RQ Section 9: Evolution Review Questions

Charles Darwin, Survival of the fittest, the organisms with the best adaptations live to reproduce and pass on their DNA/traits, Organisms without the best adaptations die, do not reproduce, their DNA/trait are lost, changes occur in populations, not individuals

Natural Selection

Changes in DNA can cause a change in the population traits; increases genetic variation/diversity

Mutation

The eggs that snakes lay for reproduction fare better in wetter soils than what the forest develops. How will the reproductive success be affected? What does this mean for the population of snakes? Which snakes will survive?

The eggs that can survive in drier soils will survive and an adaptation will occur. The population of snakes will decrease at first and eventually even off as equilibrium occurs. The snakes who eggs can survive in a drier soil will survive.

What is punctuated equilibrium?

changes in the fossils of organisms would make a sudden appearance surrounded by periods of relative stability

How would punctuated equilibrium show in the fossil record?

changes would make a sudden appearance

What is gradualism?

evidence of evolution would show gradual changes to the population as you examined the different layers of the fossil record

What are fossil records?

records of lines of ancestry that are preserved through fossils locked in rock layers

What is biogeography?

species that live int he same area are closely related, but some ancestors are found living far apart

Where in the fossil record would you expect to see older common ancestors?

the level at the bottom

Even though they are now separated by the Atlantic Ocean, the northeastern coast of North America and the Scandinavian coast of Europe were once connected as part of the original supercontinent Pangaea. What would biogeography predict about fossils that might be excavated in both of these locations?

they would have common ancestors and/or be related

What must happen in order for Natural Selection to occur?

1. organisms must be able to inherit DNA/traits from parents 2. Finite amount of resources so organisms must compete in order to survive, otherwise, there'll be enough food and shelter for all organisms to survive 3. Reproductive success-organisms that die are replaced by new organisms (that are born)

Why are fossils found in western Africa (near the Atlantic coast) show similarities to fossils found in the jungles of South America in Brazil?

Biogeography

An environmental disaster changes the appearance of an environment. Moths living on a tree are not longer camouflaged, except for those that blend in with the new color. Only those moths that survive are "let out of a bottle," meaning that the new colors make up the new population.

Bottleneck Effect

Some organisms start developing in ways that are common-similar DNA that dictates how organisms develop, common ancestors

Embryology

Fish and Man, because they differ the most in the stages of development

Embryology also allows us to see evidence of common ancestry. As you can see in the top of the image, early stages of embryonic development show many similarities. As the embryos develop, differences among the species become more apparent. Which pairs of species are probably have only distant common ancestors? Why?

Bacteria that are resistant to drugs are picked up after using the bathroom and placed on a new countertop where they grow. Everyone gets sick because the new drug-resistant bacteria grow and flourish in the new environment.

Founder's Effect

A change in the gene pool due to movement of organisms (migration). Birds and even people who move around spread their genes to new places.

Gene Flow

A change in the gene pool (organisms that can reproduce) that causes the species to evolve or change

Genetic Drift

Some of the strongest evidence of common ancestry is contained in our genetic code. Human: Lys-Glu-His-Iso Horse: Arg-Lys-His-Lys Gorilla: Lys-Glu-His-Lys Chimpanzee: Lys-Glu-His-Iso Zebra: Arg-Lys-His-Arg Look at the information above which lists sequences of amino acids in the protein hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is used in all organisms to deliver oxygen to the tissues, but there are slight differences among the species. What are additional species that might share close common ancestors? What do you know about these pairs of animals that might make it seem rue that they are closely related?

Gorillas, because the chimpanzee and the gorilla come from the same family-primate

The ability of a mouse to burrow underground is one of its defenses. Suppose that the climate of the forest became drier over time and the only snakes which have a mutation that allows them to dig in dry earth would be able to prey upon those mice. How would the snake population be affected, according to natural selection?

The population of snakes would have the ability to dig because digging for their prey is an adaptation that helps them survive and pass on their favorable genes

Consider a food web. Suppose that some of the mice in this food web had a mutation that caused their fur to become darker, thus camouflaging their appearance from their predators. According to natural selection, what would happen to the population of the mice over time?

The population would have dark fur because the dark fur is an adaptation that helps them survive and pass on their favorable genes.

Have same function but different structure

analogous structures

Structures have adapted to have similar functions, but they have different structures

analogous structures

What do homologous and analogous structures have in common?

both look at function and structure

How can evidence of evolution be determined from a fossil record?

by looking at common ancestors

Have same structure but different function

homologous structures

Structures that have evolved to have different functions; often have similar characteristics in their bone structures, common ancestors

homologous structures

Some of the strongest evidence of common ancestry is contained in our genetic code. Human: Lys-Glu-His-Iso Horse: Arg-Lys-His-Lys Gorilla: Lys-Glu-His-Lys Chimpanzee: Lys-Glu-His-Iso Zebra: Arg-Lys-His-Arg Look at the information above which lists sequences of amino acids in the protein hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is used in all organisms to deliver oxygen to the tissues, but there are slight differences among the species. Which two species would share the closest common ancestor? Why?

human and chimpanzee because they have the exact same amino acid sequence

How would gradualism present in the fossil record?

you would see changes as you examined the different layers