RS PATH Unit 5 Exam Review

live bug removal

-irrigating the canal - in a dark room, use light to attract bug out of canal - foreceps - controlled suction

Development of skin cancer risk

A person who has experienced at least three severe sunburns with blistering is at risk for the development of skin cancer

torn meniscus

Medial meniscus is more often injured or torn •is a crack or fissure that is usually a result of wear or injury. most related to sports injuries

pathological fractures

Simple and compound ØSimple: Reduced and immobilized ØCompound: Clean, reduced, immobilized (break and wound )

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of fibromyalgia? Persistent fatigue Skin rash Extreme tenderness in various parts of the body Stiff, aching, or burning in the muscles

Skin rash

An avulsion is a soft tissue injury in which:

Skin, tissue, and bone are being pulled away from the body

Fascia

Specialized flat band of tissue located just below the skin that covers and separates underlying tissues

Types of Muscle

Striated (skeletal) Nonstriated (smooth) Cardiac

Paget Disease

Affected areas of bone produce new bone tissue faster than can be broken down is a chronic bone disorder that typically results in enlarged, deformed bones due to irregular breakdown and formation of bone tissue.

heel spur syndrome

Also known as plantar fascitis or calcaneal is an inflammatory response at the bottom of the heel bone (calcaneus) - extra piece of bone common problem among people who are active in sports, especially runners.

State laws vary, but most require reporting of suggested child abuse and neglect:

By healthcare workers By teachers

Etiology of Lightning Injuries

Can occur in five different ways ØDirect strike ØContact strike ØSide flash ØStride potential ØGround current

Joints are classified

Classified by the type of material found between the bonesØFibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

A fracture with splintered or crushed bone is a ______ fracture.

Comminuted

A severed tendon causes immediate and severe pain, inflammation, and:

Complete immobility of the affected part

A fracture with a break in the bone and a wound is a______ fracture.

Compound, through the skin

Treatment of frostbite includes:

Deep rewarming supervision by health care professionals.

Collapse of thoracic vertebrae from the weakened bone of osteoporosis is often responsible for' the "hunchback" in the older person and is called:

Dowager's hump

lordosis

Excessive inward curvature occurs as the person compensates for added abdominal girth Patient may experience low back pain because of strains on the muscles and ligaments One cause is rapid skeletal growth that occurs without the necessary natural stretching of posterior soft tissues sway back common in pregnancy

In electrical shock the current:

Follows the path of least resistance

__________ results when the body is unable to cool itself and body core temperature increases to 105º F to 110º F.

Hyperthermia (Heat Stroke or Heat Exhaustion)

Spurs are a common problem diagnosed in

Individuals active in sports, especially runners

tennis elbow

Inflammation of the tissue at the lower point of the humerus, creating pain and weakness in that arm Repetitive motion in the elbow, usually with accompanying stress to the joint, causes this inflammatory condition

Thermal Insults

Injuries ØBurns ØFrostbite Conditions ØHypothermia ØHyperthermia ØHeat stroke ØHeat exhaustion

ligaments

Ligaments allow movement in some directions while restricting it in other directions -join one bone to another bone

torn rotator cuff

Tears in the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles can produce an immediate snapping sound and acute pain •The four tendons of the rotator cuff, formed by the muscles of the shoulder, partially surround the head of the humerus and stabilize it in the glenoid cavity or socket.

tendons

Tendons serve to attach muscles to bones and other parts ØNonelastic and are capable of withstanding great forces from contracting muscles

treatment of a laceration

With wounds that are smooth and not too deep, a butterfly dressing can be used A new type of "glue" is used to hold the edges together Larger, deeper lacerations require débridement If the laceration is over a movable joint, immobilization of the area is indicated •Tetanus prophylaxis is confirmed and tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) injection is recommended and/or administered if necessary, and antibiotics may be prescribed as an additional prophylactic measure.

Treatment of Lyme disease:

a. Begins with removal of the tick. b. Requires early antibiotic therapy for a cure. c. If delayed, can result in damage to joints, heart, or nervous system. d. All of the above

Victims of abuse can include:

a. Men. b. Women. c. Children. d. all the above

Symptoms and signs of bone tumors may include:

a. Pain b. No pain c. A limp d. all of the above

Tendons are tough strands or cords of dense connective tissue that attach muscle to

bones

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue. Muscle weakness is progressive and eventually paralysis occurs

Semilunar cartilage found in the knee joint is a(n): arthroscope. meniscectomy. calcaneal. meniscus.

meniscus

A burn that involves destruction of the skin and under1ying tissue is termed:

full thickness

Thoracic outlet syndrome

is the compression of the brachial plexus nerves. Cause of this condition: Hyperabduction of the arm is one of the causative factors of this condition

Treatment of snakebite includes

keeping the victim quiet and transporting to an emergency facility

Gentle cleansing, approximation and securing of the edges, débridement, suturing, sterile dressing application, and use of tissue glue are all methods to treat a:

laceration

Scoliosis is a(an) _________ curvature of the spine.

lateral (sideways)

The three major types of spinal disorders are

lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis.

Bursae

make it possible for tissues to glide over each other without creating friction in ball and socket joints

The symptoms of Lyme disease resemble the symptoms of these two diseases:

masquerade as arthritis and cause influenza-like symptoms

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a repetitive motion injury that involves the _____nerve.

median

The nerve in the wrist and hand that is compressed or pinched and causes the pain associated with carpal tunnel syndrome is the ________________________________ nerve.

median

Lyme disease is transmitted from a bacterium that is carried by a

tick

Marfan Syndrome

usually is something that will take an athlete off the field This syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, affecting chromosome 15 Characterized by abnormally long extremities and digits

Osteomyelitis

•Osteomyelitis is a serious infection of bone that requires aggressive antibiotic treatment. •The most commonly involved bones in osteomyelitic infections are the upper ends of the humerus and tibia, the lower end of the femur, and occasionally the vertebrae. Staphylococcus aureus is the bacterial organism responsible for 90% of infections

Foreign Bodies in the ear

•ear typically range from bugs, pebbles, and bits of cotton to anything small enough to fit in the ear canal.

Scoliosis

•is a lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine. S curve Symptoms are back pain, fatigue, and sometimes shortness of breath with exertion

phantom limb pain

•is an unpleasant complication that sometimes follows an amputation, especially of a leg, and is difficult to treat. •Phantom limb pain of the leg can present as a burning sensation of the foot or as a feeling of having the toes stepped on when no limb exists.

dislocation

•is the forcible displacement of a bone from its joint, thereby causing loss of joint function.

Crushing injuries

•occur when a part of the body is compressed with extreme force between two surfaces. •The patient experiences pain and may not be able to move the injured part.

lightning strikes

•when an individual is struck directly or indirectly (splash effect) by lightning. Direct lightning strike often causes the victim to go unconscious, stop breathing, and go into cardiac arrest Moderate strike can leave the victim with an altered level of consciousness and skin burns Slight contact with lightning can cause confusion, amnesia of preceding events, and minor muscle or nerve disturbances

Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

-Can result in permanent impairment of mobility of the shoulder. -Occurs more frequently in patients with diabetes. -Usually begins after an injury or a case of bursitis or tendinitis. -All of the above

Which of the following statements is(are) true about osteosarcoma?

-The bone tumor weakens the bone and makes it susceptible to fracture -It is treated by surgical incision - It often metastatic to the lungs

1. The skeletal system is composed of _____ bones.

206

# of bones in the skeletal system

206 bones

Gouty arthritis is an inflammation of the joints caused by:

An excessive level of uric acid in the joints.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of bursae? a. They are closed sacs or cavities of synovial fluid. b. As a support element, they help hold the cells together. c. They are positioned between tissues, such as tendons, bones, and ligaments. d. They help tissues to glide over each other without creating friction.

As a support element, they help hold the cells together.

Burns

Caused by flame, dry heat, liquid scalds, radiation, chemicals, or electricity In a flame type of burn, it is necessary to determine where the burn occurred Determination of the depth and extent of a burn is important

primary bone tumors

Chondrogenic (from cartilage) Osteogenic (from bone) Fibrogenic (from fibrous tissue)

bursitis

Continual or excessive friction between the bursae and the surrounding tissues, systemic diseases and infection, and repeated trauma

patterns of child abuse

Encompass many forms, including bruises, fractures, burns, bites, and welts ØBruises appear on soft tissue and not over bony prominences ØBurns from cigarettes appear as small circles often on hands, feet, buttocks, or genitals ØBruising caused by human bites, and raised areas or welts caused by spankings

Paget's disease (Osteitis Deformans) is a chronic bone disorder that results in:

Enlarged, deformed, weakened bones

Foreign body in the nose

Foreign bodies often found are cereals, dried peas or beans, grapes Parents usually note mucus running from one of the nares and congested breathing Children have a tendency to insert foreign objects into their noses The child is encouraged to blow the nose, hopefully expelling the object

Heat stroke causes symptoms of red, hot, dry skin; headache; dizziness; shortness of breath; and a body temperature of:

More than 105°

amputation

Most limb amputations involve the legs and occur because of peripheral vascular disease from atherosclerosis

Tetanus toxoid prophylaxis is important in any person who has sustained open trauma because

Organisms that cause tetanus enter the body directly into the bloodstream through wounds.

Origin and Insertion

Origin of muscle is point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone Insertion is point of attachment to a bone that is moved by the muscle

burns involve all layers of the skin; they produce blisters and are quite painful

Partial-thickness

When a bone is fractured as a result of disease, it is called a ___ fracture.

Pathologic

An inflammatory response at the bottom of the heel bone is called:

Planter fasciitis, calcaneal, or heel spur syndrome

Recovering for snakebites

Recovery from bites of poisonous snakes depends on the availability of antivenin, the promptness of the treatment, and the location of the bite on the body.

open trauma risks

Risk of infection ØOpen wounds can be the source of tetanus infection ØBleeding must be addressed at once

Cartilage

Semi-smooth, dense, supporting connective tissue that is found at the ends of bones

Which of these problems is typically caused by overpronation? Plantar fasciitis Severed tendon Shin splints Rotator cuff tear

Shin splints

The Musculoskeletal System

Supportive framework ØMuscles and bones ØLigaments and tendons ØCartilage and joints Tissues ØGive shape to the body ØAct as storage for minerals ØServe as sites for blood cell formation All muscles composed of muscle fibers Thinking of framing on a house

Stinger removal

The best method of removal is scraping across the site of the sting with a plastic card or a fingernail.

In an electrical shock, tissue damage is noticeable at two points on the body:

The current enters the body at the point of contact with the electrical source and exits at the point of grounding.

An abrasion is a soft tissue injury in which:

The outer layer of the skin has been scraped away

snakebites

The patient will have a noticeable bite to the skin or slight skin discoloration; burning and swelling occur The poisoning usually takes 1 to 2 days to develop unless the person is allergic to the foreign protein of the venom Remove patient from injury site and keep patient calm

Rocky Mountain spotted fever treatment

The treatment of choice is antibiotic therapy with tetracycline or doxycycline and symptomatic relief with the administration of analgesics

osteoporosis

There is wasting or deterioration of bone mass and density Unless it occurs in the vertebrae or weight-bearing bones, osteoporosis usually does not produce symptoms Caused by the imbalance between the breakdown of old bone tissue and the manufacture of new bone

tennis elbow treatment

Treatment consists of stopping the repetitive task and resting the affected arm

voluntary/involuntary muscles

Voluntary- skeletal muscles such as legs, arms, head, and face Involuntary- smooth muscles such as cardiac muscles (heart)

Osteomyelitis is a(an):

a serious infection of bone that requires aggressive antibiotic treatment.

Which statement is true about osteonmyelitis?

a serious infection of bone that requires aggressive antibiotic treatment.

ligament

a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.

atrophy

a wasting away; a degeneration of a cell, tissue, organ, or muscle because of disease or other influences

frozen shoulder

aka Adhesive Capsulitis is a condition in which a shoulder is significantly limited in its ROM as a result of inflammation, scarring, thickening, and shrinkage of the capsule that surrounds the normal shoulder joint. Caused by inflammation of the capsule of the joint with secondary scarring a shoulder that has become stiff and painful, making normal movement impossible

bunion

aka hallux valgus Progressive enlargement of the first MTP joint and local inflammation and pain

What are ball and socket joints?

allows movement in any direction, round end of long bone fits into hollow of another bone ex. hips and shoulders

Bone cells

are continuously forming new bone

osteoarthritis

associated with aging, develops as a result of normal wear and tear on the joints ØOccurs mainly in the large weight-bearing joints, especially the knees and hips aka degenerative joint disease or degenerative arthritis, is by far the most common form of arthritis •is a type of arthritis that results from the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints.

When no shelter is available during a storm with lightning, the best way to prevent being struck by lightning is to: stand near metal objects. stand under trees. avoid standing under trees. avoid lying on the ground.

avoid standing under trees.

When a portion of the skin is torn away during an injury, it is called a(n)

avulsion or degloving

Kyphosis

bamboo spine Patient may experience mild pain, fatigue, tenderness along the spine, and decreasing mobility In children, believed to be developmental •is an abnormal outward curvature of the spine (convexity backward).

Patients who have experienced electrical shock may suffer from: cardiac arrest. burns. muscle stiffness. both a and b.

both a and b; cardiac arrest and burns

Thoracic outlet syndrome involves compression of the ____ nerve.

brachial plexus

Osteomalacia

causes the bones to become increasingly soft, flexible, and deformed Treatment involves vitamin D (in adults)

Rickets

causes the bones to become increasingly soft, flexible, and deformed (in children)

fasciae

connect muscles to other muscles

Collagen is a major supporting element or glue in

connective tissue

Bones are composed mainly of

connective tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves

Treatment of a puncture wound includes:

copious irrigation of the wound.

Bugs, insects, cereal, peas, beans, grapes, pebbles, and cotton are all foreign bodies sometimes found in a patient's:

ears

hypertrophy

enlargement of an organ or structure

One of the most common chronic diseases affecting the muscles and soft tissue surrounding the joint is:

fibromyalgia

The three types of materials found between bones at joints are

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

A sunburn is a _______ degree burn.

first

In a flame-type burn, singeing of the eyebrows, eyelashes, and nasal hair can indicate the victim has: been splashed with lime. inhaled superheated air. applied an analgesic. radiation sickness.

inhaled superheated air.

Marfan syndrome is a group of inherited conditions featuring:

inherited conditions featuring abnormal connective tissue with weakness of blood vessels and excessive length and flexibility of the extremities

Lordosis is a(an) ________curvature of the spine.

inward (swayback)

gouty arthritis

is a chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism that manifests as an acute, episodic form of arthritis; chronic deposits of uric acid forming hard nodules in tissues; and/or kidney impairment or stones. •involves an overproduction or decreased excretion of uric acid and urate salts. Causes severe to excruciating pain when attack occurs Causes: An inherited abnormality of metabolism, may result from a deficiency of enzymes needed to completely metabolize purines in foods for excretion

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

is a chronic, inflammatory, systemic disease that affects the joints. causes inflammation and edema of the synovial membranes surrounding a joint.

altitude sickness

is a disorder associated with the low oxygen content of the atmosphere at high altitudes usually above 8000 feet

Muscular dystrophy (MD)

is a progressive degeneration and weakening of the skeletal muscles where muscle fibers are abnormally vulnerable to injury.

Sprain

is an acute tear of a ligament

Strain

is an injured tendon, muscle, or other tissue resulting from overuse, overstretching, or excessive forcible stretching of the tissue beyond its functional capacity.

myasthenia gravis

is characterized by extreme muscular weakness (without atrophy) and progressive fatigue.

Osteomalacia/rickets

is defective mineralization of the bones in adults. When the disease occurs in children, it is called

The percentage area of the body burned is determined by using the rule of:

nines

Abrasions

occur when the skin surface is scraped away

Avulsions

occur when tissue or an appendage is torn away - a portion of the skin and possibly underlying tissue is torn away, either completely or partially.

Puncture wound

occurs when a sharp, pointed object penetrates the skin and underlying soft tissue (common in healthcare workers - needles)

The process in which blood cells are formed in the bone marrow is: osteoarthritis. osteogenesis. ossification. hematopoiesis.

osteogenesis

Kyphosis is an ________curvature of the spin

outward

Most of the time, there is no ____________________________ with shaken infant (baby) syndrome.

outward indication of physical trauma

keloid

overgrowth of scar tissue

Life-threatening altitude sickness can cause

prostration, cardiac disturbances, and cerebral edema with possible seizures and death

fibromyalgia characteristics are

restless sleep, depression, fatigue, anxiety, and bowel dysfunction

remember the major muscles

see image

The person suffering from hypothermia experiences:

shivering, disorientation, fatigue.

In adults, Osteomalacia (in children, rickets) causes bones to become increasingly:

soft, flexible, and deformed

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

spotted fever, a tick-borne disease, is a severe systemic infection.

The complete tearing away of a muscle or ligament from attachment to a bone is called

sprain

If bitten by a snake and there is no medical help available, suction the wound. apply a tourniquet. do both a and b. apply gauze.

suction the wound.

Bone tumors, whether benign or malignant, are treated by:

surgical excision

Rule of Nine

what is the rule of nine and what is it used for? To determine the degree of burns

Causes of Burns

ØHeat sources ØChemical sources ØElectrical sources ØRadiation

Types of bones

ØLong and short ØFlat and sesamoid

Rocky Mountain spotted fever symptoms

ØSeveral days later, a sudden onset of fever, severe headache, vomiting, malaise, and myalgia occur ØFour days after the onset of fever, a characteristic maculopapular rash is noted