's Army Corps)

The women's branch of the US Army established during World War II to employ women in noncombatant jobs. Women now participated in the armed services in ways that went beyond their traditional roles as nurses.

WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service)

The women's branch of the US navy established during WWII to employ women in noncombatant jobs.

Why was funding at par made?

There was no public funding for Alex because of the lack of confidence from the public

Why was the Era of Good Feelings misleading?

There were still issues like the tariff, bank, internal improvements, sale of public land, sectionalism, and slavery

Conscience Whigs

These fierce antislavery Whigs denounced the Mexican-American war on moral grounds and delayed the approval for the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; whigs against slavery

Why did most states have to join the Union?

They couldn't get advantages of new land sales and couldn't "exist" without them

What did Britain do to American markets other than cut it off?

They flooded it with lowered prices for goods that would cost more locally made

Britain's reasons for moving into Texas in the 1840s

They wanted to halt southward American expansion

Reason the Bostonians were angry at the red-coated "ruffians"

They were angry over the death of an 11-year-old boy shot down during a protest against a merchant who defied colonial boycott of British goods

Neutrality Act of 1939

This act stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay in cash and transport them in their own ships. The terms were known as "Cash-and-Carry." It represented an effort to avoid war debts and protect American arms-carriers from torpedo attacks.

Liberty Party

This antislavery party, obsessed with preventing the annexation with Texas, is known for absorbing 16,000 votes in New York that would have swayed the election in Henry Clay's favor in 1844.

Eighteenth Amendment

This constitutional amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, ushering in the era known as prohibition.

John C. Fremont

This explorer and captain helped to overthrow the Mexican government in California in 1846.

California Bear Flag Republic

This flag was briefly flown before the overthrow of Mexican rule in California in 1846.

factory system

This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.

"Fifty-four forty or fight"

This slogan represents the expansionist claims that desired all of the Oregon Territory up to 54° 40' line below Alaska. It was coined after the presidential race where it was significant for James Polk's election.

Underwood Tariff

This tariff provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax. By 1917, revenue from the income tax surpassed receipts from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened.

Duke of York

Took New Netherland and Peter didn't even fire a shot

Rommel

Top German general in North Africa whose advance was finally halted at El Alamein by British General Montgomery

Lewis

Tough head of the United Mine Workers, whose work stoppages precipitated anti-strike laws

Hitler-Stalin pact

Treaty signed on August 23, 1939 in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. The fateful agreement paved the way for German aggression against Poland and the Western democracies.

Issue when British invaded Canada

Tried to attack multiple posts at once instead of the two major ones, which would cause the rest to die off

Peninsula Campaign

Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time.

Sherman's march

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war," purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate war effort.

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

John Pope

Union general with brief but successful career in the Western Theater, but he is best known for his defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the East.

Bartolomeo Vanzetti

United States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Nicola Sacco was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1888-1927)

Charles A. Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Frederick Jackson Turner

United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951).

Alexander Graham Bell

United States inventor of the telephone, born in Scotland (1847-1922)

William Seward

United States politician who, as Secretary of State in 1867, arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia (Seward's Folly).

Samuel Morse

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

John Dewey

United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952).

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

Common Law

Unnecessary to be specific about every conceivable detail

New York draft riots

Uprising mostly of working-class Irish, in protest of draft. Rioters were incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair's book that inspired pro-consumer federal laws regulating meat food and drugs

Divorce Bill

Van Buren - Divorce govt from banking because some of the issues were from federal funds in private banks - Lock surplus money in the major cities in private banks

Who gave the charter for the pilgrims to settle in Plymouth?

Virginia Company

The capital was moved because...

Virginia in the assumption of debt wanted the DOC to be on Potomac River to gain commerce and prestige, so it was passed by Congress

Who could be apart of the church in the Bay Colony?

Visible saints or freemen

Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

Was an oath-bound secret society in NYC created by Charles Allen in 1849 to protest the rise of the Irish, Roman Catholic, and German immigration into the U.S. They were also known as the "Know-nothings" because they kept the society a secret.

Mercantilism

Wealth was power and a country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury. Goal was to plant colonies to get mineral wealth by finding it in mines/conquered cities, gaining valuable natural resources that could be traded for bullion and forcing colonies to buy all their manufactured goods from the mother country.

Blue Eagle

Widely displayed symbol of the National Recovery Admin. (NRA), which attempted to reorganize and reform U.S. industry

Governor of Virginia in 1676

William Berkeley

The Liberator

William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist newspaper founded in 1831. It was said to be the first shot of the Civil war.

"America was conquered in Germany" what did this mean, and who said it?

William Pitt because the French wasted so much of their energy defeating Frederick the Great that they seemed to be unable to focus on America and therefore not on Britain

Extraterritoriality

Would make Americans accused of crimes in China appear before a US court

Steinbeck

Writer whose best-selling novel portrayed the suffering of the dust bowl Okies in the 1930s

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Written by David Walker in 1829, this writing promoted a bloody war for emancipation.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

Written by the former slave, this autobiography chronicled Douglass' personal story of learning to read and write as a slave, and later escaping to the North.

Francis Scott Key

Wrote "The Star Spangled Banner" at Fort McHenry

Nixon

Young California congressman whose investigation of Alger Hiss spurred fears of communist influence in America

Chivington

US general who massacred Indians at Sand Creek, Colorado (1864)

Joseph Pulitzer

Used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party.

Most populous colonies

VA, MA, PN, NC, and MD

Hearst

Vigorous promoter of sensationalistic anti-Spanish propaganda and eager advocate of imperialistic war

Norris

Vigorously progressive senator from Nebraska whose passionate advocacy helped bring about the New Deal's Tennessee Valley Authority

Virginia Dynasty

Virginian president for four out our first five presidencies

In New England, elementary education

was mandatory for any town with more than 50 families

Competition for land and furs in the Ohio Valley

led to Washington's expedition and battle with the French at Fort Necessity

Compared with the English colonies in North America, New France was

more autocratically governed (e.g. government sponsored mercantilism at its best)

mestizos

people of mixed Indian and European heritage

Manila

place in the Philippines where a Spanish fleet was wrecked by Dewey's American Asiatic Squadron (Roosevelt's Command)

El Alamein

place were Rommel was halted by Montgomery

Long Drive

practice of moving cattle from cities to railroads

Federalist vs Democratic-Republican (Google Doc)

removed

Henry Street Settlement

settlement house made by Wald

Most white Americans and some blacks were

small farmers

nicholas trist

the chief clerk of the state department sent by the U.S. to accompany General Scott to arrange for an armistice with Santa Anna in 1847

Charles G. Finney

the greatest of revival preachers. He was trained as a lawyer, but changed paths to hold massive religious revivals. He encouraged women to pray in public and made in "anxious bench" where repentant sinners could sit in full view of the Congregation

john slidell

the man sent to Mexico City in 1845 to offer $25 million for California and the territory to the east

Among the factors that tended to promote British colonists' inter-colonial unity during the French and Indian War was

their common language and shared wartime experiences

English settlers greatly altered the character of the New England environment by

their extensive introduction of livestock

Alfred E. Smith

this American Democratic politician ran against Herbert Hoover during the election of 1928. Because he was both Catholic and anti-Prohibition, he divided the Democratic voting base and lost the election.

Goering

top nazi official who committed suicide after being convicted in war crimes trials

The focus of much of New England's politics, religion, and education was the institution of the

town

Americans wanted ______ on British Parliament. Why?

trade restrictions - because they were restricting their trade vice versa, but Congress couldn't control commerce

webster-ashburton treaty

treaty of 1842; settles quebec-maine border arising from GB trying to build a road from halifax to quebec

The fundamental flaw in the British strategy before William Pitt gained control of the London government was it

tried to attack numerous French wilderness forts simultaneously instead of concentrating on the key French fortresses

A primary weapon used by colonial legislature in their conflicts with royal governors was

using their power of the purse to withhold the governor's salary

Henry Adams

well connected and socially prominent historian who feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and culture of the past

The primary beneficiaries of the headright system were

well-off planters who acquired land by paying the transatlantic passage for indentured servants

Freedmen's Savings & Trust Company

went bankrupt in the Panic of 1873

The four world wars between 1688 and 1763

were echoed by four small wars between French and British subjects in North America

Declaration of Sentiments

a list of grievance (based on the Declaration of Independence)written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Senenca Falls Convention about women's rights

Grimke Sisters

advocated against slavery

William Miller

an American Baptist preacher who is credited with the beginning of the Adventism movement (a religion part of the Second Great Awakening that is similar to modern day Conservative Protestants)

Margaret Fuller

an advocate for women's rights who was also a successful writer

Emily Dickinson

gifted but isolated New England poet, the bulk of whose works were not published until after her death

Reed

got rid of mosquitos in Cuba

Taft

governor at Philippines who became attached to "little brown brothers"

William Bradford

governor of Plymouth

Compared to the seventeenth century, American colonial society in 18th-century showed

greater gaps in wealth and status between rich and poor

The colonial militia's military success in the French and Indian War

increased American military confidence and resentment of British redcoats

Positives of the American Army

- Better gunners, crew, and skill - Frigates had thicker sides, heavier firepower, and larger crews - 1/6 were free blacks

Matthew C. Perry

- Brought American technology to Japan, dispatched by Fillmore - Asked for free trade and friendly relations - Left and came back a year later

Results of Pontiac's Rebellion

- Brought uneasy truce to frontier - British need to stabilize relations with Natives and keep troops against frontier - Americans went west and settled Inspired Proclamation of 1763

Loyalist

- Colonists loyal to the King - 16% of colonists - Consisted of the educated/wealthy, Anglican clergy/congregation, King's officers/beneficiaries, older generation - Most numerous where the Anglican church was the strongest (other than VA b/c debt) - Believed that any violent change would be for the worst - Believed if they won, Patriots like GW would be disgraced, punished, and forgotten

Results of privateers on the English

- English insurance rates skyrocketed - Merchant British ships sailed in convoy - Brought pressure on Parliament to end war

Similarities with all colonies

- English language and customs - Protestant mostly - Ethnic and religious toleration - Social mobility - Self-government - Communication and transportation improving

Federalists

- Favored stronger federal government - Wealthier, more organized, and had the press on their side - 100+ newspapers, only 12 supported anti-feds

General Benedict Arnold becoming a traitor

- Felt his services weren't fully appreciated - Sold West Point Fort Plans for £6,300 and an officer's commission - Plot detected and plans thwarted - Fled to the British, Major Andre his BR accomplice is hung

Similarities among middle colonies

- Fertile and broad land - Rivers for trading - Ports, lumber, and industry - Land owners had larger than north and smaller than south - Local govt balance b/t N and S

Causes of Bacon's Rebellion

- Freemen unable to marry women or find land after term - Disliked friendly policy towards Natives - Nathaniel Bacon led them

Why did the Republicans lose the election of 1856

- Freemont's lack of prudence, honesty, and capacity - Fire-eaters threatened secession of a Republican president won -> Northerners feared disunion and business hurting

Admiral de Grasse

- French (obviously) naval officer who offered to join the Americans in the assault of Cornwallis - GW accepted quickly

Effects of the Louisiana Purchase

- Larger foreign threat to U.S. eliminated -Mississippi river and New Orleans outlet secured -Doubled size of U.S. - Removed most of the Old World power

New Amsterdam

- Later to be called New York City - No religious toleration, free speech, or democratic practices - Local body (which didn't have much power) developed

Benjamin Franklin's impact on *education*

- Launched University of Pennsylvania - First American college free from denominational control

Senator Charles Sumner

- Lead abolitionist, speech of "The Crime Against KS" - Condemned pro-slavery men - Referred insultingly to SC and Andrew Butler

Results of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

- Led to War virtually directly - Antislavery northerners upset → would make more difficult to compromise with the South → conflict - Made Fugitive Slave Law invalid

Marias River

- Lewis and three other men went to explore - Attacked by teen Blackfoot Indians and horses got stolen - Shot them and left the peace necklace on their neck

Democrats (beliefs)

- Liberty of the individual and against privilege into government - States' rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

- Liberty, property, and no stamps - Enforced nonimportation agreements against violators - Tar and feathered "offenders" - Ransacked houses of unpopular officials, confiscated their money, and hanged "models" of stamp agents on liberty poles

Townshend Acts

- Light import on duty on glass, white lead, paper print, and tea - Indirect customs duty payable at American ports

Louisiana Purchase

- Livingston paid $15 million for all of Louisiana - Jefferson submitted treaties to Senate and admitted it was unconstitutional - 828,000 sq mi for 3¢ an acre

Issues with the Tallmadge Amendment

- MO first state carved from LA purchase - emancipation might damage future vicinity - If Congress would abolish peculiar institution, would they do the same in other states? - North began to be abolitionist

Results of John Marshall

- Made Union unified and enforced - Helped made a stable, nationally uniformed environment for business - Checked excesses of popularly elected state legislatures -Cases helped promote growth of economy and national power - Shaped Constitution to conservative and centralized lines

North African Barbary States

- Made industry of blackmailing and plundering ships that came into the Meditteranean - Federalists earlier forced to pay for protection

Charles Willson Peale

- Made portraits of George Washington - Ran a museum, stuffed birds, and practiced dentistry

Ben Franklin's role in the Albany Congress

- Made propaganda that said "Join, or die." - Albany delegates accepted it - Individual colonies spurned it because of the "lack of independence." - London regime thought there was too much independence

Marquis de Lafayette

- Major general at age 19 - Secured further aid from France

Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

(February 1862) Key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, it secured the North's hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into Tennessee.

Effects of Harpers Ferry

- Many Southerners wanted to leave the Union - abolitionists = murderers - Moderate Northerners deplored it - Abolitionists and free-soilers were infuriated

Lord De La Warr

- Military regime, military actions against Natives - Raided villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, torched cornfields

Whigs (beliefs in comparison to the Democrats)

- Natural harmony of society and value of community - Govt leaders with self-interest caused conflict of people or sections/classes - Renewed national bank, protective tariff, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms

"War" between France and America

- Navy Department made - Three-ship Navy expanded - Marine Corps reestablished - 10,000 men army

Results of the Impending Crisis of the South

- Negligible among poor whites but made planter elites fear nonslaveholding majority abandon them - Banned in the South - Republican distributed it in the North - made the South bitter

Results of the Divorce Bill

- Never highly popular - Democrats supported it slightly - Whigs wanted the BUS

Reasons that republicanism would work (examples of events)

- New England town halls and annual elections - Committees of Correspondence - No hereditary aristocracies and farm equality

Whig party in 1848

- Nominated General Zachary Taylor, not Clay because enemies and issues with him - Avoided troubling issues, focused on the good

Massachusetts in the ratification of the Constitution

- Originally majority antifederalist - Feds assured Bill of Rights to Constitution - Ratification - 187 to 168

Cuba

- Owned by Spain, held large population and could restore political balance in Senate - Two attempts of Southerners to take Cuba but failed

Laws Jefferson undid by Federalists

- Pardoned martyrs under Sedition Act - Remitted fines - Convinced Congress to repeal excise tax

Tripolitan War

- Pasha of Tripoli dissatisfied with share of money - Informally declared war on the US - Jefferson got a treaty after four years with a ransom of $60,000 for Americans

Causes of the panic of 1837

- People in the West doing land-office business on borrowed money from wildcat banks - Bank War and Specie Circular - Grain prices high because of the Hessians - Two main British banks needed foreign loans

Second Continental Congress

- Philadelphia - May 10, 1775 - All 13 colonies - Conservative even despite shooting in MA - Not independence - continue fighting for hope of King and Parliament redressing issues - Congress drafted documents spurned by British and King - Raised money to make an army and navy

Things that prevented the tea from coming to America

- Philadelphia and New York - Told to go back - Annapolis - Marylanders burned cargo and vessel - Charleston, SC officials took it as a payment

Democratic party in 1848

- Polk pledged himself to one term - Democrat convention went to General Lewis Cass - Silent on slavery

Characteristics of America at the time (late 1780s to 1790s)

- Population doubling every 25 years - Still 90% rural - 5% lived West of Mountains - KY, TN, and OH resistive and not loyal because the Spanish and British agents offered them independence

Republic

- Power flowed from people themselves, not a corrupt monarch - All good officials should derive authority from public consent - Derived from Greece and Rome - Appealed to British politicians critical of excess power in hands of King - Interested colonists

New Light centers

- Princeton - Brown - Rutgers - Dartmouth

Types of governments

- Proprietors - MD, PN, and DE - 8 were royal - Self-governing - CT and RI

Results of any tariff in the US

- Protected American industry - Drove up prices - Caused some to be content and some to be upset

Division of the tariff of 1828 and 1832 in the US

- Protected northern industry from European manufactured goods - Southerners saw it as discrimination and didn't have protection for agriculture and exporting goods

Sugar Act and Stamp Act effect on courts:

- Provided for trying offenders in admiralty court (no juries) - Guilty until proven innocent

Bureau of Indian Affairs

- Relation of whites and Indians - Govt guaranteed permanent riddance of whites there - lasted 15 years

How Douglas provoked issues in the US

- Repeal of the MO Comp made the North feel breached of faith - Predicted a conflict but underestimated the scale

Freeport Doctrine

- Reply of Douglas to the Freeport question - No matter how the SC ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down - Laws to protect slavery would have to be passed by territorial legislatures

Sugar cane impacts in the Caribbean

- Required expensive process, so only rich could do it - More labor - More land clearing - Imported 250,000 African slaves from 1640-1690

Goals of Jefferson's presidency

- Restore Republican government - Check growth of Federal government's power - Stop decay of virtue under the Federalists

Tariff law

- Revenues would pay for debt, and profits depended on foreign trade - 8% of value of imports - Also designed to put protection around smaller industries (not in Hamilton's original plan — he wanted it to be for larger manufacturers)

Economic and social atmosphere at the time

- Rich profiteers present more so than before - The previously rich were left destitute - General disrespect for the majesty of the law

Development of transportation

- Rivers most popular - Taverns sprung up along main courses of travel into cities - Postal system established by mid 1700s

Gadsden Purchase

- SW part of the US from MX for $10 million - Opposed by the North, passed Senate to eliminate window on the Sea of Cortez - Pushed by John C. Calhoun for transcontinental RR construction in S

John Smith

- Saved colony by setting up strict policy of "He who shall not work shall not eat" - Kidnapped by Powhatan as a symbol of their power - Reason? Pocahontas "saved" Smith by interposing her head between his and the war clubs of his captors

Results of Thomas Macdonough

- Saved upper NY from conquering and New England from disaffection - Saved the Union from dissolution - Affected the Anglo-American peace treaty in Europe

Impacts of Puritans in America

- Scattered across the whole US - Town democracy - High idealism in national character

Results of nationalism

- School textbooks were written by Americans for Americans - Revived bank in 1816 - Washington reemerged - Army expanded to 10k - Defeated Barbary States in 1815 - North American Review

Jeremiad

- Scolded parishioners for their declining and weaker faith - Decline in conversions

Federalists in New England regarding the war

- Sympathized with Britain and disliked Napoleon - Disliked Canadian acquisition - more voting for Republicans

Life in the New England Towns

- Tight-knit communities - Puritans close together - New towns legally chartered by colonial authorities

Ticonderoga and Crown Point

- Upper New York - Tiny American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured soldiers - Large Gunpowder store and numerous "heavy" artillery pieces secured

Why did Americans expand socially and geographically?

- Way of life since colonial times - European immigrants came after the war for cheap land - Tobacco ruined soil

Three reasons for decline of Spain as a world power

-*Defeat of Armada* — (Protestant wind) -*Holland declares independence* - Spanish Netherlands Rebels -Economy compromised by gold/silver and constant wars

Iroquois

-*Iroquois Confederacy* - Created the political and organizational skills to sustain a robust military alliance

encomienda system

-Initially promised conversion of Natives to Christianity in exchange for "slavery." -Killed many that Africans had to be brought in (Columbian exchange)

Christopher Columbus

-Italian seafarer who received funding from Spanish monarchy and set out to find a cheaper route to Asia. -Accidentally stumbled upon the Bahamas -Brought animals to the New World -brought seedlings of sugarcane

England

-John Cabot to explore NE coast Roanoke Lost Colony -Joint-stock companies -Colonists landed in the Chesapeake Bay, so settled Jamestown x

James K. Polk

-the Democrats' "Young Hickory" who defeated Henry Clay in the first presidential election to feature a "dark horse" candidate; came up with the four-point plan; provoked the Mexican-American war -Southern expansionist

Gold Standard Act

1900; An act that guaranteed that paper currency would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying "free-silver" campaign.

Berlin Decree

1806 Napoleon ordered seizure of all ships that entered British port

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817 Limited naval armament on the Great Lakes

Invasion of Florida by Jackson

1818 - Seized St. Marks and Pensacola - Monroe alarmed, consulted cabinet — all but JQA resented it - he demanded more

Siege of Vicksburg

1863 Union army's blockade of Vicksburg, Mississippi, that led the city to surrender during the Civil War

Woman's Loyal League

1863-1865; Woman's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Dominion of Canada

1867 unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks from the US

Hayes

1877-1881 19th U.S. President, Republican, his presidency saw the end of Reconstruction

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from immigrating and entering the United States, continued until 1943.

Pendleton Act

1883 began a transfer of federal jobs from the patronage (spoils system) to the merit system based on passing a test and merit.

Ratio of men to women in 1650

6:1

When was the Articles of Confederation ratified (before what event)?

8 months before the victory at Yorktown... coincidence?

Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

The Federalist

A book with Adams, Madison, and Jay's influential propaganda writings promoting the ratification of the Constitution

red scare

A period of intense anti-communism lasting from 1919 to 1920. The "Palmer raids" of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer resulted in about six thousand deportations of people suspected of "subversive" activities.

nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)

recall

A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office.

initiative

A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to gave a law placed on the general ballot. Like the referendum and recall, it brought democracy directly "to the people" and helped foster a shift toward interest group politics and away from old political "machines."

referendum

A progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval, even after being passed by the legislature.

John Muir

A rather eccentric man notable for his push for conservationism on a national level

regionalism

A recurring artistic movement that, in the context of the late nineteenth century, aspired to capture the peculiarities, or "local color," of America's various regions in the face of modernization and national militiamen.

social gospel

A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrants and working people.

Wilderness Campaign

A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant's and Robert E. Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

industrial revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

London Economic Conference

A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis.

Fordism

A system of assembly-line manufacturing and mass production named after Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the Model T car.

Scientific Management

A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor, emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance. The system gained immense popularity across the United States and Europe.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A tawdry affair involving the illegal lease of priceless naval oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California. The scandal, which implicated President Harding's secretary of the interior, was one of several that gave his administration a reputation for corruption

City Beautiful Movement

A turn-of-the-century movement among progressive architects and city planners, who aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation's new urban spaces with grand boulevards, welcoming parks, and monumental public buildings.

Nat Turner

A visionary black preacher and leader of the 1831 rebellion named after him.

mining industry

After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other western territories in the second half of the nineteenth century, fortune-seekers by the thousands rushed to the West to dig. These metals were essential to US industrial growth and were also sold into world markets. After surface metals were removed, people sought ways to extract ore from under the ground, leading to the development of heavy mining machinery. This, in turn, led to the consolidation of the mining industry, because only big companies could afford to buy and build the necessary machines.

Kentucky bluegrass

After the land in the tobacco region was exhausted, it was discovered that ______ was perfect in the burned cane field, which helped to feed livestock.

leading industry in Workaday America

Agriculture with 90% of people working in that industry

20,000 _________ went to _________ to besiege the outnumbered british under General Gage

American Minute Men - Boston

Colonial assumptions about Canada

American leaders believed that Canadians were reluctant to British, so it would add a 14th colony and deprive Britain of a valuable base for striking of the colonies

MacArthur

American military commander in Korea fired by President Harry Truman

George F. Kennan

An American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as the "father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War

Quarantine Speech

An important speech delivered by Franklin Roosevelt in which he called for "positive endeavors" to "quarantine" land-hungry dictators, presumably through economic embargos. The speech flew in the face of isolationist politicians.

naturalism

An offshoot of mainstream realism, this late-nineteenth-century literary movement purported to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of human characters shaped by degenerate heredity and extreme or sordid social environments.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women. It argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision-making process. During World War I, it supported the war effort and lauded women's role in the Allied victory, which helped to finally achieve nationwide woman suffrage in the Nineteenth Amendment of 1920.

oregon fever

5, 000 american pioneers made Oregon a territorial issue for the election of 1844 with GB

Lower social group than landless whites

Indentured servants still serving, whose numbers diminished as African slaves replaced them

In contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonists in the South, those in New England

enjoyed longer lives and more stable families

The new Constitution provided for an __________ branch and Judiciary

executive

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin

Chinese Nationalists

Jiang Jieshi's pro-American forces which lost the Chinese civil war to Mao Zedong's communists in 1949

Sitting Bull

Leader of the Sioux during war of 1876-1877

Kaiser

Leading American industrialist and shipbuilder during WWII

Reinhold Niebuhr

Leading American theologian who advocated Christian realism and the use of force if necessary to maintain justice against Nazi or Stalinist evil

Bryan

Leading Democratic politician whose intervention narrowly tipped the Senate vote in favor of acquiring the Philippines in 1899

Great Rapprochement

After decades of occasionally "twisting the lion's tail," American diplomats began to cultivate close, cordial relations with Great Britain at the end of the nineteenth century - a relationship that would intensify further during World War I.

General Incorporation Law

Allows corporations to be formed without a charter from the legislature

Theodore Dwight Weld

Also inspired during the Second Great Awakening, this religious American Abolitionist wrote propaganda and spoke to help further the cause in America.

Immigration Act of 1924

Also known as the "National Origins Act," this law established quotas for immigration to the United States. Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe were sharply curtailed, while immigrants from Asia were shut out altogether.

Salmon Chase

Ambitious secretary of the treasury who wanted to replace Lincoln as president in 1864

Sedition Act

Anyone who hindered policies of government or defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy penalty and imprisonment

The geologically oldest mountains in North America are the

Appalachians

The event that precipitated the first real shooting between the British army and American colonists was the

British attempt to seize colonial supplies and leaders at Lexington and Concord.

Most important action of Second Continental Congress

Select GW to head the hastily improved army besieging Boston

James Gadsden

Sent by Jefferson Davis to negotiate with Santa Anna for the territory (Anna lacked $$)

Caleb Cushing

Sent by John Tyler to get equal ports in China

Battles after Yorktown

Continued because George III had 54,000 troops in North America

Champagne Charley Townshend

Control of British ministry and passed Townshend Acts

Isaac Brock

Defense leader of the British capturing of Fort Michilimackinac

South Advantages

Defensive war = self determination/motivated More talented officers (more experienced with guns and horses) "Bred" to fight Lacked an economy and suffiecnt transportation

Results of Buchanan

Divided the Democratic party (the only national one left) and antagonized Douglas Democrats in the North

California on slavery

Drafted a constitution in 1849 that excluded slavery, applied to Congress → Alarmed Southerners wanting to block free soil

Effects of the Corps of Discovery

Greater scientific knowledge, maps, Indians in the region, wilderness adventure stories, and allowed other explorers venture like Zebulon M. Pike *Original purpose: find a path to the Pacific (MS River to the West)*

Garfield

20th President Republican was assassinated in office.

National debt at the time

$75 million

Positives and negatives of trading

(+) Could trade freely with other countries (+) More items to be traded (-) Couldn't trade with Britain or British West Indies (-) Commercial outlets may have local restrictions

Positives and negatives of privateers

(-) Diverted workforce from war to ventures (+) Brought in gold (+) Harassed enemy (+) Raised morale by providing victory in times of minimal victory

William H. Taft

27th President of the United States; angered Progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term

Goliad

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence.

Hiram Revels

Black Mississippi Senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded

Fetterman

Captain whos troops were brutally massacred by the Sioux who wanted the stop of the Bozeman Trail construction

Leisler's Rebellion

Caused by animosity between landholders and merchants

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Corrupt bargain

Clay and JQA had the same values, but Jacksonians believed Adams had bribed Clay with the position to be the "unpopular president" (the vote had gone to the House)

Whigs' plan to fix the panic of 1837

Expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, and subsidies for internal improvements

Funding at par

Federal government would pay off its debts at face value plus accumulated interest (would sell bonds from federal to state to ensure credibility)

Comstock Law

Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents

Montreal

Fell in 1760 and became controlled by British

FFVs

First Families of Virginia

William H. Crawford's campaign

Had a paralytic stroke, so he was out of the picture

Henry Demarest Lloyd

Journalist who was notable for, pre-1900, attacking the Standard Oil Company with his book "Wealth Against Commonwealth"

Olive Branch Petition

July 1775 - Adopted by the Continental Congress - Professed American loyalty to the crown and begged the king to prevent further hostilities - Not accepted by all colonies

Non-Intercourse Act

March 1, 1809, expired 1810 Formally reopened trade with the rest of the world other than Britain and France

Boston Massacre

March 5th, 1770 - 60 townspeople threw snowballs at 10 redcoats - Troops opened fire on them - wounded and killed 11 - Crispus Attucks died - one leader of the mob - 2 redcoats found guilty of manslaughter and others branded on the hand - John Adams served as a defense attorney for soldiers later on

Plantation colonies (list?)

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

Top of social group (characteristics)

Plantation owners - monopolized political power - Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons were major names in the social class - Possessed Virginia real estate - Dominated House of Burgesses - Before Revolutionary War, 70% of leaders of VA legislature came from families in VA before the 1690s (FFVs) - Usually labored over plantation issues and worked extremely hard

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.

Reason for morale in the Revolution being low

Profiteers put profit before patriotism

Southwest Natives

Pueblos/Anasazi -Made towns of adobe, stone, and other materials with numerous rooms -Matrilineal -Used irrigation to water crops -Rio Grande Valley -Battle of Acoma - Spanish encountered Natives, dismembered -Popé's rebellion - killed priests, settlers, and churches -*three sister farming*

Union League

Reconstruction-era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation.

Battle of the Thames

Redcoats withdrew from Detriot and Fort Malden by General Harrison

Benedict Arnold in the Hudson River

Retreated along St Lawrence River by Lake CHamplain

Spoils system

Rewarding political supporters with public office - Argued that it was unnecessary to have a class of aristocratic, bureaucratic people and to give everyone a chance

Belknap

SoW that got caught stealing from supplies meant for Indian Reserves

Allies of America

Spain, Holland, and France

Treaty of Portsmouth

TR negotiated a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no indemnity for its losses

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

Tariff passed by Cleveland which was humiliating; Democrats left McKinley tariff unchanged, 2% income tax allowed

Lawrence

Tension in land claims led to an attack by proslavery forces

Battle of the Bulge

The December 1944 German offensive (stopped by Patton) that marked Hitler's last chance to stop the Allied advance

Women's Rights Convention

The Seneca Falls Convention that was held in New York that advocated for women's rights. The Declaration of Sentiments was written here

Jackson's support came from... Adams' support came from...

The South and West From New England and the Northeast

SPARs (US Coast Guard Women's Reserve)

The women's branch of the US Coast Guard established during WWII to employ women in noncombatant jobs.

Incas

Were crushed by Pizarro to add riches to his boat

The British political party that was generally more sympathetic to the American cause was the

Whig party

Two political parties

Whigs and Democrats

The inaugural brawl

White house thrown open to the public and people came in and destroyed everything - Jackson rushed out, and they got everyone to leave by having spiked punch on the front lawn

closed shop

a union-organized that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company. The AFL became known for doing this with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire nonunion members

Susan B. Anthony

a militant lecturer for women's rights

Anti-feds criticized the Constitution because of the lack of...

guarantees of rights

tidewater

narrow eastern coastal plain region

Southern vs. New England property rights

— *South* - men died young in South, leaving wife as a widow. The wife was allowed to retain separate title to her property and got her husband's property rights to herself when he died — *New England* - Puritan lawmakers feared that recognizing separate property rights acknowledged conflicting interests - women gave up property rights when married

Results of the panic of 1837

- 100s of banks collapsed with millions of government money gone - Regular items' prices drooped - Sales of public land fell off - Customs revenues were small - Factories shut down and workers went to the streets

Calhoun's speech

- Approved of Clay's purpose but not enough safeguards for the South. - Leave slavery alone, return runaway slaves, give South its rights, and political balance - Attempted to preserve union and stand on Constitution but undid it

Congress' action on the Declaration of Independence

- Appointed a committee to prepare a more formal statement of separation - Drafting fell to Thomas Jefferson - Formally approved by Congress on July 4th, 1776

Canning (proposal)

- Approached American minister offering the US to ally with Britain in not being interested in Latin American land and to keep Europeans off of them - Minister gave it to his superiors in Washington

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Second Battle of Bull Run

(1862) a Civil War battle in which the Confederate army decisively defeated and forced most of the Union army out of Virginia, set the stage for Lee's first northern invasion, the Antietam campaign

National Labor Union

(1866-1872) This first organization in US history gained 600,000 members from many parts of the work force, although it limited the participation of Chinese, women, and blacks. The organization devoted much of its energy to fighting for an eight-hour workday before it dissolved in 1872

Haymarket Square

(1886) A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893

Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railroad Company vs Illinios

(1886) A supreme court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry

Interstate Commerce Act

(1887) Congressional legislation that established the ICC, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using this to achieve their own ends, but it gave government an important means to regulate big business

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

(1890) Government bought silver and printed paper money for it and people could turn in the paper money for gold

Sherman Anti-trust Act

(1890) a law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation because it was one of the first congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions, as the court tended to side with companies in legal cases. In 1914 this was revised so it could more effectively be used against monopolistic corporations

Caribbean

(Barbados and Jamaica) - Cash crop was sugar cane - Strict slave labor system from the start

Frances Perkins

(born Fanny Coralie Perkins, lived April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition

Labor relations and the transition to slavery

- Early period, primary source was indentured servants - 1st Africans arrived in colony in 1619

Emergence of political parties

- Economic plan restored credibility but infringed upon states' rights - Madison and Jefferson made an opposition group to Hamiltonians - Originally supposed to be confined to Congress

Philadelphia Congress (2nd Continental Congress)

- Edged toward independence - Richard Henry Lee of Virginia on June 7, 1776: "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states" - Motion adopted on July 2nd, 1776 after debate

Radical Whigs

- Feared the threat to liberty posed by the arbitrary power of the monarch and his ministers about elected representatives in Parliament - Mounted attacks on use of patronage and bribes by the King's minister

Southern Victories

- February 1776 - Against 1,500 Loyalists at Moore's Creek Bridge in NC - June 1776 - Against British fleet coming to Boston Harbor

New England families - factors that contributed to better conditions

- Clean water and cooler temperatures (less disease) - Immigrants added 10 years when settling in New England - 70-year life expectancy for Puritan colonists - People reproduced - Migrated as families - *TIGHTLY-KNIT FAMILIES*

Slave life in the *Deep South*

- Climate was hostile to health - Labor was life-draining - South Carolina rice and indigo plantations - male Africans worked then died - Only new slaves could sustain population

Spanish in America

- Closed Mississippi River in 1784 to Americans - Got land given to US - Schemed with the Natives

Samuel Swartwout

- Collector of customs at port in NY - 9 years later, stole $1 million from Washington

Difference between legislation and taxation in colonies

- Colonists gave right to Parliament to legislate on matters that affected the entire empire - Denied right to Parliament to tax them — only elected colonial legislatures could

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

- Concluded it was time to end the conflict - Gathered tribes for a confederacy - Tecumseh said to never cede land to whites unless all Indians agreed

Negatives of mercantilist system in America

- Constrained economic initiative and imposed dependency on British agents and creditors - Felt they could never come out of economic opportunity

Battle of Quebec

- Chose James Wolfe to lead - Sent troops to a poorly-guarded area of the rocky eminence guarding Quebec - Vanguard scaled cliff and made way for the rest - Two armies met each other in the morning on the Plains of Abraham - British had Wolfe, and French had Marquis de Montcalm - Both commanders fell fatally wounded, but the French surrendered

Republican convention of 1856

- Chose John C. Fremont (no enemies) - Against slavery

Some issues with the colonies at the time

- Churches not heated - No running water or plumbing - No bathtub - Hogs and buzzards roamed streets

Bleeding Kansas

- Civil War in Kansas, merged with the Civil War - Destroyed property, agriculture in some area, and lives

Results of the Bank War

- Claimed for president to have equal power to 2/3 of Congressional vote - Clay had thousands of copies distributed as a campaign document - Commoners saw reasoning, but easterners didn't

France's reasons for being a latecomer to colonization

- Clashes between Catholics and Huguenots - Edict of Nantes and Louis XIV came to power

Abolitionist movements

- Continental Congress abolished it with a positive response - No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery - discrimination continued - Any major abolitionist movement would have disrupted unity that was already fragile

Thomas Jefferson

- Drafted first Declaration of Independence but had to withdraw because of torrent of protest from Southern slave masters - showed cruel complexity of slavery

Benjamin Franklin in Paris to discuss the treaty

- Dressed plainly - Walking stick instead of a sword - Parisians adored him as a new type of social order - Kissed Voltaire in a theatre in Paris - everybody applauded

Aaron Burr

- Dropped from Cabinet second term - Joined group of Federalists to secede New England and NY - Hamilton exposed them - Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and shot him

Issues in America about the French Revolution

- Federalist aristocrats feared Jeffersonian masses - "Lukewarm" Federalists approval of the revolution changed to disapproval - Jeffersonians disregarded bloodshed - thought a few thousand deaths were necessary for freedom

Alien Laws

- Federalists raised citizen requirement to be from 5 years to 14 years - President could deport foreigners in times of peace and deport/imprison them in times of hostility

Issues with Southern cities

- Few cities, so water provided most transportation - Economy revolved around plantations - Professional class was slow to emerge - Family burial plots in the South occurred because the roads were bad for funeral parties

Defeat of General Braddock

- Few miles from Fort Duquesne - encountered small French and Indian army - Didn't expect it and was defeated - George Washington was there - two horses under him shot and took four bullets to the coat

Virginia in the ratification of the Constitution

- Fierce antifederalist opposition - Strong leaders influenced them - New Hampshire was about to ratify, so the Union would be made anyway - couldn't continue as independent - 89-79 ratification

Treaty of Wanghia

- First diplomatic agreement between the US and China - US became the "most favored nation" and "extraterritoriality" - Missionaries came to save the people

Articles of Confederation

- First governing document of the US - Lacked strong central government - Needed 13 states to ratify - Translated into French to show they had a government

Panic of 1819

- First national panic since George Washington - Overspeculation in frontier lands → Western branch bank involved in risky decisions

Andrew Jackson (facts)

- First president from the West - First nominated at a formal party convention (1832) - 2nd president other than Washington without a college education - Owned many slaves, cultivated, and lived in the Hermitage

Congregational Church

- Grown from Puritan church - Formally established in all New England colonies except RI - MA originally taxed all residents to support church

How did animals have an impact on the environment?

- Had a large appetite - Stomped on earth, which led to flooding - Changed local climates

Positives of the South in 1850

- Had a southern president, Taylor - Majority in cabinet and the SC - Equality in Senate (thus far) - Cotton fields expanding and became more profitable

Andrew Jackson's first campaign in 1824

- Had a strong personal appeal especially in the West - Didn't get majority electoral vote

Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley

- Had to go to England to succeed and complete their training - *Two separate people*

States that *didn't* have land West of mountains - characteristics

- Had to tax more heavily - Took longer to pay off tax - Main reason states refused to sign the AOC

Why did Napoleon sell Louisiana?

- Haitian Revolution - End of the 20-month conflict with Britain - feared he might have to gift it to Britain

Explain the idea of the Bank of the United States

- Hamilton took the model of the English bank - Private institution with government being the primary stockholder - Federal Treasury would keep its money - Federal funds would stimulate business by remaining in circulation - Could print money when needed

London Governmental administration in the colonies

- Handling of salary by colonial assembly led to prolonged conflicting - Townshend Acts of 1767 did nothing because of the already bad attitude

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

- Increase in sectional tension - Turned North into hunting ground for fugitive slaves - Northerners who assisted runaways could be arrested - Slaves could not testify in court, denied a jury trial

Impacts of the Great Awakening

- Increased church competition - Encouraged missionary work - Led to founding of New Light centers - First spontaneous movement of American people - Broke down sectional boundaries

Reasons for transition to African slavery

- Indentured servants are seen as unreliable labor source - Rising wages in England led to deficit of indentured servants

Issues with recruiting Native workers for beaver hunting

- Indians killed by diseases - Alcohol - Killing beavers violated Natives' religious beliefs - Contact with natives wreaked tradition

Result of the defeat of General Braddock and his army

- Indians were inflamed by victory - Went to go destroy colonists from PN to NC - Scalping Indians was common; $50 for women and $130 for warrior - George Washington attempted to defend with his 300 men army

Types of people in the Free Soil Party

- Industrialists against Polk's tariff - Democrats against Polk (all of TX but not OR) - Northerners against blacks and sharing land with them - Conscience Whigs - condemned slavery on moral grounds

Worries in the South (1850)

- Initially, 15 free and 15 slaves, now with CA meant more free states - Texas had disputed area - Northern advocation for abolishment in DC - Underground Railroad

Tariff of 1816

- Instituted for protection, *not* revenue - 20 to 25% of dutiable imports - Made because the British competitors came to America

Whigs (characteristics)

- Internal improvements - Welcomed market economy - Absorbed most of Anti-Masonic Party - Portrayed Jackson and Van Buren as aristocrats

John Rolfe

- Introduces tobacco - Perfected methods of raising and curing it - Married Pocahontas - died because of the massacre

British weaknesses over Americans

- Ireland was an issue - France wanting to stab Britain in the back - London government was inept - No William Pitt — just George III and Lord North

Jackson and Adams' second campaign in 1828

- Jackson began under JQA's presidency - Adams supporters personally attacked Jackson's mother and wife - Jackson's supporters criticized Adams for having gambling furniture, taking money unjustly, etc. - Two parties: National Republicans with Adams and Democratic-Republicans with Jackson

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

- Made in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts - 13 states were individual judges of whether or not authority was abused - Tried to preserve union - Crystalize opposition to Federalists

Results of the Sumner-Brooks issue

- Made more Republican votes - South angered because Sumner was applauded in the North - Showed increased divide about the issue

Results of the Freeport question/doctrine

- Made popular sovereignty decide senators - Abe won a moral victory and fame - Made Southern Democrats be against him

Explain why the Revolution was a minority movement

- Many colonists were apathetic/neutral (like Byrds) - Opposing forces contended against each other - Depended on the allegiance and support of civilian population - Loyalists were inept but Patriot militia was successful - British could only control where they had a large military presence

Similarities between Democrats and Republicans

- Mass-based and appealed to majority - Wanted loyalty of all kinds of people

Results of Shays' Rebellion

- Massachusetts passed debtor relief laws - Caused fear among elites - Created a mobocracy - civic virtue became insignificant *-Showed that America needed a strong central government that was not provided by the AOC*

Samuel Adams

- Master propagandist and engineer of rebellion - Had a deep faith in the common people - Organized local *Committees of Correspondence* in MA - Made first one in Boston and 80 towns followed

Issues with indentured servants that impacted themselves

- Masters became more strict as their term came to an end - Often had to go back to the previous master and work on low wages - Became an unreliable source

Results of the Panic of 1857

- North hit hard (grain) - South was great (cotton) - Made people demand homesteads - opposed by eastern industrialists - South said 160 acres wasn't enough for slavery - Tip political balance (free-soilers coming)

Southern Democrats Baltimore convention 1860

- North mostly unrepresented - Elected someone else, favored extension of slavery - Nominated John Breckenridge

People in Kansas

- Norther pioneers looking for land - Small amount was financed northern abolitionists as free-soilers

Republican platform appeals

- Northern manufacturers - protective tariff - Free-soilers - nonextension of slavery - Immigrants - no abridgment of rights - NW - Pacific railroad - West - Internal improvements at federal expense - Farmers - homesteads

Results of Dred Scott v. Sanford

- Northerners upset - called the decision an opinion, not a decision. Essentially allowed slavery in the Western territories - Northerners' reaction upset the South

Issues with the American army

- Not trained, disciplined, and very scattered - Generals lacked vigor and vision - many Revolutionary leaders were now leaders

Nullification Crisis

- Nullies tried to get 2/3 vote for SC nullification - Unionists blocked them - Inspired by Calhoun - Tariff of 1832 passed

South Carolina Legislatures

- Sensed dangers of resentful slaves - Tried to halt importation of slaves into colonies - Britain vetoed all attempts

General Braddock

- Sent to Virginia with British regulars - Got supplies from reluctant colonies and went with 2,000 men to capture Fort Duquesne - Encountered small French and Indian army and was defeated - Was impressed by the "behind-the-tree" warfare method

Stamp Act of 1765

- Supposed to raise revenues to support new military force - Required use of stamped paper to certify payments of tax - On 50 items and commercial/legal items - Caused by *George Grenville* But the British paid higher taxes than these

Slave life in the *Chesapeake Region*

- Tobacco was less demanding - Size and proximity allowed more contact with friends and relatives - 1720 - female population in Chesapeake bay rose to make family life possible - Procreation of fertility and new imports for population

Transportation issues in the Americas

- Too long from the isthmus of Panama - Camels proposed, brought in, didn't work out - *South wanted a railroad to gain economic momentum*

Results of Model Treaty on America

- Too self-denying restrictions - Led to idealism into American attitudes towards international affairs

Little Turtle

- War Chief of Miamis - Defeated armies led by Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair - Gave notice to the Miami Confederacy that there were divided borders

Quebec Act

- Taken in America as British reaction in Boston - Guaranteed French Catholic religion - Permitted to retain many of their old customs and institutions - No representative assembly or jury - Boundaries extended all the way to the Ohio River Valley

Results in France — the quarrel between America and France

- Talleyrand realized another war would add another enemy - New American minister sent should be treated with respect

Ways to get rich fast

- commercial ventures - land speculation

Spain

-Slavery -King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella Castille and Aragon united (Reconquista Inquisition) -Encomienda system -Pizarro crushed Incas for gold -Cortés crushed Aztecs -Bartolome de las Casas to put an end to torture -Treaty of Tordesillas

France

-Sent out Giovanni da Verranzo to look at Eastern Seaboard -Jacques Cartier explores St. Lawrence -Robert de la Salle to go down Mississippi river

"10 percent" Reconstruction plan

1863; Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.

Black Codes

1865-1866; Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to the negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865-1872; Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.

Ex parte Milligan

1866; Civil War-era case in which the Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open.

Reconstruction Act

1867; Passed by the newly elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former Confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union.

Tenure of Office Act

1867; Required the president to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the House but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him.

Force Acts

1870-1871; Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the US military the authority to enforce the acts.

Harlem Renaissance

A creative outpouring among African American writers, jazz musicians, and social thinkers, centered around Harlem in the 1920s, that celebrated black culture and advocated for a "New Negro" in American social, political, and intellectual life.

Good Neighbor policy

A departure from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the Good Neighbor Policy stressed nonintervention in Latin America. It was begun by Herbert Hoover but associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Jacob A. Riis

A muckraker; famous for using photography to document the incredibly poor conditions of many impoverished communities in the early 20th century' wrote "How the Other Half Lives"

Tuskegee Institute

A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated, vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality, although critics accused him of being too "accommodationist."

Gifford Pinchot

A notable conservationist who headed the federal Division of Forestry

transportation revolution

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

fourth party system

A term scholars have used to describe national politics from 1896 to 1932, when Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues such as industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns such as civil-service reform and monetary policy.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

American naval officer who wrote influential books emphasizing sea power and advocating a big navy

Penal

Bring debtors to the New World and start over

Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson

Confederate general; he commanded troops at both battles of Bull Run and was mortally wounded by his own soldiers at Chancellorsville in 1863.

Sally Tompkins

Confederate nurse who ran a hospital in Richmond, Virginia during the Civil War

The Elastic Clause

Congress shall have the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers

Army-McCarthy hearings

Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace.

Cordell Hull

Congressman from Tennessee, he became the Secretary of State under FDR and served in that position longer than anyone in American history. He is often called the "Father of the United Nations." He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945.

Tweed Ring

Corrupt political organization that controlled New York City government milked New York City for over $200 million dollars.

Canadian patriotism and nationalism

Created by defending against American invasion

American Colonization Society

Created in 1817, This abolitionist organization supported colonization of slaves to Africa. This was an accurate representation of the early abolitionist efforts. It founded Liberia in 1822.

Stephen Douglas

Creator of the KS-NE Act, made as a response to the Gadsden Purchase (also invested in real estate and railway stocks and didn't want to lose money)

Anthracite Coal Strike

Dangerous labor conflict resolved by Rooseveltian negotiation and threats against business people

Seventh of March speech

Daniel Webster - Urged all reasonable concessions to the South, including a new FSL - God "passed" the Wilmot Proviso - why debate over it? - Poor geography didn't allow for a plantation economy to exist (he was wrong on this) - Only compromise, concessions, and reasonableness would provide solutions

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1815 Agreed to stop fighting and restore conquered territory

Battle of Trenton

December 26, 1776 - GW recrossed Delaware River - Surprise captured 1,000 Hessians sleeping after Christmas celebrations - Washington at his peak because of this battle

Specie Circular

Decree that required all public lands to be purchased with gold or silver

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson.

Edict of Nantes

Granted limited toleration to French Protestants

Reform Bill of 1867

Granted suffrage to all male British citizens, dramatically expanding the electorate. The success of the American democratic experiment, reinforced by the Union victory in the Civil War, was used as one of the arguments in favor of the Bill.

Allies

Great Britain, Russia, and France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United States, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in World War I.

Hoovervilles

Grim shantytowns where impoverished victims of the Great Depression slept under newspapers and in makeshift tents. Their visibility (and sarcastic name) tarnished the reputation of the Hoover administration.

Cause of the beginning of the French and Indian War

Group of British colonial speculators secured "rights" to 500,000 acres in Ohio River valley

Cause of the beginning of the Inauguration with War with France

Group of British colonial speculators secured "rights" to 500,000 acres in Ohio River valley

Origin of Salem Witch Trials

Group of adolescents in Salem, MA were "bewitched" by certain older women

Know Nothing Party

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Guaranteed equal accommodation in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection; SCOTUS much of the act unconstitutional in Civil Rights Cases 1883.

France provided America with...

Guns, money, equipment, 1/2 of the armed forces, and all naval strength

Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt

Imperialist advocate, aggressive assistant navy secretary, Rough Rider

Result of the Proclamation of 1763

In 1765, about 1,000 wagons rolled through Salisbury, NC to the West

Result of the Judiciary Act

Jeffersonians claimed that the Federalists attempted to entrench themselves in one branch of government

Freeport Question

Lincoln asked Douglas if people of a territory would vote slavery down, who would prevail: SC or the people? Dred Scott declared that they couldn't

Society of the Cincinatti

Lordly pretensions of the Continental Army officers who formed a hereditary order

Harriet Tubman

Major conductor in the Railroad, 19 ventures south, saved 300+ slaves including her parents

Maximilian

Man sent into Mexico by emperor of France; puppet of Napoleon III

Charles Maurice de Tallyrand

Man who was at the XYZ affair meeting the American delegates

rugged individualism

The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Herbert Hoover.

Onley

Secretary of State during Cleveland's presidency who warned Britain to back off Venezuela (conflict due to gold)

George C. Marshall

Secretary of State during and after World War II

Edwin M. Stanton

Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America

New Deal

The economic and political policies of Franklin Roosevelt's administration in the 1930s, which aimed to solve the problems of the Great Depression by providing relief for the unemployed and launching efforts to stimulate economic recovery. The New Deal built on reforms of the progressive era to expand greatly an American-style welfare state.

What event caused the reservation system to be born?

The ending of the second Anglo-Powhatan War with the peace treaty banning Natives from their land

Hetch Hetchy Valley

The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located.

Crittenden Amendments

Slavery was prohibited north of the 36°30' line, but South of it would have federal protection in all territories, including Cuba. Future states could come into the Union with or without slavery

Largest social group

Small farmers - Tilled modest plots - Owned maybe 1-2 slaves - Ragged existence

Impacts of the Treaty of Paris on the Natives

Spanish removal from Florida and French Canada meant no more ability to play off the rival of European powers

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

The name given to the US Army force deployed to Europe in World War commanded by General John J. Pershing and composed mostly of conscripts.

Amistad

The name of a Spanish slave ship where the captives took control of the ship until being run aground on Long Island. They were imprisoned but later freed through the legal efforts of John Quincy Adams.

Appeasement

The policy followed by leaders of Britain and France at the 1938 conference in Munich. Their purpose was to avoid war, but they allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.

British reply to Americans not wanting representation in Parliament

The power of government could be divided between "legislative" in London and "taxing" in the colonies

Aroostook War

The Maine boundary dispute brought about this small lumberjack war in northern Maine. This issue was later resolved with a treaty in 1842.

Bolshevik Revolution

The second stage of the Russian Revolution in November 1917 when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party seized power and established a communist state. The first stage had occurred the previous February when more moderate revolutionaries overthrew the Russian Czar.

V-E (Victory in Europe) Day

The source of frenzied rejoicing, May 8, 1945, marked the official end to the war in Europe, following the unconditional surrender of what remained of the German government.

reservation system

The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the West, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The US government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.

Why did France support the Treaty?

They didn't have to pay Spain promises they had made

Result of the loyalist estates

They were cut up into smaller pieces -> spread economic democracy

Battle of Antietam

Turning point Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost over 7,000 of its best veteran VA soldiers and any future opportunities for invading the North.

Indian allies of America

Tuscaroras and Oneidas

Laird rams

Two well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm. Seeking to avoid war with US British purchased two ships for its Royal Navy instead

James G. Blaine

Two-time Secretary of State; pushed his Big Sister policy into effect; presided over the first Pan-American conference held in Washington DC

George Pickett

U.S. Army officer who became a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He is best remembered for his participation in the futile and bloody assault at the Battle of Gettysburg that bears his name, Pickett's Charge.

Jiang Jieshi

U.S. ally who resisted Japanese advances in China during WWII

Philippines

U.S. owned Pacific archipelago seized by Japan in the early months of WWII

Joseph McCarthy

Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American government; took advantage of fears of communism post World War II to become incredibly influential

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's proposal to ensure peace after World War I, calling for an end to secret treaties, widespread arms reduction, national self-determination, and a new league of nations.

Indentured servants

Worked for 4-7 years in exchange for passage to the colony

Dorothea Dix

a reformer who worked hard to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. At the outbreak of the Civil War, she was appointed superintendent of women nurses for the United States

Second Great Awakening

a religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States

Oliver Wendell Holmes

a prominant poet, essayist, novelist, and lecturer. He taught anatomy at Harvard Medical School.

responsorial

a style of preaching developed by African-Americans based off of traditional African call and response ringshout dance.

Transcendentalism

a term associated with a group of new ideas in literature that was a protest against the general state of culture and society

black belt

a term used to describe the area in the Deep South where African American slaves were the most concentrated by 1860. It stretched from South Carolina to Louisiana.

breakers

a term used to describe the white overseers who were given strong-willed slaves to break. They often used severe lashing.

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

_______ and _______ made the US a Pacific power

OR and CA

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Occurred in Freeport, IL - Lincoln challenged Douglas to a debate because the Senate term was beginning to end for Douglas

Bartolome de las Casas (case study)

-Missionary -Denied confession to slave owners -Protector of the Indians

James Madison's nickname

"Father of the Constitution"

James Madison

- Feared a new convention might make the Federalists lose - Made the Bill of Rights - "Father of the Constitution"

Patronage

"the power to control appointments to office or the right to privileges" by favoritism - Jeffersonians complained about Federalist appointees

Constitutional Union party

- Feared disunion (Southern Democrats Baltimore convention) - Whigs, Know-Nothings - John Bell was their candidate

Merriwether Lewis and William Clark

- Lewis - personal secretary of Jefferson - Clark - army officer

Gorgas

American doctor who led the medical efforts to conquer yellow fever during U. S. occupation of Cuba

Whigs in the election of 1836

- Nominate multiple candidates with each a regional appeal w/o majority - Elected Harrison

chattels

"property" (that being African slaves)

Proprietors

"sober-minded town fathers"

Electoral College

"a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president" - Large states had advantage in first round of popular voting - Small states would get a larger voice if no candidate got majority of electoral votes and given to House of Representatives

Half-way Covenant

"allowed the children of baptized but unconverted church members to be baptized and thus become church members and have political rights" - Weakened distinction between elect and others - Weaker spiritual purity

William Henry Harrison

"old tippecanoe"; led the log cabin and hard cider campaign in the election of 1840

Act of Toleration in MD

(1649) - religious freedom for all Christians (intended primarily to protect Catholics) and death to anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

Arminians

*Believed that a person has free will, and divine doctrine did not determine a person's fate* - followers of the Dutch theologian Jacob Arminius - churches were pressured and agreed that conversion wasn't necessary for church membership

The British parliamentary government at the time of the American Revolution was headed by

*Lord North* (Townshend went down in 1767)

Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper

*Separate people* First writers of importance to write about American scenes and themes in literature

Stamp Act Congress of 1765

- 27 delegates from 9 colonies forced Parliament to repeal Stamp Act - Rivaling colonies brought together - Little effect in England

Burning of Washington

- 4,000 British forces landed in Chesapeake - Militia of 6,000 dispersed - Invaders set fire to the Capitol and White House

British advantages over Americans

- 50,000 professionally trained army men - Could hire foreign soldiers - 30,000 Germans employed - 50,000 American loyalists - Recruited Indians and had frontier advantage

Germans in the colonies

- 6% of total population by 1775 - Fled from religious persecution, economic oppression, and ravages of war - Settled in Pennsylvania - Known as Pennsylvania Dutch

Results in America — the quarrel between America and France

- Adams got respect - Convention of 1800

Cherokees of Georgia

- Adopted system of agriculture (some cotton) and private property (some slavery) - Missionaries opened schools - Sequoyah made alphabet - 1808 - wrote a legal code - 1827 - Constitution for branches of government

French Revolution

- Against Louis XVI - Americans cheered for liberty - second part of their revolt - Only a few Federalists were hostile to them - France declared war on Austria - won and declared itself a republic

Douglas and the Lecompton Constitution

- Against it, threw away support in the South - Compromise that made Lecompton actual popular vote - Free-soilers went to polls and voted

Democratic Republicans problems with Federalists

- Alien and Sedition Acts - Hamilton made a private pamphlet attacking Adams - published to the public - Adams refused to give them a war with France - taxes with no use

Plantation colonies (similarities)

- All devoted to exporting agricultural products - Tobacco and rice - All had slavery at one point - Multiple plantations (retarded city, church and school growth) Intensive Agriculture - caused colonists to expand west

Constitutional Convention

- All states chose representatives by state legislatures and people — except Rhode Island - Met in secrecy in 1787 - Sentinels outside - Made men drop personal pursuits and focus on the country's needs - GW became chairman

Fears of European powers in America

- Allegedly wanted to demolish democratic tendencies - Feared diminishing of republicanism - Would send troops to restore FL

Miami Confederacy

- Alliance of eight Indian nations who terrorized Americans invading their lands - Received firearms and firewater from British agents

Colonial society *characteristics* (hint: development of)

- Ambitious colonist could rise in social status - Merchant princes gained wealth in 1690s to 1700s from armed conflicts and demand of military weapons - Churches and schools became to be seated/separated by social status - War made a class of widows and orphans

King George's War

- Called War of Austrian Succession in Europe - France allied with Spain - New Englanders invaded New France - Captured Fortress of Louisbourg

Oliver Hazard Perry

- American naval officer - Captured British fleet on Lake - new prosperity - Battle of Lake Erie

Patriots

- American rebels - Also called Whigs

Trade with other countries from America

- American shippers used fraudulent papers and developed a trade system with Spanish and French West Indies - British authorities forbade export of all supplies from New England and the middle colonies

William H. Seward

- Anti-slavery, against concessions for the South - Didn't realize compromise unified - Against slavery in the new territories because of a "higher law" than the Constitution

Battle of New Orleans

- Andrew Jackson and his 7,000 troops and 400 blacks fought British - British attacked a frontal assault on January 8th, 1815 - British lost 2,000 in 30 mins — Americans lost 70 - Fought two weeks after the Treaty

Church of England

- Anglicans - Official faith in GA, NC, SC, VA, MD, and part of NY - Major prop of kingly authority

New York in the ratification of the Constitution

- Anti-fed majority convention - Articles used as propaganda - State couldn't prosper without the Union - 30-27 - Approved 32 proposed amendments

Daniel Webster

- Argued Dartmouth College v. Woodward case -Massachusetts Senator -Northern Sectional leader & Warhaw -Champion of the National Bank - Left Senate to SC to expound Federalist and nationalistic ideas - Challenged states' rights and nullification (in the future) -Immortal "Liberty and Union, now and Forever!" speech

Concerns about Central America

- Aroused because of the gold rush - Atlantic-to-Pacific transportation route → whoever took control of it would hold maritime supremacy

John Peter Zenger

- Assailed corrupt royal governor in New York in a newspaper - Defended by Andrew Hamilton - "The very liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power" is at stake - Jury declared him not guilty - Laid path for freedom of the press and health of democracy

Why was secession supported?

- Assumed it would be unopposed - Believed Yankees would/could not fight - Northern bankers and manufacturers were believed to not cut ties - Debt to North from South - later repudiated

Why were Britain's terms so generous?

- At the time, they could still have won over the US - Wanted to reopen old trade channels - Prevent future wars over trans-Appalachian region

Customs of Pennsylvania

- Bought land from Natives fairly - Representative Assembly elected by landowners - Disliked black slavery

Currency shortage on the colonies (not in terms of paper)

- Bought more from Britain than they sold - Difference had to be made up in cash — most were from the French West Indies or the Spanish - Money was so low that they went to butter, nails, pitch, and feathers as currency

Civic virtue

- Democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good - Mothers spread this to children

Proclamation of 1763

- BR Act that Prohibited American colonists from settling West of Appalachians - Meant to work out issue with Natives and prevent another uprising

Results of the Panic of 1819

- BUS forced Western banks "to the wall" - Mortgaged many farms - Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and debtors' prisons - Poorer classes strapped (Jacksonian democracy...) - Imprisoned debtors unnecessarily

Safeguards for conservatism

- Barriers and safeguards against the mob - President indirectly elected by Electoral College - Senators were indirectly chosen by state legislatures - Judges appointed for life - Only House of Reps was direct

Arnold beginning his invasion characteristics

- Began invasion with heavy baggage train - With many women (most were wives of militiamen) - Axemen had to chop a path through the forest

John Jay

- Believed France would betray America's trans-Appalachian interest - Went to London for agreement and they speedily came to terms with them to allure them

Hamilton's response to Thomas Jefferson

- Believed that Congress could pass anything necessary and proper - Government explicitly empowered to collect taxes and regulate trade - "Implied powers" or "loose constitution" - "Elastic clause"

Delegates in Paris - events as well as characters

- Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay - Congress told them to make no separate peace, but they all knew they were under "control" of French Foreign Office - France wanted US to be East of Allegheny - John Jay believed France would betray America's trans-Appalachian interest

African slavery (characteristics)

- Black slaves outnumbered white servants in plantation colonies by 1680s - Royal African Company - lost charter to monopolize carrying African slaves to the colonies - Rhode Island rushed to trading slave industry *- Slaves captured from West African tribes and traded to colonists*

Governor John Winthrop

- Blossomed fur trading, fishing, and ship-building - "We shall be as a city upon a hill" - Governor of Massachusetts

Uncle Tom's Cabin

- Book about cruelty of slavery - Inspired by Fugitive Slave Law (FSL), deeper sources came from the 2nd Great Awakening and the death of her son - Translated into many foreign languages

Abraham Lincoln

- Born in a log cabin, not rich, self-educated - Married above himself, studied law, became a lawyer

Jay's Treaty

- Britain would pay back for captured ships - Evacuate claims on US soil - Didn't say anything about future maritime seizures - Forced Jay to pay debts

Small gunboats

- Called "Jeffs" or "mosquito fleet" - Jefferson believed they would be useful in defense and made 200 of them

Differences that caused tension between American colonies and mother Britain

- British refused to recognize American militia above colonel - Colonists believed they were cutting edge and deserved credit, not contempt - British subduing Spanish and French West Indies, but colonies fed them

Panic of 1857

- CA gold inflated currency - Crimean War overstimulated growing of grain - Overspeculation in land and railroads

Complications with Jackson's attempt to eliminate the BUS

- Cabinet called it unnecessary - Jackson changed cabinet twice - Biddle's Panic

Compromise of 1850

- California admitted as a free state - Mexican Cession land; Utah and New Mexico set up as territories and slavery determined by popular sovereignty - Ban slave trade in DC - New fugitive slave law for the South - Settled border dispute between NM and TX in NM favor

Why did Harpers Ferry occur?

- Call upon slaves to rise - Furnish them with arms - Establish a black free state as a sanctuary

Citizen Edmond Genêt

- Came to Charleston, SC to negotiate - Fit out privateers and took advantage of alliance - Believed Neutrality Proclamation didn't reflect the true wishes of Americans - Recruited armies to invade Spanish Florida, Louisiana, and British Canada (in *America*!!!) - Threatened to appeal over the head of "Old Washington." - President demanded his withdrawal

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

- Can't maintain armies without Congress' approval - Unanimous agreement needed to get articles passed - 9/13 needed for bills to be passed - One vote for each colony regardless of size - States collect the tax, give money to federal government - *usually "lost"* - No executive branch or strong court system - Congress was intentionally weak

Franklin Pierce

- Candidate for the Democrats - Indecisive, proslavery - Revived Democrat commitment to expansion

South Carolina

- Cash crop was rice - Plantation economy - Wealthy aristocratic elite - African slave labor

General Howe

- Caused confusion because he went to Philadelphia instead of from the Hudson River to New York - Wanted to form engagement on Washington's army, destroying it and leave a way for Burgoyne

Results of the Fugitive Slave Law

- Caused moderates to join antislavery forces - Personal Liberty Laws - Vigilance Committees

Anne Hutchinson

- Challenged accepted role of women within the church by openly speaking out against church leaders - Antinomianism - Banished for heresy - Went to Rhode Island but then killed by Natives when moving to NY

Result of France entering America on the British

- Changed Britain's strategy - Originally could count on blockading colonial coast and commanding seas - French had powerful ships in the water to protect West Indies and jeopardize Britain's blockade and line of supply - British evacuated Philadelphia and focused on NYC

Changes within society in the pursuit of equality

- Changed forenames to Mr. and Mrs. - Master replaced with boss - Not many indentured servants - No primogeniture

Established bank of the US

- Chartered for 20 years - 1791 in Philidelphia - Capital of $10 million - 1/5 owned by federal government - Stock thrown to the public - sold out in two hours

English Whigs against English characteristics

- Cheered for the Americans - Opposed Lord North's Tory wing - Wanted to embarrass Tories - Believed British freedom was being fought in America

What laid the basis for the separation of church and state?

- Congregation could hire, fire, and set salary of the preacher - Clergymen couldn't hold political office chair

Tariff of Abominations

- Congress in 1824 increased the tariff dramatically - Wool manufacturers wanted it higher - Jacksonites proposed to make it larger, and Congress passed it in 1828 Also called the Black Tariff

Results of secession

- Considered to cast issues with the North aside - Felt they did nothing wrong - Strong sense of nationalism - Parallels to the Revolution

Antifederalists

- Consisted of poorer people, like debtors who feared to pay back all of their money - Opposed stronger federal government - Freedom of individuals was compromised, wanted annual elections, no standing army, feared no ref. to God, and disliked the ratification of 2/3 states needed

George Washington's Cabinet

- Constitution didn't mention it - Washington's administration - President "may require" written opinions of the heads of the executive branch departments

Strategic advantages to getting ports in Mississippi and Louisiana

- Control of the head of the Mississippi river - Grain sent down through Louisiana to West Indies and Europe - Established trading ports in Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes

Yorktown

- Cornwallis waited in the Chesapeake Bay for more supplies and troops - Naval superiority began to ship - Admiral de Grasse defeated British fleet and blockaded them - GW marched to the Chesapeake Bay 300 miles from NY - Cornwallis surrendered w/ 7,000 men on October 19, 1781

Know-Nothing Party

- Created because of Irish and German immigrants - Nativists fearing foreigners ruining their economy - Anti-foreign and anti-Catholic - Chose Millard Fillmore

The Association

- Created by Continental Congress - Called for a complete boycott of British goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption

Compromise Tariff of 1833

- Created by Henry Clay - Would reduce the tariff of 1832 by 10% over 8 years - New England opposed; South favored

Carolina

- Created in 1670 after Charles II granted Lords Proprietors land -Barbados Connection - Hoped to grow food to provision sugar plantations and export non-English products - *Rice became major export crop in Carolina* --- paid for African slaves and their knowledge of rice

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

- Created the Northwest Territory - Allowed an area to be a state when it had 60,000 people in it - Prohibited slavery

Health issues in the Chesapeake Bay

- Cut off ten years for immigrants - Average lifespan was 20 years - Malaria, dysentery, and typhoid were major diseases - Death within seven years of marriage - Not common to have grandparent

Effects of the Embargo Act

- Dead ships and harbor in New England - Unexportable cotton, grain, and tobacco in the South - Illicit trade - Revived Federalist party

Boston Tea Party

- December 16th, 1773 - About 100 Bostonians disguised as Indians, went on board, smashed open 342 chests of tea, and dumped it into the Atlantic

Frederick the Great

- Defeated French, Austrian, and Russian armies 3:1 - British unable to send troops — sent gold - French wasted most of their strength on this battle, so they were able to throw force in New World

Thomas Macdonough

- Defeated by British ships on 11 September 1814 near Pittsburgh - Came back to confront the British and defeated them - Battle of Lake Champlain

Similarities among state constitutions

- Defined government with authority from the people - Documents required annual elections - A bill of rights - A weak judiciary - Little executive power - Legislature had too much power

Agreements that were mutual among states

- Demanded established money and private property - Strong government with three branches and having checks & balances - Suffrage for men

North Carolina and Rhode Island similarities

- Democratic - Independent-minded - Least aristocratic

Problems with tobacco

- Destroyed land - Demand for labor goes up - Tensions rise with natives as colonists move west - Natives to slavery

Buchanan in his lame duck period

- Didn't believe they could legally secede but he couldn't do anything about it - Prosouthern advisors - Couldn't take 15,000 men army - Indians - Violence would ruin any hope at bondage

Government in New France

- Direct control under king - No representative assemblies - No right to trial by jury

Town Governments

- Discussed local issues - Voted fairly - No flaming

the three d's

- Disease - Disorganization - Disposability

Reasons that the colonists disliked the Townshend Acts

- Disliked any taxation without representation - Were to pay salaries of royal governors and judges (held the purse)

Preston S. Brooks

- Disliked insults of Sumner - May 22, 1856 - pounded the orator with a cane until he fell bleeding and unconscious

Jackson and Democrat's view of the BUS

- Distrusted monopolistic banking and large businesses - Seemed to sin against egalitarian democracy - Foreclosed the Western farms

Punishments and routine for divorce

- Divorce was rare but was allowed for abandonment and/or adultery - If adultery occurred, the offender would be whipped and public and would have the letter "A" stitched to their clothes forever

Democratic (Charleston) convention 1860

- Douglas was the primary candidate - Fire-eaters regarded him as a traitor (Lecompton and Freeport) - Most Southern delegates walked out - remainder couldn't get 2/3 vote, body dissolved

John Trumbull

- Father said "Connecticut is not Athens" - Forced to move to London to pursue art

James Monroe

- Elected, ran against one more candidate - Monroe represented the age of the Founding Fathers and nationalism - Monroe went from New England to Detriot to inspect military defenses - New England welcomed him

Revolution of 1800

- Election of Jefferson was the original spirit of the Revolution - Believed Adams and Jefferson betrayed ideas of 1776 and 1787 - Peaceful transfer of power

Why did America expand politically and economically?

- Embargo caused expansion - Indians crushed by Harrison and Jackson - opened land - Highways

Glorious Revolution of 1688

- Ended Dominion of New England - Caused Sir Edmund Andros to be kicked out

Treaty of Paris (1763)

- Ended French and Indian War - No more French power in North America

Sir Edmund Andros

- Ended town meetings - Laid restriction on courts, press, and schools - Revoked all land titles - Taxation without elected "yes" - Enforced Navigation Laws - Affiliated with Church of England

Causes of disunity in the colonies

- Enormous distances - Geographical barriers - Conflicting religions from Catholic to Quaker - Varied nationalities - Different types of government - Boundary disputes - Resentment of backcountry settlers against aristocrats

Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment

- Enrolled black slaves into the army against Americans - 14,000 enrolled at the end of the war

Judiciary Act of 1789

- Established a Supreme Court with a chief justice & five associates, federal districts & circuit courts, and an established office of the attorney general - John Jay became the first Chief Justice

New England teaching

- Established primary and secondary schools (many couldn't go because of work on farms) - Focus on doctrine and dogma rather than reasoning and logic

Results of George Washington's presidency

- Established two-term tradition - Central government established - Expanded West - Merchant trading safer - Kept out of foreign affairs

Differences among middle colonies

- Ethnically mixed - More free - Easier to get land

Results of the Monroe Doctrine

- Europeans angered but do nothing - Little impact in the South - Many praised then forgot it -America's first official foreign policy

Results of the Treaty of Ghent

- Evidence of insincerity of the war hawks - Proof that Americans had not defeated the British - No territory gained nor lost

Sam Houston

- Ex-governor of TN - Bride of a few weeks left him, so he took residence with Natives in AR

War hawks wanted... Southern expansionists wanted...

- Expansion in Canada - Florida

Great Awakening

- Exploded in 1730s and 1740s - Ignited in Northampton, MA by Jonathan Edwards

Characteristics of Jefferson's presidency

- Extended idea of seating without regard to rank - Sent messages to Congress to be read by a clerk - Didn't make public appearances - Didn't dismiss many public servants for political reasons

Samuel de Champlain

- Father of New France - Leader in Quebec - Entered into friendly relations with Huron Indian tribes - Joined them in battle against Iroquois - 3 died, 1 wounded - Hampered French penetration of Ohio River Valley and served as British allies

Issues with the election of 1848

- Focused on personalities instead of slavery - Taylor won, free soilers diverted votes from Cass in NY

Results of the protest of the Stamp Act

- Forced stamp agents to resign - America bought 1/4 of British export - 1/2 of shipping devoted to American colonies

Different types of actions from Patriots and Loyalists in colonies

- Forcefully affirming their loyalty to the King and earnestly voicing their desire to patch up difficulties - Also raising armies and shooting down the King's soldiers

Impressment

- Forcible enlistment of sailors - 6,000 US citizens captured by British in 1808-1811

Impacts of the Peace Terms in Utrecht in 1713

- Foreshadowed French and Spanish doom - Salutary neglect followed - Got limited trading rights in Spanish America (smuggling)

Free Soil Party

- Formed because of the avoidance by both parties of slavery - Wanted no slavery in the new land to the west - Keep West an opportunity for whites only - Not against slavery in the South - Homesteads for settlers, internal improvements - Not radical, disunited other than opposing extension of slavery

New Haven

- Founded by Puritans - Merged with Connecticut - Charles II gave charter for this to happen because it sheltered two judges that killed his father

Mutual benefits from ally with France

- France - wanted to stab Britain in the back - France might gain back its power - America - needed assistance and ally with France

Convention of 1800

- France agreed to end 22-year-old treaty - America agreed to pay damage claims

Issues with France at the time

- France promised reluctant Gibraltar to Spain - Pioneers settling on Spanish trans-Allegheny - France wanted the US to be east of Allegheny Mountains so they could control them more easily

Election of 1852

- Free soil party might have taken votes from the Whigs - Ended the whig disorganization and later death

Issues with the Kansas-Nebraska Act

- Free-soilers disliked it - Would have to repeal the MO Comp, which distinguished the two regions

Rhode Island

- Freedom of every religion - Aided by Natives - No taxes to support state church - No oaths regarding religious belief - No compulsatory attendance at worship - Sheltered abused Quakers - Received charter from Parliament in 1644

Peace Terms in Utrecht in 1713

- French and Spanish allies awfully beaten - Britain rewarded with French-populated Acadia

Events within the attempt to get the Ohio River Valley

- French putting up forts along River Valley - Virginia governor issued George Washington to the Ohio Country as a lieutenant colonel - Fort Duquesne - British fired and killed French leader - French returned with reinforcements and laid siege to Fort Necessity - Surrendered but marched away with full honors

Positives of the American army

- GW and Ben Frank were major leaders - French foreign aid - European officers volunteered - Marquis de Lafayette - Fought defensively - Self-sustaining colonies - Had the belief that they had moral advantage for a good cause

Farewell Address

- GW delivered it written out Four pieces of advice 1) Don't get involved in European affairs 2) Don't make "permanent alliances" in foreign affairs 3) Don't form political parties 4) Avoid sectionalism

Reactions and results to the Whiskey Rebellion

- GW summoned 13,000 militiamen - GW government gained a new respect for strength and authority - Brutal force to crush a small rebellion

GW vs General Howe

- GW transferred his troops to Philadelphia - Lost 2 battles - Brandywine Creek and Germantown - General Howe stayed in Philadelphia and left Burgoyne alone - GW retreated to Valley Forge - Stern drillmasters whipped them into place

Events surrounding American attempts to gain Canada

- General Richard Montgomery (for the colonists) pushed up the Lake Champlain route and captured Montreal - General Benedict Arnold met him in Quebec - Last day of 1775 - Quebec assault killed Montgomery and wounded Arnold in one leg

Difficulties in America of the British armies

- Generals were mediocre, and soldiers were brutally treated and Hessians commit atrocities - Provisions often scarce - Redcoats had to conquer America because the pre-1763 status quo restoration would be a victory for America - British army commands - 3,000 miles away - America's geographic expanse was large - Colonies had no core center - 150 patriots killed, 60,000 babies born

William Penn

- Got grant of fertile land from king b/c of death to father - Called area Pennsylvania - Advertised area and attracted everybody

Pioneers going West to get land

- Got land from government (directly or indirectly) - Looked at national capital for "guidance" -> weakened local power - Uniform land policy made possible

Lord Cornbury

- Governor of NY and NJ in 1702 - Drunk, bigot, unfit for governor - Appointed by king

Charles Francis Adams

American envoy whose shrewd diplomacy helped keep Britain neutral during the Civil War

Results of Tippecanoe

- Harrison became a national hero - Killed and discredited Tenskwatawa - Drove Tecumseh into an alliance with Britain

Whigs (background)

- Hatred of Jackson and misuse of power only unifying element - Clay, Webster, and Calhoun all censured Jackson

General James Wilkinson

- He and Burr planned to separate the West part of the US to expand - Burr and 60 followers went to him in Natchez - Jefferson learned of the plan - He fled to France and told Napoleon to make an alliance with Britain in America

Squanto

- Helped Plymouth colonists grown corn, improve hunting and gathering in early years - Wampanoag people signed treaty with Plymouth - Had first Thanksgiving

Results of the Seventh of March speech

- Helped turn the North to compromise - Strengthened Union sentiment - Pleasing for banking and commercial centers in the North because they would lose by secession - Made free soilers and abolitionists feel betrayed (advocated for a stronger FSL) - he regarded slavery as evil but disunion as worse

Van Buren's presidency

- High intelligence and education - Enemies of Jackson and dislike from Democrats - Rebellions in Canada - Attempted to be neutral

Indian allies of Britain (list them and characteristics)

- Hoped to protect their land - Known as "hair buyers" because they got American scalps - Senecas, Mohawks, Cayugas, and Onondagas

San Jacinto

- Houston's small army retreated East and lured Santa Anna - April 21, 1836 - Houston turned, wiped out army, and captured Santa Anna

Issues with the Lecompton Constitution

- If voted against, slaves would be protected anyway - Free-soilers upset, boycotted the polls, pro-slavery forces voted for - Supported by Buchanan

America invasion of Canada

- Important because British lacked control - American strategy was a three-pronged invasion attacking Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain at once

Taverns

- Included amusements of bowling, pool, bars, and gambling - All social classes could mingle - Crystallized public opinion

Armed Neutrality

- Made by Catherine the Great - Maritime neutrals of Europe demanded more rights - Lined up almost all remaining neutrals in passive hostility to Britain - Later called the Armed Nullity

Kentucky Resolution

- Jefferson feared Federalists were wiping out Jeffersonians and other rights - Made a series of resolutions approved by KY legislature Introduced Nullification

Benefits the North had in the 1850s

- North gaining population and wealth - Delay added to moral strength and gave time to accumulate materials - Moderates resisted secession at any cost - Fought for the Union

Opposition to The American System

- Jeffersonians disliked federal involvement of intrastate internal improvements - New England opposed the federal roads because it would drain eastern population

XYZ Affair

- John Adams sent three men to meet Charles Maurice de Tallyrand - Named X, Y, and Z - French asked for $250k to talk to them - Americans found it intolerable

Passing of Lee's resolution results

- John Adams wrote that July 2nd will be forever celebrated with fireworks - Inspirational appeal needed to enlist other British colonies in the Americas, to invite assistance from foreign, nations, and rally resistance at home, leading to the declaration

Pottawatomie Creek

- John Brown led a band of followers and hacked to pieces five men who were assumed to be pro-slavery - Upset free-soilers and retaliation from pro-slaveryites

Massachusetts Bay Colony

- John Winthrop takes charter to establish MA Bay Colony - "City upon a hill." American Exceptionalism idea - Religious freedom reserved for only Puritans - Church membership required to participate in politics - Town hall meetings in direct democracy - Mixed economy of commerce and agriculture

Event when Jefferson sent James Monroe to discuss the treaty

- Joined Robert R. Livingston - Was to only pay $10 million for New Orleans and the rest of the East - If the proposal failed, they would ally with Britain

Midnight judges

- Judges selected by Adams - Appointments continued to midnight - Stayed up until 9 pm in last day of office signing commissions

Diseases and their impact on society

- Killed elders, which meant no oral tradition - Had to reinvent themselves without connections - Killed many

New town-founding process

- Land distributed by proprietors after charter was issued from colonial authority - Moved to designated place with family and laid out the plan of the town - Each family got wood lot for fuel, a tract for growing crops, and another for pasturing animals

Motives for each class in New France

- Landowning French peasants had little economic motive to move - Protestant Huguenots denied refuge in Canada - Preferred Caribbean island colonies for sugar and rum

Stephen Austin

- Large tract of land given to him because of Mexican independence (would bring 300 American families to TX) - Went to Mexico City in 1833 to negotiate differences - Santa Anna put him in jail for 8 months

Black slaves

- Least fortunate - no equality - fear of black rebellion plagued colonists

Skippers

- Leave New England port with a cargo of rum - Sail to West Africa - Sold rum for slaves - Brought slaves to West Indies - Would get molasses for slaves - Carry back molasses to New England to make rum - Repeat

Regulator Movement

- Led by Paxton Boys - North Carolina - Small, nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affairs

Haitian Revolution

- Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture - Inspired by the French Revolution - Revolt was broken, but mosquitoes with yellow fever killed French army - Santo Domingo not needed, so no need for Louisiana

Ottawa Chief Pontiac

- Led several tribes with the help of French fur traders - Tried to drive British out of Ohio Country - Besieged Detroit and eventually overran all but 3 posts west of the Appalachians

John Quincy Adams making the Treaty

- Led the group of mercenaries - British wanted Indian buffer state in Great Lakes region - Control of the Great Lakes - Substantial part of Maine - Americans rejected all of these

Results of the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty

- Led to Panama Railway - Future for Panama Canal

South Carolina legislature in 1832

- Legislature called for a meeting - Declared tariff to be null and void in SC - Threatened to secede if the govt took customs duty by force

Positives of mercantilist system in America

- London paid liberal bounties to colonial producers of ship ports - VA tobacco farmers enjoyed small monopoly in British market - Had free protection from the world's mightiest army

Concessions of the Treaty

- Loyalists not to be persecuted - Congress should *recommend* to state legislature that Loyalist property should be returned from confiscation - States wouldn't put laws preventing collecting debt money

Why did some Americans oppose independence?

- Loyalty to the Empire - Many Americans wanted to be in a transatlantic community with Mother Britain - Colonial unity was weak - Open rebellion was dangerous (Irish were hanged)

Thomas Hutchinson

- MA governor - Stamp Act protesters destroyed his home in 1765 - Agreed tea tax was unjust be believed that colonists have no right to flaunt the law - Ordered tea ships not to clear Boston harbor until cargoes unloaded

Hartford Convention

- MA, CT, RI sent full delegates, and NH and VT sent partial - Reps met in secrecy to discuss grievances - Wanted financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade - Proposed Constitutional amendments requiring 2/3 vote before embargo imposed, new states admitted, or war declared - Abolish 3/5 Compromise - The Presidency to one term - Prohibit election of two successive presidents from the same state

Benjamin Franklin's impact on *knowledge*

- Made Poor Richard's Almanack - Edited it from 1732-1758 - 2nd bestseller under Bible - Called "The first civilized American." - Kite-flying stunt proves electricity - Made bifocal spectacles and Franklin stove

The American System

- Made by *Henry Clay* in 1824 - Provide strong banking system → easy and abundant credit - Protective tariff → provide money and eastern manufacturing - Network of roads and canals by tariff in Ohio Valley especially → can transport easily

Corps of Discovery

- Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by Jefferson to explore north part of LA - went by MS River - Assisted by Sacajawea

Annapolis Convention

- Met because of controlling commerce - Virginia called for a meeting in Annapolis - 5 state reps - Alexander Hamilton called for a convention in Philadelphia the following year - Congress called a convention to *revise* A.O.C.

First Continental Congress in 1774

- Met in Philadelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances - 12/13 (not GA) sent 50 men, including Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry - Frictions melted away by social activity after working hours - 7 weeks - Drew up papers like Declaration of Rights

Anti-Masonic Party members

- Middle Atlantic and New England - Those suspicious of secret societies - Evangelical Protestants

Issues with Britain in ≈ 1782

- Minorca in Mediterranean fell - Rock of Gibraltar falling - Lord North's ministry fell - Whig ministry replaced Tory regime of Lord N.

Issues with making a new government

- No more Tories, which meant no more conservatives to balance and help with government - Patriots didn't have a common cause anymore - Hard to start a new government from scratch

Joseph Brant

- Mohawk Leader - Convert to Anglicanism - Believed victorious Britain would stop American expansion westward - Destroyed backcountry PN and NY until checked by Americans in 1779

Results of the Battle of Quebec

- Montreal fell in 1760 - British gained control - Treaty of Paris in 1763 - French allowed to retain small but valuable sugar islands in the West Indies and two islets in the Gulf of St Lawrence for fishing - French gave Spanish trans-Mississippi Louisiana - Spanish gave Florida to Britain in exchange for Cuba

John Quincy Adams' presidency

- More austere than his father - More of a closeted thinker than politician - One of the most successful secretaries of state but one of the least successful presidents - Refused to remove efficient officeholders to make vacancies for his supports - only removed 12 in his time Got less than 1/3 of the popular vote

Rebels in New England

- Most numerous because self-government, and mercantilism was weak - Presbyterianism and Congregationalism

Characteristics of New England families

- Mothers had many kids - Strong social characteristics - Children received habits of obedience and guidance from their parents and grandparents - Family stability reflected in low premarital pregnancy rates

Republican motherhood

- Mothers taught their children civic virtue early on - People realized women were important and extended education to them

Scots-Irish beginnings and background history

- Moved to Northern Ireland over many decades - Tension between Irish Catholics and Scottish Presbyterians - English government placed restrictions on production of linens and woolens - Early 1700s - left Ireland and came to America, mostly PN - Illegally squatted on unoccupied lands

War Hawks

- Name for the young hotheads from the N & S - Disliked impressment and British policy - West Warhawks wiped out Indians for the safety of pioneers

Explain the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France

- Napoleon had the king of Spain give up LA - Guaranteed to be true when warehouse privileges were taken away - Thomas would have to seek foreign ally help

Effect of Macon's Bill No. 2

- Napoleon wanted an embargo on Britain, and Madison accepted - Gave Britain three months to repeal their acts, yet the didn't - Virtually guaranteed future conflict with Britain

Reaction of the American Colonists to the Quebec Act

- No representative assemblies or juries seemed to be a dangerous precedent in America - Alarmed land speculators - Aroused anti-Catholics by extension of Catholicism south into a region regarded as Protestant

Issues with colonies surrounding New Netherland

- Native massacres - New England hostile (MA voted against wiping out New Netherland) - Swedes placed New Sweden on Delaware river

Things leading growth of stable and distinctive slave culture

- Native-born African Americans - Language

Slave/servant problems in the Chesapeake Bay

- Natives died too quickly upon white man contact - Africans were too expensive - Whites were dying - Solution was indentured servants

List of things in the Declaration

- Natural rights of humankind violated and were justified in cutting away - Taxes without consent - Establishing military dictatorship - Maintaining standing armies in peace times - Cutting off trade - Burning towns - Hiring mercenaries - Hostilities against Natives

Two ways amendments could be added to the Constitution

- New Constitutional Convention requested by 2/3 of the states - 2/3 vote of both houses of Congress

Types of government in the colonies

- New England - Town meetings - South - County government - Middle colonies - modification of the previous two

Women's "rights"

- New Jersey allowed women to vote for a short time - Some disguised as men and served in the army - Generally didn't have many rights

Results of the Battle of New Orleans

- New respect for Jackson - Nationalism and self-confidence increase - Royal Navy made a blockade on the shore, crippled the economy, and bankrupt the treasury

How was the 1856 election victorious for the Republicans

- No secession and Civil War after a Republican election - Showed they could win

Old Lights vs New Lights

- Old Lights were skeptical of the emotionalism - New Lights defended the awakening - Congregationalism and Presbyterianism split - Many went to baptist church

Judiciary Act of 1801

- One of the last important laws passed by Federal Congress - Made up new federal judgeships and other judicial offices

Jeffersonian beliefs

- Only educated whites should vote- - Believed slaves were essential - without them, poor whites would have to provide labor - Strong appeal to middle class and underprivileged

Anti-Masonic Party

- Opposed influence and secrecy of Masonic order - Third party in 1832 - Energized by (murder) of New Yorker who threatened to expose secret rituals of Masons

Democratic-Republican disunity

- Opposition to Federalists was a uniting factor - As the Federalists faded, so did the unity

New Hampshire in the ratification of the Constitution

- Originally anti fed - Feds arranged an adjournment and won waverers

How did English get the West Indies from the Spanish?

- Overextended military on Spanish side - Dutch rebel colonies

New Netherland

- Owned by Dutch West India Company - Wanted Manhattan island

Independent Treasury Bill

- Passed because of the Divorce Bill in 1840 - Repealed in 1841 by Whigs - Reenected in 1846

Embargo Act of 1807

- Passed so powers would be forced to respect its rights (they got food from them) - Forbade the export of all goods from the US whether in American or foreign ships

1783 - march to Pennsylvania

- Pennsylvania soldiers marched to Independence Hall - Members had to ask state for protection - Fled to Princeton

Government bonds

- People didn't trust the Treasury with his plan, so the value of them depreciated by 10 to 15¢ each - Some had many and bought more when Congress passed the plan

Legislatures

- People enjoyed direct representation - Voted tax amounts by colonial government needs - Self-taxation through representation

Result of Adams' idea of nationalism

- People going to sectionalism and state sovereignty - Didn't want to work for an astronomical observatory - Would have to continue tariffs and possibly the disruption of peculiar institution to achieve the goals

Results of the spoils system

- People that weren't capable of the position were appointed to high office - Provided concrete reason to stick with a political party forever

Trade imbalance

- Population in Britain was low - America would seek other foreign markets - Started supplying France with tobacco - Molasses Act tried to end trade with French West Indies, but they bribed and smuggled their way around it - West Indies purchases of North American timber supplied money

Tension between patriot and loyalist militia in the Carolinas

- Prisoners butchered in cold blood after they threw down arms - Multiple battles

Privateers

- Privately owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping - "Sailors of Fortune" - about 27,000

Jonathan Edwards

- Proclaimed folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed dependence on God's grace - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" was one of his most popular sermons - Believed that hell was "paved with the skulls of unbaptized children"

Treaty of Kanagawa

- Proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors - American coaling rights in Japan - Established diplomatic relations

Alex I of Russia

- Proposed mediation between Britain and America — didn't want Britain to get rid of Russian power in America - Brought in motion ideas of the treaty

Maryland

- Proprietorship: Lord Baltimore gave land by King (land for money and religious reasons) - Permitted freedom of worship - Act of Toleration in 1649 - Tobacco and indentured servants

Plymouth Colony

- Protestant Reformation sparked dramatic changes in Europe and led to the rise of Puritanism - Puritans to purify the church - Pilgrims sought to establish Land at Plymouth - Mayflower Compact - Squanto helped in early years

Aspects of popular sovereignty

- Public liked it because it went along with democratic self-determination - Politicians liked it because it seemed to be a compromise - Advocates hoped to dissolve the issue - Could serve to spread slavery

Results of Uncle Tom's Cabin

- Pushed many people on the fence about slavery to begin opposing it - Fueled Northern opposition to the new fugitive slave law - Made France and Britain not side with the South (realized they were being treated unfairly)

Roger Williams

- Questioned Puritan leadership - Called for complete separation of church and state - Criticized treatment of Native Americas - Banished from colony and found Providence, RI

Issues with tobacco as more was produced

- Ran out of land; more farmers went west (Native contact) - Failing prices planting more

John Q. Adams (involvement of the Canning proposal)

- Realized that the British feared the Yankees would seize Spanish territory and jeopardize Britain's possessions in the Caribbean - Would ruin England's Latin American trading

Results of the Crittenden Amendments

- Rejected by Lincoln - elected on a platform against the extension of slavery - All hope of compromise gone

New England Colonies characteristics

- Religious motives for colonization--Fleeing Anglican persecution - Male and female settlers along with their families - Tight-knit, communal society - Mixed economy

Macon's Bill No. 2

- Reopened trade with the rest of the world - Replaced Non-Intercourse Act - If either France or Britain would respect American shipping, US would cut off trade with the other

James I

- Revoked charter and made Virginia a royal colony - Detested tobacco - Destroyed House of Burgesses

Issues with transportation and traveling

- Roads (dirt) not developed until 1700 - Tree-strewn roads - Rickety bridges - Carriage overturns - Runaway horses

Texan Americans

- Roman Catholic - Disliked imposition of foreign government - Associated as American

Dominion of New England

- Royal authority - Combined all the New England colonies into one jurisdiction - Enforced Navigation laws -Led by Andros

Lord Dunmore

- Royal governor of Virginia - Promised freedom for any slave in VA that would join British army - VA and MD tightened slave patrols

Thomas Jefferson's rebuttal for Hamilton's bank idea

- Said they had no power to make it — believed it was the states' rights - "Strict Constitution"

Reason for British focusing on NYC

- Seaport - Central - King could count on loyalist cooperation

Three department heads at the time

- Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson - Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton - Secretary of War Henry Knox

Albert Gallatin

- Secretary of the Treasury under Jefferson - Believed debt was bane

The South Carolina Exposition

- Secretly written by John C. Calhoun - Denounced tariff as unjust and unconstitutional - States (specifically SC) should nullify it

Harpers Ferry

- Seized federal arsenal, killing 7 innocent people - Failed to make slaves rise - US Marines, led by Robert E. Lee, captured him

Second Seminole War

- Seminole Indians refused to leave FL - Brutal war took place between US and Seminoles for 7 years

Rise of Abraham Lincoln

- Served a term in Congress - Passage of the KS-NE Act -> republican -> foremost politician and orator of the NW - Philly Convention of 1856 - Lincoln got 110 votes for VP

Georgia

- Served as a buffer colony against Spanish and French threat - Penal colony for debtors - Originally banned slavery but would later become a plantation-based slavery society - James Oglethorpe - protects against Spanish - Savannah - melting pot community

George Washington (GW)

- Served without pay - Elected by 2nd Cont. Congress - Evading main BR army except around key cities to keep main army intact strategy worked - Lost more battles than he won - Lived at Mount Vernon - Came from a wealthy family (FFV)

Republicanism

- Set in the American minds -People are sovereign (in charge), not the King, so they need to possess public virtue - A just society as one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good - Stability of society and the authority of government depended on citizenry - Opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions like aristocracy and monarchy

States that had land West of mountains - characteristics

- Seven did - Didn't have to tax heavily - Pay off debt faster - Land-rich

Results of the War of 1812

- Showed power to defeat - Emissaries treated with less scorn - Sectionalism showed - War heroes emerged - Indians forced to make own concessions - Manufacturing grew - not relying on European workshops

Treaty of Paris

- Signed 1783, effective 1784 - British formally recognized independence of the US - Granted boundaries to Mississippi on the West, Great Lakes in the North, and Spanish Florida in the South - Yankees retain share of fishing in Newfoundland

Phillis Wheatly

- Slave girl brought to Boston at 8 years old - Published a book at 20 when transported to England - Revealed influence of Alexander Pope - No education - First published African-American poet

Dred Scott v. Sanford

- Slave who lived on IL and WI territory with his master sued for freedom on the basis of residence on free soil - SC ruled he was a slave and thus could not sue in federal courts - he was property (5th amendment) - Majority wanted to forestall two free-soil justice arguments - Also ruled MO Comp was unconstitutional

North Carolina

- Small tobacco farms - Less reliance on slavery

Issues with some states in the mid 1780s

- Some states refused to pay anything - Boundary issues caused minor battles, and there was no judicial branch - Making paper money - some states sanctioned making it

Whig party split

- South - doubted Scott's loyalty to the Compromise and Slave Law - North - deplored platform but accepted Scott

Missouri Compromise

- South - made MO a slave state - North - would forbid slavery in remaining territories other than MO - Lasted 34 years - Maine admitted as a free, separate state - 36°, 30'

South vs North education

- South couldn't establish system because of the dispersal of blacks and whites - North established primary, secondary, and college

Three-Fifths Compromise

- South wanted slaves to be voters - North didn't and would logically require more representation - Slaves would count as 3/5 of a person

Nashville Convention

- Southern extremists met in Nashville in 1850 - In favor of slavery but condemned the concessions - Met again in November - Southern opinion was reluctantly for concessions in Congress at the time

Lincoln's controversial election

- Southern secessionists said his election would split the Union - when he won, made SC secede - Wasn't allowed on 10 Southern state ballots - Wasn't completely abolitionist though and didn't issue statements to quiet Southern fears

Results of the Tallmadge Amendment

- Southerners upset - wanted unhampered expansion West - Diehard Federalists and northerners wanting to get rid of the VA dynasty - Threat to sectional balance

Pinckney's Treaty

- Spain granted navigation of rivers - Warehouse rights at New Orleans - West Florida - Feared Anglo-American alliance

Southern reaction to the KS-NE Act

- Supported the KS-NE Act with the understanding that KS would be slave and NE would be free - Northerners would "abolitionize" both - Some Southerners attempted to assist well-armed slave owners to KS

Results of nonimportation on the colonies (events that occurred)

- Spontaneously united American people - People not involved signed petitions to uphold terms of consumer boycotts - Gave American colonists opportunity to participate in colonial protests - Women gathered to make spinning bees to replace British textiles

North Carolina and its beginnings and inhabitants

- Squatters came from Virginia without legal right to the soil - No need for slaves because they raised their own tobacco, -Exported Naval stores to England (shingles, masts, turpentine, tar) - Developed strong resistance to authority - Became a royal colony

Assumption

- State debts regarded as national debt because of the Revolution - Would chain states more to the "federal chariot" - Would shift attachment of wealthy creditors from states to federal government

African-Americans in the war against British

- States didn't initially allow them to volunteer - about 5,000 enlisted by war's end - Most came from New England because most of them were free

Results of Assumption

- States with heavy debt, like MA, appreciated it - States without tax, like VA, wanted some compensation

South positives 1860

- Still had majority in SC and Repubs didn't control HOR or Senate - Fed govt couldn't touch slavery other than an amendment

General Nathaniel Greene

- Strategy of delay - standing and then retreating - Exhausted his enemy, Charles Cornwallis - Lost battles but won campaigns - Called the "Fighting Quaker" because he cleared most of GA and SC of British troops

British Royal Navy post Rev. attacks on American shipping--controversy

- Struck the American ships giving supplies to French West Indies - Patriotic Americans wanted to fight George III - Federalists wanted peace — Hamilton's economic plan depended on trade with Britain

Responses to Hamilton from the public

- Support from North because of commercial and financial centers - Opposition came from the South and West with agriculture

Paper money in the colonies

- Swiftly depreciated - Parliament prohibited colonial legislatures from printing paper currency and from passing indulgent bankruptcy laws that might harm the British

Reactions of the Boston Tea Party

- Sympathetic colonists applauded and referred to tea as a badge of slavery - Conservatives complained that destruction of private property violated the law and threatened anarchy and the breakdown of civil decorum - Hutchinson left to Britain to never come back

An unexpected consequence of the Embargo Act

Gives New England an incentive to create a manufacturing industry

Why did the South fear slavery being taken away?

- Tariff (might use the same power they enforced the tariff to get rid of slavery) - Aborted a slave rebellion in Charleston by Denmark Vesey and the Missouri Compromise (calmed it down a bit) - British West Indies getting abolition from the London government → might use the same power

Excise tax

- Tax on a few domestic items, notably whiskey - 7¢ a gallon - Whiskey was used as currency because it flowed freely in the backcountry

Issue of Texas boundary

- Taylor was thought to march to TX and hang them for threatening to invade New Mexico - Didn't - Civil War could have occurred earlier because the South would have defended them

The Era of Good Feelings

- Term made by a Boston newspaper - Idea that one party was present because the Federalists died/were dying off

Why do the Gadsden Purchase

- Terrain was less mountainous - Didn't go through unorganized territory (NM had defense against Indians, but Nebraska didn't) - North argued that Nebraska should become organized

Kansas-Nebraska Act

- Territory of Nebraska would be split into Nebraska and Kansas - Slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty - Likely that Kansas would be slave and Nebraska free (KS[lave], N[fre]E) - Southerners supported it in hopes of gaining a slave state

Results of the Lone Star Rebellion

- Texans couldn't win without the US help - Mexico said for the US to enforce neutrality statutes (nullified) - Texans wanted union with US (slavery...)

William Pitt

- The "Great Commoner" — commoners often kissed his horse - 1757 - was a leader in London government - "Organizer of Victory" - Focused less on West Indies and more on Quebec-Montreal area - Chose young and energetic leaders rather than older ones

Two-house legislative body

- The upper house was appointed by the king in royal colonies and the proprietors in proprietary colonies - The lower house was appointed by landowners

Common Sense

- Thomas Paine - Explained nature of government - Anticipated Declaration of Independence because of no consent of governed - King referred to as "Royal Brute of Great Britain" - 120,000 copies sold in the first few months - Why have a small island regulate a big country? - Foundation for American independence and foreign policy

Jackson's response to the nullification

- Threatened to invade the state and have nullies hanged - Dispatched reinforcements to SC

Results of the Hartford Convention

- Three envoys sent to Washington - rejected because of New Orleans and Ghent that just happened - Fears that Federalists in New England subordinate to agrarian S and W - Ended Federalist party - never again made a successful presidential campaign

Why did the Southern states secede?

- Tipped political balance - Triumph of the new Republican party threatened rights of the slaveholding minority - Weary of free-soil criticism, abolitionist nagging, and Northern interference

British in America

- Trading posts with fur trade by redcoats - The main purpose - keep Natives allied on attack on the USA

Results of The American System

- Transportation highly wanted - Couldn't find funding → Congress passed for $1.5 million for states to use, vetoed by Madison as unconstitutional

British capturing Arnold

- Tried to get his army but couldn't until they had control of the lake - Road couldn't carry their supplies

Jesuits

- Tried to save Natives for God and from fur trappers - Served as explorers and geographers - Were tortured by Natives

Results of the election of 1840

- Triumph of a popular democratic style — politicians had to appeal to the masses - Had to have the common touch - Divine right of the people - Two-party system

Alaska in Russia

- Tsar in 1821 extended area of 100 miles of Sea to 51° - Established trading in San Francisco

King's Mountain and Cowpens

- Turning point in the war between patriots and loyalists in Carolinas - American riflemen wiped out British detachments at King's Mountain and a smaller force at Cowpens

Results of San Jacinto

- Two treaties made: 1) Withdraw Mexican troops 2) Make the Rio Grande SW boundary When released, he repudiated them because they were forced

Economic plan of Alexander Hamilton

- Wanted to shape policies of the government to favor wealthy groups - Would lend government monetary and political support - Prosperity would trickle down (BEFAT)

Why did the embargo collapse after 15 months?

- Underestimated determination of British and overestimated the two nations' reliance on America - Latin America opened its ports - Unpopularity - Didn't continue on long enough

Results of the Nullification Crisis

- Unionist minority in SC - No other southern states supported SC - Resulted in Henry Clay's popularity

Declaration of Independence - Patriot perspective

- Wanted united front - Loyalty to the colonies first - Regarded opponents as traitors - Hanged, imprisoned, and mistreated loyalists - Loyalists fled to Britain (80,000) - Several hundred thousand mild loyalists permitted to stay

Land policy of the people under Adams

- Wanted wide-open expansion - White Georgians wanted Cherokees gone - GA governor threatened with arms to Washington at govt authority on behalf of the Cherokees

Intercolonial Committees

- VA made House of Burgesses — led the way in 1773 - Evolved directly into *congress*

Relations with natives in the colonies

- Very hostile relationship developed between colonists and Powhatan tribe - Higher tension when moving west - Caused Anglo-Powhatan Wars - Powhatan Confederacy defeated

George Whitefield

- Very talented orator and interested people to listen - Sent out his message of human helplessness and divine omnipotence - Many were "saved" during his sermons

Chesapeake colonies

- Virginia and Maryland - 1st permanent English colony: Jamestown - Set up under a joint-stock company *Virginia Company* - John Smith established discipline and saved colony - John Rolfe introduced tobacco

Goals of the Constitutional Convention

- Wanted a firm, dignified, and respected government - Wanted to preserve the union - Forestall anarchy - Ensure security of life and property against dangerous uprisings by the mobocracy

Characteristics of Patriots not wanting republicanism

- Wanted social hierarchy but not hereditary aristocracy - Saw lower class of society wanting to be put with them

Robert de La Salle

- Went down the Mississippi River to check Spanish penetration into the Gulf of Mexico region - Named Louisiana after Louis XIV - Returned with four ships three years later to the region - Failed to find Mississippi Delta and was murdered by his men after landing in Spanish Texas

Britain's strategy for rolling up the colonies

- Went to the South first because of the numerous Loyalists - GA taken 1778-1779 - Charleston in 1780 - 5,000 men and 400 cannons were captured

Yankee seamen

- Were traders - Provided Caribbean with food and timber products - Hauled riches to various countries

Shays' Rebellion

- West Massachusetts in 1786 - Backcountry farmers were losing property because of foreclosure and tax delinquencies - Captain Daniel Shays - leader - Wanted paper money, lighter taxes, and suspend property takeovers - Massachusetts made a small army in order to defend against them

Land Act of 1820

- West lacked popularity and needed allying with other sections (as seen in the Panic of 1819) - Buy 80 acres for a minimum of $1.25 an acre cash - Demanded cheap transportation - Demanded cheap money issued by "wildcat" banks

Massachusetts process for making a new state Constitution

- When made - given to the people for ratification - Once adopted, only another specially called constitutional convention could change things - Future process

Economic division in the election of 1840

- Whigs wanted to expand and stimulate economy - Democrats wanted to reduce expenses and end large banks & corporations

Marbury v. Madison 1803

- William Marbury sued James Madison for shelving his commission - Marshall said that under the Judiciary Act of 1789 on which Marbury tried to base his case was unconstitutional. The Act attempted to assign Supreme Court powers the Constitution did not foresee - Marshall dismissed the case to avoid Jeffersonian rivalry too

Positive effects of Benedict Arnold protecting the US

- Winter ending - British had to go back to Canada - If he didn't stall, Fort Ticonderoga would be captured - If he started in 1777 instead of Montreal, he would have succeeded

John Adams' presidency

- Won presidential election 71-68 especially in New England - Jefferson became VP - No appeal to the masses - Couldn't fulfill GW's position as well

Impacts of slave culture

- Words introduced like voodoo, goober, and gumbo - Ringshout (dancing in circle with preacher in middle) led to jazz - Banjo and bongo drum - Became artisans - Menial tasks were taken care of

Why Free Soilers were against slavery

- Would take jobs from whites, meaning they couldn't own land - Only traditional American commitment would allow mobility to flourish

Vigilance Committees

Goal to protect fugitive slaves from slave catchers

smallpox

- became a big epidemic - 1/5 had it - vaccinations were crude and not suggested - clergy and physicians opposed vaccinations, so powdered dried toad became a favored remedy

Tariff of 1832

Got rid of the worst parts of the tariff of abominations but not all the South wanted

Paupers and convicts

- less fortunate than indentured servants - many convicts were victims of circumstances of harsh English penal code

issues with the Anglican church

- ministers began to talk about political issues - Anglicans had to go to England to become ordained - sermons were boring - ethicality was not up to par

Physicians

- poorly trained and not highly esteemed - young doctors served as apprentices - bleeding was frequent and fatal - barbers summoned instead of physicians

Fishing

- ranked below agriculture - major industry in New England - Cod to Europe - Stimulated shipbuilding

law profession

- regarded as useless, and in CT put with drunkards and brothel keepers

Racism in the colonies

- some made illegal to teach slaves to read or write - not even Christianity would make them free - *originally economic reasons - now was racial discrimination*

How many states needed to ratify the Constitution for it to be accepted? Why

9/13 because the Framers foresaw that hesitant states wouldn't comply

How did Natives *benefit* from the Columbian Exchange?

-Brought weapons for Natives as well as food and other goods Brought horses for Natives to transport — revolutionized farming for the Natives

How did Natives *suffer* from the Columbian Exchange?

-Brought white men to brutalize Natives ↳Battle of Acoma ↳Smallpox ↳Slave owners

Francisco Pizarro

-Brutalized Incas for an increase of riches -Contributed to the rise of capitalism and merchant banking -Also signed contract

Anasazi

-Build pueblo in Chaco Canyon -ancestors of the modern Pueblo Indians

What led to a revival of European trade?

-Crusades* led revival by bringing taste of spices and goods from Asian -Renaissance nurtures spirit of adventure and new ideas -Guttenberg press spread navigation & technological news —Marco Polo* writes of his adventures -Sailing improvements

Aztec achievements

-Cultivated Maize -Built elaborate cities without wheels -Carried on far-flung commerce -Made accurate astronomical observations

Why did the English experience an increase in the national spirit? How did the search for new markets encourage English colonization?

-Defeat of Spanish Armada, religious, unity, and stability -Elizabeth I sent explorers on the seas and encouraged them -New markets mean new employment opportunities and more wealth -Joint-stock companies promoted

arguments against annexing texas

-Didn't want to start conflict with Mexico -Didn't want to upset the slave/free balance (Texas would be a slave state)

john tyler

-Fake Whig -supported states' rights over a nationalist agenda -disliked protective tariffs -opposed a national bank - rejected the idea of turning profits from the sale of western lands over to the states (Rejected Clay's American System/Whig funding of internal improvements like roads and canals)

Religious conflicts in England beginning with Henry VIII — and how they led directly to New World settlements

-Henry VIII to divorce wife and broke away from Roman Catholic Church to make his own -Protestant Reformation - Catholics battled Protestants -Elizabeth I, who was a Protestant, came to the throne Spanish and English conflict

Opening to the New World lifted Europe. Explain how Columbian Exchange affected Europe's economies

-Maize, beans, and squash to the Old World food nourishes people to repopulate America and start settlements-Settlements became producers of the Old and New world crops

Hernando Cortés

-Malinche -Burnt his ships -Manipulated Moctezuma into thinking he was a god -Aztecs attacked on June 30th, 1520 (Nochte Triste) -Tenochtitlán temples destroyed for Christian Cathedrals -Created Mestizo

How did the demand for unskilled labor lead to a massive slave-trading industry in West Africa?

-Smallpox epidemic caused death of many Natives -Sugar plantations and mineral/crop demands -Rise of Transatlantic Slave Trade -Portuguese and Arabs began as major monopolies in slave trade 1) Africans already exposed to diseases 2) Africans didn't know the land 3) Pope banned Natives use as slaves

sam houston

-Successfully led Texans in the battle of San Jancito defeating Santa Anna's superior force -Served as first governor of texas

American relationship w/ britain in the 1830s

-a borrower-lender status -a constant state of being on the brink of war -a series of compromises -ongoing boundary disputes (NOT tension over tariffs)

Issues with Congress

1) No power to regulate commerce - different tariffs and navigation laws created by different states to attract money 2) No tax collection - *asked* them to contribute but usually only got 1/4 if lucky

Navigation Acts

1) Trade carried only in English/Colonial ships 2) Trade had to pass through English ports 3) Certain goods from colonies could be exported only to England **Smugglers" bypassed these**

Paxton Boys

1764 - Armed march to Philadelphia - Disliked friendly policy to Natives - Usually later joined American Revolution - 12 presidents were of Scot-Irish descent

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

1610-1646 - 1st ends in 1614 with marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe - Massacre of 1622 begins - 347 colonists killed (including John Rolfe) - Powhatan Confederacy defeated by 1646 (disease, disorganization, and disposability) - Peace Treaty of 1646

King Williams War and Queen Anne's War

1689-1697 — 1702-1713 - Earliest struggle for power among Europeans - French and British trying to ally with Natives - No large detachments of troops commissioned — guerrilla warfare - Indian allies of French ravaged with torch and tomahawk to British colonial frontiers - Spain allied with France and probed South Carolina from Florida - British not able to affirm sallies against Quebec and Montreal - Turning point - got stronghold of Port Royal in Acadia

Tea Act

1773 - British East India Company had 17 million pounds of unsold tea - Ministry gave company monopoly over America to sell it - Americans thought it was a trick to be baited into more tax - British officials decided to enforce it

Troops coming in to capture the Hudson River Valley

1777 *All three were British* - General John Burgoyne went down Lake Champlain route from Canada - General Howe's troops in New York could go up Hudson River and meet John if needed - Colonel Barry St. Leger would come in from West by Lake Ontario and Mohawk Valley

Valley Forge, Pennsylvania

1777-1778 - Went without bread and minimal woolens and/or clothing for the whole winter

George Rogers Clark

1778-1779 - Went down Ohio River and captured Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes

Inflation in the colonies

1780-1781 - Government almost bankrupt - 2.5¢ on $1 - Dispair, disunity, and rebellious attitudes infected army

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

1784 - First treaty between US and Natives - Ceded most of their land to Americans

Caucus System

1790-1828 A small group of individuals within the party would choose the candidate

Bill of Rights

1791 - First 10 Amendments - American principles like natural rights, jury, no cruel and unusual punishments, etc.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794 - New army under General "Mad Anthony" Wayne - British refused to shelter Indians - Treaty of Grenville offered

Chesapeake Affair

1807 - British demanded surrender of American deserters - American captain refused - British killed 3 Americans and wounded 18 *Led to resentment by Americans*

Fletcher v. Peck

1810 - GA legislature bribed by granting 35 million acres in Yazoo River country to private speculators - Next legislature after the election canceled transaction because of the public disapproval *- Marshall decreed legislative grant was a contract and forbids states impairing the contract* - One of the earliest, clear assertions of the rights of the SC

Congress of Vienna

1814-1815 European powers were to establish a new balance of power in Europe and redraw the map after Napoleon was gone — British made the Treaty of Ghent to avoid another war because they were preoccupied with this in Europe

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 - Georgia law does not apply to the Cherokee nation - Cherokee can't be forced to move by US govt

Bank War

1832 - Webster and Clay presented renewal of charter 4 years earlier than necessary - Jackson vetoed as unconstitutional even though McCulloch v. MD declared Constitutional

Black Hawk War

1832 Sauk and Fox led by Black Hawk - crushed by regular troops including Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War $15 to Mexico US got Mexican Secession (California, Nevada)

Jane Addams

1860-1935; Founder of Settlement House Movement and the first American woman to earn the Nobel Peace Price in 1931 as the president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Trent Affair

1861 diplomatic row that threaten to bring British on side of confederacy into war after union ship stopped British steamer and arrested two confederate diplomats On board

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years Helped make a land accessible to hundreds of westward moving settlers

Pacific Railroad Act

1862; Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds.

Standard Oil Company

1870-1911; John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1877 this company controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the United States. It was also one of the first multinational corporations and at times distributed more than half of its kerosene production outside the United States. By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

1872 during the Grant administration; Railroad company bribed Congressmen offering them stocks and pay offs to ignore their corrupt ways, eventually they were caught.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

1876; A particularly violent example of the warfare between whites and Native Americans in the late nineteenth century, also known as "Custer's Last Stand." In two days, June 25 and June 26, 1876, the combined forces of 2,500 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 US soldiers, including Colonel George Custer. The battle came as the US government tried to compel Native Americans to remain on the reservations and Native Americans tried to defend territory from white gold-seekers. This Indian advantage did not last long, however, as the union of these Indian fighters proved tenuous and the US Army soon exacted retribution.

Big Sister policy

1880s; A foreign policy of Secretary of State James G. Blaine aimed at rallying Latin American nations behind American leadership and opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders. The policy bore fruit in 1889, when Blaine presided over the First International Conference of American States.

Dawes Severalty Act

1887; An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund US government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans.

Battle of Wounded Knee

1890; A battle between the US Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which two hundred Native Americans and twenty-nine US soldiers died. Tensions erupted violent over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance," which the US government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act.

McKinley Tariff

1890; Shepherded through Congress by President William McKinley, this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States.

Jim Crow

1890s Series of state laws in the South that legalized segregation.

Homestead Strike

1892 Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in Pennsylvania in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers

World's Columbian Exposition

1893; Americans saw this world's fair, held in Chicago, as their opportunity to claim a place among the world's most "civilized" societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe. The fair honored art, architecture, and science, and its promoters built a mini city in which to host the fair that reflected all the ideals of city planning popular at the time. For many, this was the high point of the City Beautiful movement.

Pullman strike

1894; A strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened, and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 SCOTUS ruling that separate but equal facilities for different races were not unconstitutional.

Anti-Imperialist League

1898-1921; A diverse group formed to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. It included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders. Strongest in the Northeast, this assosiation was the largest lobbying organization on a US foreign-policy issue until the end of the nineteenth century. It declined in strength after the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (which approved the annexation of the Philippines), and especially after hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and American forces.

Teller Amendment

1898; A proviso for President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans.

Maine

1898; American battleship dispatched to keep a "friendly" watch over Cuba in early 1898. It mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898, with a loss of 260 sailors. Later evidence confirmed that the explosion was accidental, resulting from combustion in one of the ship's internal coal bunkers. But many Americans, eager for war, insisted that it was the fault of a Spanish submarine mine.

Rough Riders

1898; Organized by Theodore Roosevelt, this was a colorful, motley regiment of Cuban war volunteers consisting of western cowboys, ex-convicts, and effete Ivy Leaguers. Roosevelt emphasized his experience with the regiment in subsequent campaigns for governor of New York and vice president under William McKinley.

Open Door note

1899-1900; A set of diplomatic letters in which Secretary of State John Hay urged the great powers to respect Chinese rights and free and open competition within their spheres of influence. The notes established the "Open Door policy," which sought to ensure access to the Chinese market for the United States, despite the fact that it did not have a formal sphere of influence in China.

Boxer Rebellion

1900; An uprising in China directed against foreign influence. It was suppressed by an international force of some eighteen thousand soldiers, including several thousand Americans. The Boxer Rebellion paved the way for the revolution of 1911, which led to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912.

Foraker Act

1900; Sponsored by Senator Joseph B. Foraker, a Republican from Ohio, this accorded Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government. The first comprehensive congressional effort to provide for governance of territories acquired after the Spanish-American War, it served as a model for a similar act adopted for the Philippines in 1902.

Insular Cases

1901-1904; A badly divided Supreme Court decreed in these cases that the Constitution did not follow the flag. In other words, Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would not necessarily enjoy all American rights.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

1901; A treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain giving Americans a free hand to build a canal in Central America. The treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer treaty of 1850, which prohibited Britain or the United States from acquiring territory in Central America.

Platt Amendment

1901; Following its military occupation, the United States successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution. It limited Cuba's treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the United States could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit.

Elkins Act

1903; Law passed by Congress to impose penalties on railroads that offered rebates and customers who accepted them. The law strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Hepburn Act of 1906 added free passes to the list of railroad no-no's.

Lochner v. New York

1905; A setback for labor reformers, the Supreme Court decision invalidated a state law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers. It held that the "right to free contact" was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906; A law passed by Congress to inspect and regulate the labeling of all foods and pharmaceuticals intended for human consumption. This legislation, and additional provisions passed in 1911 to strengthen it, aimed particularly at the patent medicine industry. The more comprehensive Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1983 largely replaced this legislation.

Meat Inspection Act

1906; A law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection. The publication of Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle earlier that year so disgusted American consumers with its description of conditions in slaughterhouses and meatpacking plants that it mobilized public support for government action.

Muller v. Oregon

1908; A landmark Supreme Court case in which crusading attorney (and future Supreme Court justice) Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of limiting the hours of women workers. Coming on the heels of Lochner v. New York, it established a different standard for male and female workers.

Root-Takahira agreement

1908; Agreement by which the United States and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door in China. The agreement was credited with easing tensions between the two nations, but it also resulted in a weakened American influence over further Japanese hegemony in China.

Payne-Aldrich Bill

1909; While intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports. President Taft angered the progressive wing of his party when he declared it "the best bill that the Republican party has ever passed."

New Freedom

1912; Platform of reforms advocated by Woodrow Wilson in his first presidential campaign, including stronger antitrust legislation to protect small business enterprises from monopolies, banking reform, and tariff reductions. Wilson's strategy involved taking action to increase opportunities for capitalist competition rather than increasing government regulation of large trusts.

New Nationalism

1912; State-interventionist reform program devised by journalist Herbert Croly and advocated by Theodore Roosevelt during his Bull Moose presidential campaign. Roosevelt did not object to continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions. Rather, he sought to create stronger regulatory agencies to ensure that they operated to serve the public interest, not just private gain.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

1932 to 1944; Created New Deal reforms to combat Depression; Established Social Security; Assisted homeless & unemployed; Federal Deposit Insurance Company; Security & Exchange Commission; Civil Conservation Corp (CCC); Led US through WWII; Established United Nations; Led US from isolationism to internationalism; America became a superpower; Government permanently expanded its role in society; Focused attention & power in Oval Office

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

1933; A New Deal program designed to raise agricultural prices by paying farmers not to farm. it was based on the assumption that higher prices would increase farmers' purchasing power and thereby help alleviate the Great Depression.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

1933; A government program created by Congress to hire young unemployed men to improve the rural, out-of-doors environment with such work as planting trees, fighting fires, draining swamps, and maintaining national parks. The CCC proved to be an important foundation for the post-World War II environmental movement.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

1933; A law creating the federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured individual bank deposits and ended a century-long tradition of unstable banking that had reached a crisis in the Great Depression.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

1933; Known by its critics as the "National Run Around," the NRA was an early New Deal program designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed through centralized planning mechanisms that monitored workers' earnings and working hours to distribute work and established codes for "fair competition" to ensure that similar procedures were followed by all firms in any particular industrial sector.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

1933; One of the most revolutionary of the New Deal public works projects, the TVA brought cheap electric power, full employment, low-cost housing, and environmental improvements to Americans in the Tennessee Valley.

Hundred Days

1933; The first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, stretching from March 9 to June 16, 1933, when an unprecedented number of reform bills were passed by a Democratic Congress to launch the New Deal.

Social Security Act

1935; A flagship accomplishment of the New Deal, this law provided for unemployment and old-age insurance financed by a payroll tax on employers and employees. It has long remained a pillar of the "New Deal Order."

Wagner Act

1935; Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, this law protected the right of labor to organize in unions and bargain collectively with employers and established the National Labor Relations Board to monitor unfair labor practices on the part of employers. Its passage marked the culmination of decades from labor protest.

Court-packing plan

1937; Franklin Roosevelt's politically motivated and ill-fated scheme to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire. His objective was to overcome the Court's objections to New Deal reforms.

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938; Important New Deal labor legislation that regulated minimum wages and maximum hours for workers involved in interstate commerce. The law also outlawed labor by children under sixteen. The exclusion of agricultural, service, and domestic workers meant that many blacks, Mexican Americans, and women - who were concentrated in these sectors - did not benefit from the act's protection.

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

1941-1947; A critically important wartime agency charged with regulating the consumer economy by rationing scarce supplies, such as automobiles, ties, nylon, fuel, and sugar, and by curbing inflation by settling ceilings on the price of goods. Rents were controlled as well as in parts of the country overwhelmed by war workers. The OPA was extended after WWII ended to continue the fight against inflation.

ABC-1 Agreement

1941; An agreement between Britain and the United States developed at a conference in Washington DC between January 29 and March 27, 1941, that should the United States enter WWII, the two nations and their allies would coordinate their military planning, making a priority of protecting the British Commonwealth. That would mean "getting Germany first" in the Atlantic and European theater and fighting more defensively on other military fronts.

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

1941; Threatened with a massive "Negro March on Washington" to demand equal opportunities in war jobs and in the military, FDR's administration issues an executive order forbidding racial discrimination in all defense plants operating under contract with the federal government. The FEPC was intended to monitor compliance with the executive order.

Battle of Midway

1942; A pivotal naval battle fought near the island of Midway on June 3-6. The victory halted Japanese advances in the Pacific.

Manhattan Project

1942; Code name for the American commission to develop the atomic bomb. The first experimental bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in the desert of New Mexico. Atomic bombs were then dropped on two cities in Japan in hopes of brining the war to an end: Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.

Bracero program

1942; Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. The program persisted until 1964, by which time it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings.

Smith-Connelly Anti-Strike Act

1943; Passed amidst worries about the effects that labor strikes would have on war production, this law allowed the federal government to seize and operate plants threatened by labor disputes. It also criminalized strike action against government-run companies.

D-Day

1944; A massive military operation led by American forces in Normandy beginning on June 6, 1944. The pivotal battle led to the liberation of France and brought on the final phases of WWII in Europe.

Potsdam conference

1945; From July 17 to August 2, President Harry S. Truman met with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and British leaders Winston Churchill and later Clement Attlee (when the Labour party defeated Churchill's Conservative party) near Berlin to deliver an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed.

Seward's Folly

1967; Popular term for Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia. The derisive term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War.

House of Burgesses

1st form of representative government, made of wealthy land owners -- est in Virginia

The Great Migration (not after WWI!)

20,000 refugees to Massachusetts and 48,000 to West Indies

Arthur

21st President 1881-1885 Republican Pendleton Act.

Willian McKinley

25th President; Responsible for the American-Spanish war.

Herbert C. Hoover

31st President who was a Quaker humanitarian, head of the Food Administration, and who helped forge a war economy by "voluntary conservation" with patriotism

Loyalists for British cause characteristics

50,000 - Spies - Asked Indians to ally with BR - Often kept Patriot soldiers at home so they could protect their family from Loyalist reprisals

British fleet in July 1776

500 ships, 15,000 men - largest fleet until Civil War

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severely against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Robert F. Wagner

A Democratic senator from New York State from 1927-1949, he was responsible for the passage of some of the most important legislation enacted through the New Deal. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 was popularly known as the Wagner Act in honor of the senator. He also played a major role in the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937.

William T. Johnson

A Free mulatto slave owner in New Orleans. This illustrates the power gained by some freed slaves in the South.

Carl Schurz

A German immigrant that arrived in 1860. He was a politician and journalist that fought against slavery and for good treatment of Native Americans.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

A New Deal-era labor organization that broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in order to organize unskilled industrial workers regardless of their particular economic sector or craft. The CIO gave a great boost to labor organizing in the midst of the Great Depression and during World War II. In 1955, the CIO merged with the AFL.

Harry L. Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

Fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science. It was especially strong in the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ, first organized in 1906.

Winslow Homer

A Realist painter known for his seascapes of New England.

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Schenck v. United States

A Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts, reasoning that freedom of speech could be curtailed when it posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation.

War Refugee Board

A U.S. agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-occupied territories and to provide relief to inmates of Nazi concentration camps. The agency performed noble work, but it did not begin operations until very late in the war, after millions had already been murdered.

Federal Trade Commission Act

A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods.

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States.

McCarthyism

A brand of vitriolic, fear-mongering anti-communism associated with the career of Senator Joseph McCarthy. In the early 1950s, Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. The term named after him refers to the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anticommunist paranoia.

American plan

A business-oriented approach to worker relations popular among firms in the 1920s to defeat unionization. Managers sought to strengthen their communication with workers and to offer benefits like pensions and insurance. They insisted on an "open shop" in contrast to the mandatory union membership through the "closed shop" that many labor activists had demanded in the strike after World War I.

Union party

A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats.

Liberia

A colony of freed African-American slaves who were returned to Africa. About 15,000 originally populated this country on the West Coast of Africa.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

A comprehensive bill passed to protect domestic production from foreign competitors. As a direct result, many European nations were spurred to increase their own trade barriers.

"Lost Generation"

A creative circle of expatriate American artists and writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein, who found shelter and inspiration in post-World War I Europe.

pragmatism

A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. The followers thus embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge. Among the most well-known purveyors of this theory were John Dewey, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and William James.

Al Capone

A famous Chicago gangster who made a fortune ($60 million in one year) off of bootlegging, and "murdered" his way to the top of the crime network, buying off public officials, the police, and judges. He was not convicted of any wrongdoing, however, until a judge in a federal court convicted him of income-tax evasion and sent him to jail in 1931.

McNary-Haugen Bill

A farm-relief bill that was championed throughout the 1920s and aimed to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad. Congress twice passed the bill, but President Calvin Coolidge vetoed it in 1927 and 1928.

Volstead Act

A federal act enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

Frederick Douglass

A former slave, and son to a plantation owner, Douglass became a leader in the abolitionist cause after he was "discovered" in 1841. He was a radical speaker who employed all legal means to fight for emancipation, even going so far as to burn a copy of the Constitution publicly.

Benjamin Wade

A founder of the Republican party and senator from Ohio from 1851 to 1869. A passionate abolitionist, he pressured President Lincoln throughout the Civil War to pursue harsher policies toward the South. He co-sponsored the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864, which required 50 percent of the registered voters of a southern state to take a loyalty oath as a precondition for reentry into the Union, rather than the 10 percent proposed by Lincoln. As President Pro Tempore of the Senate in 1868, he was next in line for the presidency should Andrew Johnson be impeached, and the prospect that someone of such radical views might become president may have contributed to the failure of the effort to impeach Johnson.

George B. McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

A government lending agency established under the Hoover administration in order to assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments. It was a precursor to later agencies that grew out of the New Deal and symbolized a recognition by the Republicans that some federal action was required to address the Great Depression.

Committee on Public Information

A government office during World War I known popularity as the Creel Committee for its Chairman George Creel, it was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort. It regularly distributed pro-war propaganda and sent out an army of "four-minute men" to rally crowds and deliver "patriotic pep."

Boston Associates

A group of Boston businessmen who built the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham, Massachusetts, they opened a factory run by Lowell. Their factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it rather than make it themselves.

George Creel

A journalists who was the head of the Committee of Public Information. He helped the anti-German movement as well as inspired patriotism in America during the war.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

A landmark Supreme Court decision reversing the ruling in Muller v. Oregon, which had declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace.

Espionage Act

A law prohibiting interference with the draft and other acts of national "disloyalty." Together with the Sedition Act of 1918, which added penalties for abusing the government in writing, it created a climate that was unfriendly to civil liberties

Grandfather Clause

A law to discriminate against blacks (If your grandfather couldn't vote you can't either.)

Mary McLeod Bethune

A leader in the struggle for women's and black equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran the New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

Sojourner Truth

A renowned speaker, she was a freed slave who advocated for women's rights as well as slavery.

Francis E. Townsend

A retired physician who proposed an Old Age Revolving Pension Plan to give every retiree over age 60 $200 per month (using money from a 2% federal sales tax), provided that the person spend the money each month in order to receive their next payment; the object of Towsend's plan was to help retired workers as well as stimulate spending in order to boost production and end the Depression.

yellow journalism

A scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged in New York during the Gilded Age out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. The expression has remained a pejorative term referring to sensationalist journalism practiced with unethical, unprofessional standards.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A sentimental triumph of the 1920s peace movement, this 1928 pact linked sixty-two nations in the supposed "outlawry of war."

New Hampshire

Acquired by MA Bay Colony in 1641, separated & made royal in 1679

J.P. Morgan

American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation; purchased Carnegie Steel and created U.S. Steel.

Nine-Power Treaty

Agreement coming out of the Washington "Disarmament" Conference of 1921-1922 that pledged Britain, France, Italy, Japan, the United States, China, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium to abide by the Open Door Policy in China. The Five-Power Naval Treaty on ship ratios and the Four-Power Treaty to preserve the status quo in the Pacific also came out of the conference.

containment doctrine

America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on the ideas of George Kennan; it declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure and, as a result, guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War.

davy crockett, jim bowie

American Pioneer Frontiersmen who died defending the Alamo and whose sacrificial defense helped buy time for Sam Houston to organize an army to repulse Santa Anna's march into Texas

Supporters of the Whigs

American System, Southern states' rights, northern merchants/industrialists, and Evangelical Protestants

Daniel Burnham

American architect and planner who helped bring French Baron Haussman's City Beautiful movement to the United States

clipper ships

American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers.

Josiah Strong

American clergyman who preached Anglo-Saxon superiority and called for a stronger US missionary effort overseas in his book "Our Country"

Why didn't Americans want representation in Parliament?

American representatives would have been overwhelmingly outvoted

John Hay

American secretary of state who attempted to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China

Henry James

American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw."

Distrust in the colonies in regards to the 2nd Continental Congress

Americans in other sections, who were jealous, were already beginning to distrust the large New England army being collected around Boston

Pearl Harbor

An American naval base in Hawaii where Japanese warplanes destroyed numerous ships and caused 3,000 casualties on December 7, 1941—a day that, in President Roosevelt's words, was to "live in infamy." The attack brought the United States into World War II.

Dawes Plan

An arrangement negotiated in 1924 to reschedule German reparations payments. It stabilized the German currency and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany.

Tampico Incident

An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the US and Mexico.

Keynesianism

An economic theory based on the thoughts of British economist John Maynard Keynes, holding that central banks should adjust interest rates and governments should use deficit spending and tax policies to increase purchasing power and hence prosperity.

John T. Scopes

An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist. The trial placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America.

Ku Klux Klan

An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti foreign, anti black, anti Jewish, anti pacifist, anti Communist, anti internationalist, anti evolutionist, and anti bootlegger, but pro Anglo-Saxon and pro Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all southern blacks.

Treaty of Grenville

August 1795 - Confederacy gave up Old Northwest - Received $20k with $9k annually by Americans - Right to hunt lands - Recognition of status

William Faulkner

Author of A Rose for Emily, Barn Burning, Sound of Fury

Harvey

Author of the popular pro-silver pamphlet "Coin's Financial School"

Force Bill

Authorized the president to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect federal tariff duties

Why did most North American tribes not achieve high levels of development?

Because of the lack of resource and minimally shared knowledge. Europeans and Asians collaborated to bring together knowledge as to advance both of their technology. The Natives only had a success or fail system and adapted by oral tradition. Also, they were vulnerable to disease and could easily die from it.

Why was nonimportation weakening in 1773

Because the legal BR tea was cheaper than smuggled tea from other countries

Alabama

British built confederate warship that raided the union shipping during the Civil War one of many built by British for confederacy despite union protest

Keynes

British economist whose theories helped justify New Deal deficit spending

George Canning

British foreign secretary that approached the American minister in an "alliance to issue a new foreign policy involving the Americas"

Whiskey Rebellion

By the Whiskey Boys in SW PN 1794 - Countrymen challenged national government - High excise tax was a burden on economic necessity - Made whiskey poles - like liberty poles - Tarred and feathered revenue officers - brought collections to a halt

Constitution making in the states - what did Congress call for?

Called for colonies to rewrite their Constitutions - not everybody did it

Paine's ideas

Called for not only independence but also the creation of a new kind of political system called republicanism

Women and Economics

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's book urging women to enter the work force and advocating cooperative kitchens and child-care centers

Royal order of Rhode Island

Charter gave kingly sanction to Rhode Island

Revolutions in Latin America

Cheered by Americans because they too are rebelling against Kings & imitating America's Revolution - Caused Spain's Florida troops to leave and defend

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles

The three Native tribes that remained were the...

Cherokees, Creeks, and Iroquois

One of the important factors that first stimulated European interest in trade and discovery was the...

Christian crusaders who brought back a taste for the skills and spices of Asia

Puritans achieved to make better __________ rather than ________

Christians ; citizens

Detroit

City of Straits

market revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

Central Powers

Germany and Austria Hungary, later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria made up this alliance against the Allies in World War I

Albert Einstein

German-born physicist who helped persuade Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb

The two largest non-English white ethnic groups in the colonies were the

Germans and the Scots-Irish

Martin Delany

Delany was one of few black leaders who advocated for colonization, and even went so far as to scout the West Coast of Africa for a suitable plot of land in 1859.

John W. Davis

Democratic convention nominee in 1924 against Coolidge. He was a wealthy lawyer connected with J.P. Morgan and Company. Coolidge easily defeated him.

baby boom

Demographic explosion from births to returning soldiers and others who had put off starting families during the war. This large generation of new Americans forced the expansion of many institutions such as schools and universities.

scalawags

Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War.

Sheppard Towner Maternity Act

Designed to appeal to new women voters, this act provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care and expanded the role of government in family welfare.

Fredrick Law Olmsted

Designer of New York City's Central Park, who wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature. One of his projects, the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, gave a rise to the influential "City Beautiful" movement.

Personal Liberty Laws

Did not allow use of local jails for housing fugitive slaves

Rhode Island in the ratification of the Constitution

Didn't even call a convention and rejected it popularly

End of the Whigs

Disorganization because of the FSL and other sectional issues. They contributed to upholding the Union and providing valuable statesmen

Napoleon III

Dispatched a French army to occupy Mexico City he then installed on the ruins of the crushed republic. Ignored the monroe doctrine

Patronage

Distributing jobs by the bucketful in return for votes, kickbacks, and party service.

Peter Stuyvesant

Dutch military leader that took down the newly-planted New Sweden on Delaware River

Jacobus Arminus

Dutch theologian who rejected predestination and preached that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God's grace and was thus open to all, not just the elect.

Cahokia

East St. Louis Mound Builder people built intricate society housing 25,000 people

North advantages

Economy Factories Controlled sea/naval power Larger manpower/more immigrants more mineral deposits

Greely

Editor of the NY tribune selected to run for president by liberal Republicans in 1872 against Grant

Civil Law

Elaborate lengthy legal codes

Spanish control in America

Eliminated in Florida but still held much of West North America

Lease

Eloquent Kansas Populist who urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell"

Lord Sheffield

Englishman who declared that Britain shouldn't have to try to get America to trade with them; commerce would follow old channels naturally

Byrd family

Enjoyed a library of 4,000 volumes of books

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War

Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs. Largely under the control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation.

War Production Board (WPB)

Established in 1942 by executive order to direct all war production, including procuring and allocating raw materials, to maximize the nation's war machine. The WPB had sweeping powers over the US economy and was abolished in November 1945 soon after Japan's defeat.

Confiscation of estates

Estates of Loyalists confiscated and sold for financing the war

Border States

Five slave states-Missouri Kentucky Maryland Delaware and West Virginia - that did not succeed Missouri Kentucky Maryland Delaware and West Virginia - that did not secede during the Civil War to keep the states in the union Lincoln insisted that war was not about forcing slavery but protecting the union

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

Fixed Southern Alaskan limits at 54° 40'

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Alliance with America and France

February 6, 1778 - Not like Model Treaty - Offered full support until full independence and both agreed on common terms on the enemy - Made the Revolution a World War

Patroonships

Feudal estates that were needed to settle 50 people on them

Panic of 1873

Financial crisis caused by excessive lending by banks to businesses that did not turn a profit, caused a world wide economic collapse.

Korean War

First "hot war" of the Cold War. It began when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea and UN forces, dominated by the United States, launched a counteroffensive. The war ended in stalemate in 1953.

Elizabeth blackwell

First female physician Who helped organize sanitary commission to assist Union armies in the field

Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction)

First major battle of the Civil War and a victory for the South, it dispelled Northern illusions of swift victory.

George Catlin

First painted portraits of American Indian Life. First person to envision the idea of a national park

At this point, explain why Buchanan couldn't have prevented the Civil War

Force on SC would make war occur earlier under less favorable conditions, would make the North seem aggressive, and make the Border States go to the South

Ickles

Former Bull Moose Progressive who spent billions of dollars on public building projects while carefully guarding against waste

Weaver

Former Civil War general and Granger who ran as the Greenback Labor party candidate for president in 1880

Hiram W. Johnson

Fought for railroad regulation in California; helped to break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics in 1910

Results of the Townshend Acts on tea

Found they could secure tea at a cheap price by *smuggling* — usually drank 2 brews a day

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded by abolitionists in 1833, as the movement gains momentum.

The Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians

Founded in 1787 - missionaries to Indian villages

Results of the Ostend Manifesto

Free soilers condemned it, led to Civil War by South attempting to gain more slave states

Who could vote in the Bay Colony?

Freemen

Huguenots

French protestants

Plains of Abraham

French were defeated and had to give up Montreal and Quebec

Michel-Guillaume de Crèvecoeur

Frenchman that reported that America was a "strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country"

Nickname for Hessians and why

From German state of Hesse. Hessian flies - worried more about money than serving — many remained in America and became citizens

Thaddeus Stevens

From Pennsylvania; leader of the House in the joint committee; abolitionist

Clermont

Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took the this boat 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany.

"Whom can we trust now"

George Washington in regards to Arnold being a traitor

Watson

Georgia politician and leader of the Populist Party; assisted poor Georgians and farmers

Kristallnacht

German for "night of broken glass," it refers to the murderous pogrom that destroyed Jewish businesses and synagogues and sent thousands to concentration camps on the night of November 9, 1938. Thousands more attempted to find refuge in the United States, but were ultimately turned away due to restrictive immigration laws.

Zimmermann note

German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman had secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance against the United States. When the note was intercepted and published in March 1917, it caused an uproar that made some Americans more willing to enter the war.

Hessians and results

German mercenaries fighting for England in favor of George III and hired by him - Upset colonists by bringing mercenaries into a quarrel

Peace Treaty of 1748

Handed Louisbourg back to French

One way that the British combatted Pontiac's Rebellion

Handed out blankets with smallpox

James

Harvard philosopher and one of the leading anti-imperialists opposing U.S. acquisition of the Philippines

August 1775 Declaration of George III

He declared the colonies in open rebellion

Albert B. Fall

He was Secretery of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anticonservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Gould

Head of the Union Pacific Railroad, made millions of dollars by embezzling stocks from several railroad companies with Fisk

War Industries Board

Headed by Bernard Baruch, this federal agency coordinated industrial production during World War I, setting production quotas, allocating raw materials, and pushing companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Under the economic mobilization of the War Industries Board, industrial production in the United States increased 20 percent during the war.

Henry the Navigator

Henry sent many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast, but did not go on them himself

Nuremberg war crimes trial

Highly publicized proceedings against former Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity in postwar Germany. The trials led to several executions and long prison sentences.

The Impending Crisis of the South

Hinton R. Helper - Nonaristocratic white from the North who hated slavery and blacks - Attempted to give statistics about nonslaveholders suffering the most from slavery

ecological imperialism

Historians' term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.

Why was Jackson justified in invading Florida?

Hostile Seminole Indians and fugitive slaves were using FL a refuge

War aims of the South

Independence, states rights, Gov't power, low tariffs, slavery/southern way of life

Result of the Treaty of Wanghia

Inspired mission to Japan

Coercive Acts

Intolerable Acts - Port Act - Massachusetts Governor Act - Restrictions on town meetings, power to royal ruler - Administration of Justice Act - no self-government in MA and sent rebels to Britain for trial - Enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty could be sent to Britain for trial - New Quartering Act gave local authorities the power to lodge British soldiers anywhere

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Investigatory body established in 1938 to root out "subversion." Sought to expose communist influence in American government and society, in particular through the trial of Alger Hiss.

Tehran

Iranian capital where Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met to plan D-Day in coordination with Russian strategy against Hitler and the East

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

Iron tycoon from Ohio who helped to elect McKinley with his strong endorsement, "I love McKinley". Served as kingmaker and campaign manager, trying to make the focus of the election the tariff.

How was America useful to France by being neutral?

It supplied the French West Indies needed foodstuffs. If they were in war, Britain would have blockaded the Yankees off

GI Bill

Known officially as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act and more informally as the GI Bill of Rights, this law helped returning World War II soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by securing loans to buy homes and farms and set up small businesses. It also made tuition and stipends available for them to attend college, as well as job training programs. The act was intended to cushion the blow of 15 million returning servicemen on the employment market and to nurture the postwar economy.

Works Project Administration

Large federal employment program, established in 1935 under Harry Hopkins that provided jobs in areas from road building to art

Wendell L. Willkie

Lawyer in the United States and was the dark horse Republican Party nominee for the 1940 presidential election. Liberal who was against domestic policies of the New Deal. He thought were inefficient and anti-business.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of Filipino insurgents who aided Americans in defeating Spain and taking Manila

Oliver O. Howard

Leader of Freedman's Bureau, Boden's College, Christian general, from Maine, founder of Howard University

Jacob S. Coxey

Leader of a group of unemployed workers who petitioned Washington DC.

Geronimo

Leader of the Apaches of Arizona in their warfare with the whites

Chief Joseph

Leader of the Nez Percé tribe who conducted a brilliant but unsuccessful military campaign in 1877; his tribe was fooled and forced into Kansas

irreconcilables

Led by Senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, this was a hard-core group of militant isolationists who opposed the Wilsonian dream of international cooperation in the League of Nations after World War I. Their efforts played an important part in preventing American participation in the international organization.

Employment Act of 1946

Legislation declaring that the government's economic policy should aim to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power, as well as to keep inflation low. A general commitment that was much shorter on specific targets and rules than its liberal creators had wished. The Act created the Council of Economic Advisers to provide the president with data and recommendations to make economic policy.

Marshall Plan

Massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power. The pan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in 1947.

Yalta conference

Meeting of Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin in February 1945 at an old tsarist resort on the Black Sea, where the Big Three leaders laid the foundations for the postwar division of power in Europe, including a divided Germany and territorial concessions to the Soviet Union.

Liberal Protestants

Members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1875 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe that the Bible represented scientific or historical truth. Many became active in the "social gospel" and other reform movements of the era.

Why did Alexander Hamilton believe national debt was a blessing?

More creditors the government owed money to meant more people with a personal stake in enterprise

Dey of Algiers

North African pirates - Destroyed commerce and enslaved Yankees - Yankees came and forged British papers to pretend they were Britain

settlement houses

Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, settlement houses in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States. Many women, both native-born and immigrant, developed lifelong passions for social activism in the settlement houses. Jane Addams' Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York City were two of the most prominent.

dollar diplomacy

Name applied by President Taft's critics to the policy of supporting US investments and political interests abroad. First applied to the financing of railways in China after 1909, the policy then spread to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua. President Woodrow Wilson disavowed the practice, but his administration undertook comparable acts of intervention in support of US business interests, especially in Latin America.

National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 (NSC-68)

National Security Council recommended to quadruple defense spending and rapidly expand peacetime armed forces to address Cold War tensions. It reflected a new militarization of American foreign policy, but the huge costs of rearmament were not expected to interfere with what seemed like the limitless possibility of postwar prosperity.

Result of the election of 1832

National nominating conventions and formal platforms, and aristocratic advantages didn't matter anymore

code talkers

Native American men who served in the military by transmitting radio messages in their native languages, which were undecipherable by German and Japanese spies.

American Protective Association

Nativit organization that attacked New Immigrants and Roman Catholicism in the 1880's and 1890's

Result of having a federation instead of a *con*federation

Needed to recast local government free to control all domestic affairs

Security and Exchange Commission

New Deal agency established to provide a public watchdog against deception and fraud in stock trading

The triangular trade involved the sale of rum, molasses, and slaves among the ports of

New England, Africa, and the West Indies

Blue Light Federalists

New Englanders who flashed lanterns on the shore so blockading British would be alerted of escape

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

New York City disaster that underscored urban workers' need for government protection

First two North American English colonies:

Newfoundland and North Carolina

"Not worth a Continental"

No metal money left and no taxation "allowed," so the Continental Congress made paper money and was worthless

Before Columbus arrived, the only Europeans known to have visited North America, temporarily, were the

Norse

Populists

Officially known as the People's party, the Populists represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that US economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalization of the railroads, a graduated income tax, and, most significantly, the unlimited coinage of silver.

Executive Order 9981

Order issued by President Truman to desegregate the armed forces. The president's action resulted from a combination of pressure from civil rights advocates, election-year political calculations, and the new geographical context of the Cold War.

American Liberty League

Organization of wealthy Republicans and conservative Democrats whose attacks on the New Deal caused Roosevelt to denounce them as "economic royalists" in the campaign of 1936

Mason-Dixon Line

Originally the southern border of Pennsylvania, this term describes the north/south divide of slavery in the states. This line was erased, however, in the early abolitionist reform when most movements were in the South.

writ of habeas corpus

Petition requiring officers to present detained individual's before the court to examine the gallery of arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action

Gag Resolution

Passed by Congress in 1836 as a result of Southern protest, this resolution silenced antislavery appeals without debate. It was later repealed.

Wade-Davis Bill

Passed by congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's "10 percent" Reconstruction plan, it required that 50 percent of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the president, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South.

criminal syndicalism laws

Passed by many states during the red scare, these nefarious laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change. Stump speakers for the International Workers of the World, or IWW, were special targets.

carpetbaggers

Pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.

German settlement in the colonies was especially heavy in

Pennsylvania

Popular sovereignty

People in the territory should determine the status of slavery

Lecompton Constitution

People were "allowed" to vote for or against the constitution in Kansas with slavery or without slavery

racketeers

People who obtain money illegally by fraud, bootlegging, gambling, or threats of violence. Racketeers invaded the ranks of labor during the 1920s, a decade when gambling and gangsterism were prevalent in American life.

Meiji Restoration

Period began by the Kanagawa Treaty of restoration in Japan

Fair Deal

President Truman's extensive social program introduced in his 1949 message to Congress. Republicans and southern Democrats kept much of his vision from being enacted, except for raising the minimum wage, providing for more public housing, and extending old-age insurance to many more beneficiaries under the Social Security Act.

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's universal pledge of support for any people fighting any communist or communist-inspired threat. Truman presented the doctrine to Congress in 1947 in support of his request for $400 million to defend Greece and Turkey against Soviet-backed insurgencies.

Difference between powers of war in the president and Congress

President could wage war, but Congress could declare war

Nicholas Biddle

President of the BUS

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Robert M. "Fighting Bob" La Follette

Progressive Republican Governor of Wisconsin; wrested control from the corporations and gave it back to the people

Sinclair

Progressive novelist who sought to aid industrial workers, but found his book, The Jungle, instead inspiring middle-class consumer protection

Benedict

Prominent 1930s social scientist who argued that each culture produced its own type of personality

Clement L. Vallandigham

Prominent Copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the Confederacy

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American born into slavery who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. Head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. Wrote a book called "Up From Slavery."

Clay's speech

Proposed a series of compromises, North should yield by allowing feasible slave law, seconded by Stephen Douglas

Border ruffians

Proslaveryites who came from MO to vote for KS to become a slave state

Debs

Railway union leader who converted to socialism while serving jail time during the Pullman strike

Sugar Act of 1764

Raised tax revenue in colonies and increased duty on foreign sugar imported from West Indies and made by *George Grenville*

Fourteenth Amendment

Ratified in 1868; Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process.

Fifteenth Amendment

Ratified in 1870; Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists, who wanted the amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage.

Naturalization Law of 1802

Reduced citizen residency requirement from 14 to 5 years

Tariff of 1857

Reduced duties to 20% on dutiable goods - Northern industrialists desired increased protection, surplus drained in Treasury (higher duties)

Florence Kelley

Reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers

West Virginia (WV)

Region that broke away from Virginia to form it's on state after Virginia ceded from the union. (Joined union in 1863) Most residents were independent farmers and miners who did not own slaves and opposed confederate cause

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Religious freedom in Virginia - Established by Thomas Jefferson

Quartering Act of 1765

Required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops

Other name for French and Indian War

Seven Years War

Musters

Several days of drilling with some amusement in

Treaty of Versailles

Signed in France's famed palace after six months of tough negotiations, it established the terms of settlement of the First World War between Germany and Allied and Associated Powers. Article 231, soon dubbed "the war guilt clause," blamed the war on Germany as justification for forcing German disarmament and saddling Germany with heavy reparations payment to the Allied victors. Germans detested the treaty as too harsh, the French feared it was too weak to prevent future aggression, and the US Senate rejected it, largely because it obliged the United States to join the League of Nations.

Slave Trade Compromise

Slave trade can continue slave trade until the end of 1807 - Meant slaves increase more by procreation

Friction between Mexico and Texas

Slavery emancipated and prevented further importation and colonization — Texans disagreed

Democratic (Baltimore) convention 1860

Try #2 - Southerners walked out again - Voted for Douglas - popular sovereignty and against destruction of the FSL

Levittown

Suburban communities with mass-produced tract houses built in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and Sons. Typically inhabited by white middle-class people who fled the cities in search of homes to buy for their growing families.

Battle of Long Island

Summer/Fall of 1776 - Washington escaped to Manhattan island b/c of wind/fog - Escaped northward and crossed Hudson River to NJ - Reached Delaware River with British close - Rebel remnants fled across the river after collecting all available boats to forestall pursuit - General William Howe didn't crush them because he was focused on his wife

London government's reaction after the Townshend Acts

Suspended New York legislature after passing the Townshend Acts for failure to comply with the Quartering Act

Pragmatism

The American philosophical theory, especially advanced by William James, that the test of the truth of an idea was its practical consequences

Why didn't the Jeffersonians like Jay's Treaty

They would have to pay their debts

Caroline

This US ship was attacked on the Niagara River by Britain in 1837 because it carried supplies meant for rebels in Canada. It brought about more serious tension than the travel magazines and "word wars" at the time.

Creole

This US ship was captured by Virginia slaves who were later given refuge by Britain in 1841 to the Bahamas. This also heightened tensions in the US - especially with the slave south.

Agricultural Marketing Act

This act established the Federal Farm Board, a lending bureau for hard-pressed farmers. The act also aimed to help farmers help themselves through new producers' cooperatives. As the depression worsened in 1930, the Board tried to bolster falling prices by buying up surpluses, but it was unable to cope with the flood of farm produce to market.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

This act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without Senate approval. Its chief architect was Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade.

Wilmot Proviso

This famous proposal, by congressmen David Wilmot, declared that slavery should never enter the territory that would be acquired from Mexico after the War; never passsed; defined the slavery issue at the time and was hotly debated and referenced until the Civil War.

Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act

This law banned "yellow-dog," or antiunion, work contracts and forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions to quash strikes and boycotts. It was an early piece of labor-friendly federal legislation.

Adamson Act

This law established an eight-hour day for all employees on trains involved in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime. It was the first federal law regulating the hours of workers in private companies, and was upheld by the Supreme Court Wilson v. New (1917).

sewing machine

This machine was invented in 1846 by Elias Howe and Isaac Singer and made sewing clothes faster and easier.

Randolph Bourne

This man was a "cultural pluralist" along with Horace Kallen. He opposed the idea of immigration restriction. He, in fact, believed in cosmopolitan interchange which was destined to make America "not a nationality but a trans-nationality." In this view the U.S. should serve as the vanguard of a more international and multicultural age. (pgs. 724-725)

Walker Tariff

This tariff reduced the protective rates of the Tariff of 1842 to please the southerners, and anger the Clayites. Signed by James Polk in 1846, this tariff proved to be very successful for producing revenue.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

This treaty, created with the help of secretary of state Nicholas P. Trist, secured all of Texas and California for $15 million in 1848. This was received with varied opposition from land-hungry southerners and antislavery Whigs. This was after the Mexican-American war.

Stephen W. Kearny

This war general from the Mexican-American war is famous for taking Santa Fe with his 1700 troops in 1846.

Manifest Destiny

This was a popular and nationalistic idea that promoted the idea of "empire" along with "liberty" and was employed by many southern expansionists before the Civil War.

Purpose of the American Navy (mainly privateers) at this point

To destroy British merchant shipping and carry war around the British Isles

Joseph ("Fighting Joe") Hooker (1814-1879)

Union army general, known as his nickname for his bold attacks on Confederate lines during McClellan's peninsular campaign. He took command of the Army of the Potomac from A.E. Burnside in 1863, a post he lost just six months later after he led a failed attack on Lee's forces at Chancellorsville.

George G. Meade

Union general who replaced Hooker three days before the Battle of Gettysburg, where he finally broke the Confederate attack.

Berlin airlift

Year-long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut in the first major crisis of the Cold War.

Bartolome de las Casas (definition)

a Spanish missionary that called the encomienda system a moral pestilence invented by Satan. He then wrote a book about it

Unitarianism

a nontrinitarian Christian religion that believes that God only exists in one person. They also believe that God is a loving father and not a stern creator and that all people will go to Heaven.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

Perhaps the most enduring result of France's years of colonial rule in North America was

a permanent French-Canadian minority in Quebec in Canada

Robert Owen

a wealthy and idealistic Scottish textile manufacturer who was also a member of New Harmony Utopian Society

Louis May Alcott

a woman writer who wrote "Little Women" and other books based on her mother and sisters. She got many ideas from her philosophical father Branson Alcott

Walt Whitman

a writer who authored a famous collection of poems known as "Leaves of Grass". He wrote with much romance, emotion, and truthfulness

Nathaniel Hawthorne

a writer who is best known for "The Scarlet Letter"; had a tragic childhood when his father died on a sea voyage

Francis Parkman

a writer whose eyes were so defective that he had to write with the aid of a guiding machine. He wrote epic chronicles about the struggle between France and Britian in colonial times for the control of North America

Canadian shield

a zone ungirded by ancient rock, probably the first part of what became the North American landmass to have emerged above sea level

If the charter was accepted (allegedly), it would... If the charter was vetoed (allegedly), it would...

alienate Western followers cause lost support from the East

Encomienda

allowed the government to give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them

The expansion of New France occurred especially

along the paths of North America's interior lakes and rivers

Royal order of Bay Colony

charter removed

The most honored profession in colonial America was the

clergyman

The most intolerable of the Intolerable Acts that the British imposed as punishment for the Boston Tea Party were

closing the port of Boston and the Quartering Act lodging British soldiers in private homes.

An unfortunate group of involuntary immigrants who ranked even below indentured servants on the American social scale were

convicts and paupers

The primary staples of Indian agriculture before the European arrival were...

corn, beans, and squash

Glidden

created the barb wire

In 1836, Texans...

declared independence

French in America

demanded repayment of money loaned

William Pitt's assumption of control of British government and strategy

ended a string of defeats and turned the French and Indian War in Britain's favor

Millerites

followers of William Miller and the belief in the Second Coming of Christ

Among the most important American Indian products or discoveries to spread to the Old World were...

foodstuffs such as corn, beans, and tomatoes

Oppenheimer

former scientific director of the Manhattan Project who joined Albert Einstein in opposing development of the hydrogen bomb

Wallace

former vice president of the United States whose 1948 campaign as a pro-Soviet liberal split the Democratic Party

The most important action the First Continental Congress took to protest the Intolerable Acts was

forming the Association to impose a complete boycott of all British goods.

In the Revolutionary War, African Americans

fought in both the American patriot and British loyalist military forces

The number of Indians in North America at the time Columbus arrived was approximately

four million

What type of people weren't able to marry or get land?

freemen

Those people accused of being witches in Salem were generally

from families associated with Salem's burgeoning market economy

Economy of Plymouth

fur, fish, and lumber

Headright system

get land if you paid for someone's journey to the colony

One of the ways in which mercantilism harmed the colonial economy was by

inhibiting the development of banking and paper currency in the colonies.

Renaissance

inspired adventure and discovery

Barbados Slave Code of 1661

inspired future slave codes when brought to North Carolina in 1670

Colonial Americans were unhappy about the peace treaty of 1748 following the War of Jenkin's Ear because

it returned the Louisbourg fortress they had captured back to France

The Anglican Church suffered in colonial America because of

its poorly qualified clergy and close ties with British authority

Granger Laws

laws that pushed for public control of private business for general welfare

Resumption Act of 1875

lowered the amount of greenbacks and redeemed paper was decreased

Calvinism

major theological credo of New England Puritans - Signs of conversion - sanctified lives after conversion

Mormons

members of the Church of Latter Day Saints created by Joseph Smith and led later by Brigham Young

Grand Army of the Republic

military veteran group that supported Republicans

A.E. Burnside

more than 10,000 Northern soldiers were killed when this man, McClellan's successor as commander of the Army of the Potomac, decided on the frontal attack on Lee's Virginia army on December 13, 1862.

Samuel Gompers

most significant person in history of the American labor movement. Founded the American Federation of Labor and served as its first president for 40 years

Besides offering rest, refreshment, and entertainment, colonial taverns served an important function as centers of

news and political opinion

Dodge City, Abilene, Cheyenne

notable terminal points of the Long Drive

Matrilineal

power and possessions passed down the female side of the family line

social work

profession established by Addams and others that opened new doors for women while engaging in urban problems

Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne

prompted widespread Indian assaults on the weakly defended colonial frontier

Victoria Woodhull

radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870's

Seymour

ran against Grant in the election of 1868; wanted to keep more money in circulation to help south debtors

100th Meridian

ran through Dakotas to Texas separating two climatologically regions

Burned-Over District

refers to the region of upstate New York where the Second Great Awakening had swept through the area

Austrialian ballot

secret ballot

Greenback Labor Party

started as a result of the hard money Policies and contraction

Widening gap of social statuses was based on

the amount of slaves owned vs smaller farmers

The Congregational Church of the Puritans contributed to

the development of basic ideas of democracy as expressed in the New England town meeting

zachory taylor

the general who led the American troops as war broke out in 1846

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

the highest protective tariff in the peacetime history of the United States, passed as a result of good old fashioned horse trading. o the outside world, it smacked of ugly economic warfare

spot resolutions

the legislation introduced by Abraham Lincoln in 1846 to determine exactly where American blood had been spilled on American soil.

The primary reason for the spectacular growth of America's population in the eighteenth century was

the natural fertility of the population

Sally Hemmings

the now-proven "wife" of Thomas Jefferson

The primary cause of Bacon's Rebellion was

the poverty and discontent of many single young men unable to acquire land

interlocking directorate

the practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the board of directors of another company. J.P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s

Deism

the religion where believers relied on reason rather than revelation and on science rather than Bible

social gospel

the religious doctrines preached by those who believed that the churches should directly address economic and social problems

American colonists especially resented the Townshend Acts because

the revenues from the taxation would go to support British officials and judges in America

Primogeniture

the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, specifically during the 16th century of England

willamette valley

the river valley south of the Columbia that was the goal of many people who took the Oregon Trail in the 1840s

twisting the British lion's tail

the slang term for a politician in America in the mid-1800s making negative remarks about the British to his Irish audiences.

Nationalism

the spirit of nation consciousness or natural oneness

Three sister farming

the three main crops of various Native American groups in North America: winter squash, maize, and climbing beans

African diaspora

the vast scattering of African peoples throughout the New World

Emma Willard

the woman responsible for attaining respect for women's schools; also established the Troy Female Seminary in New York

Napoleon's exile to Elba by European adversaries hurt the US because

there was less protection from France

If colonial grievances made by the Continental Congress were not redressed

they would meet again in May 1775

Headright system and who got the benefits

those who paid for the passage of a laborer got 50 acres of land *land owners got benefits*

At the time of the American Revolution, the population of Britain was approximately _____ _____ than the population of the thirteen American colonies.

three times larger

Household manufacturing

women's role of spinning and weaving was rather profitable

How did the colonial assembly combat corrupt governors?

would hold the salary until yielded to their wishes

"Influence of Sea Power on History"

written by Mahan

"Our Country"

written by Strong

T.S. Eliot

wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic

"A Century of Dishonor" and "Ramona"

wrote by Jackson which resulted in increased sympathy for natives

Louis D. Brandeis

wrote the book Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use it. Further showed the problems of the American banking system. Wilson nominated him to the supreme court making him the first jew in that position.

H. L. Mencken

young author; published the monthly American Mercury; assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and the middle class Americans; dismissed the South and attacked the Puritans