RT Cardiopulmonary A&P Ch. 5

The ability to generate high flow rates depends on which of the following factors? I. Muscle strength II. Airway patency III. Neurological function IV. Diaphragmatic function

I, II, III

The maximum voluntary ventilation reflects the overall integrated function of which of the following parameters? I. Ventilatory apparatus II. Muscle strength III. Endurance IV. Airway diameter, lung compliance, and neural control mechanisms

I, II, III, and IV

Which of the following are characteristics of PEF? I. It reflects large airway function. II. PEF in normal adults may exceed 10 L/sec. III. It is an effort-dependent test. IV. PEF is useful in assessing gross changes in airway function and evaluating the response to bronchodilator drugs.

I, II, III, and IV

Which of the following are features of plethysmography? I. It is quite rapid. II. Successive FRC measurements can be made. III. It measures ventilated air space. IV. It measures nonventilated air space.

I, II, III, and IV

Which of the following characteristics influence pulmonary function? I. Age II. Gender III. Height IV. Diet

I, II, and III

Which of the following concepts apply to FVC? I. It is the most frequently performed pulmonary function test. II. It provides much information about large and small airway function. III. It is an effort-dependent test. IV. A test is assumed valid if the person can repeat three FVC maneuvers with a variation no greater than 10%.

I, II, and III

Which of the following conditions are associated with restrictive pulmonary disease? I. Fibrotic lung disease II. ARDS III. Skeletal deformities IV. Asthma

I, II, and III

Which of the following tests is considered more sensitive for detection of small airway obstruction than FEF25-75% or FEV1?

The volume of isoflow (VisoV.)

An abnormally increased FRC is typically associated with which of the following conditions?

Hyperinflation

Which percentage of the total airway resistance depends on small airways less than 2 mm?

20%

What is the normal RV/TLC value in healthy adults up to age 49?

20% to 25%

How long does it take a normal individual to exhale 100% of the FVC?

4 to 6 seconds

Lung function is considered normal when values are within what range of predicted?

80% to 120%

What is the normal amount of FVC expired during FEV1 in a healthy adult?

83%

Which of the following methods to measure gas in the lungs is based on Boyle's law?

Body plethysmography

Which of the following conditions define an obstructive impairment?

A low FEV1 and a low FEV1/FVC ratio

Which of the following conditions define a restrictive impairment?

A low FEV1 and a normal FEV1/FVC ratio

Which of the following explains the lack of response to bronchodilators by some patients with severe emphysema?

Airway obstruction is caused by passive airway compression and collapse during expiration.

A pulmonary function study is performed on a 68-year-old man suspected of having emphysema. The physician requests that the study be performed to measure FRC. Upon completion of both the helium dilution and body plethysmography it is found that the FRC obtained via body plethysmography is higher than that obtained via helium dilution. What is the probable explanation for the difference in obtained FRC values?

Body plethysmography measures all gas in the chest while helium dilution measures only gas that is in communication with unobstructed airways.

Which of the following is the major feature of pulmonary restrictive disease?

Decreased lung volumes and capacities

According to the GOLD guidelines, a patient with COPD is classified as stage III (severe) in the presence of which of the following spirometric values?

FEV1 30% to 50% and FEV1/FVC < 70%

Which of the following values indicates significant airway obstruction?

FEV1/FVC < 65%

Which of the following tests is considered the most sensitive for early detection of abnormal small airways resistance?

Frequency dependence of compliance

Which of the following statements are true of the FEF25-75%? I. It is more sensitive to flow coming from medium to small airways. II. Normal FEF25-75% for a healthy young adult is approximately 4 to 5 L/sec. III. It does not have more variance than other measures of flow. IV. Because the FEF25-75% is so variable, its validity is questionable.

I, II, and IV

Which of the following methods allow indirect measurement of RV and capacities containing it? I. Helium dilution II. End-tidal CO2 III. Nitrogen washout IV. Body plethysmography

I, III, and IV

Which of the following methods allows measurement of gas in the lung of a patient with obstructed airways? I. Helium dilution II. End-tidal CO2 III. Nitrogen washout IV. Body plethysmography

IV

Which of the following mechanisms primarily explains the increased WOB in obstructive diseases?

Increased airway resistance

Which of the following mechanisms primarily explains the increased WOB in restrictive diseases?

Loss of compliance

Which of the following conditions is classified as a restrictive pulmonary disease with normal compliance?

Neuromuscular disease

A 52-year-old woman who was diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema 7 years ago and who smokes two packs of cigarettes a day is brought to the emergency department. She complains of having the flu 2 weeks earlier and that her breathing has become more difficult since then. Her pulmonary function test reveals the following results: Predicted Actual Percent of Predicted FVC 4.67 L 4.00 L 86% FEV1 3.52 L 1.23 L 35% FEV1/FVC More than 75% 31% — (A value equal to or greater than 80% of the predicted value is considered normal.) What condition do these pulmonary function results suggest?

Obstructive

Which of the following conditions is associated with increased FRC and RV?

Obstructive

Which of the following values cannot be directly measured?

RV

Which of the following is the major feature of pulmonary obstructive disease?

Reduced maximum expiratory flow rate

The MMV is relatively unaffected by which of the following respiratory conditions?

Restrictive