Rules Rhetorical Process
There are sixteen general topics: "definition, partition, etymology, conjugates, genus, species, similarity, difference, contraries, adjuncts, consequents, antecedents, contradictions, causes, effects, and comparison of things greater, less and equal" (Cicero, Topica, 18.71).
Actually once you understand, this list is a gold mine for inventing arguments. Emma Watson's speech: argues feminism should be an issue men take up. Roommate conversation and someone says the same but with a website. Disagree with roommate. Not sure how to make point. Cicero says that you can find arguments under these 16 headings. Definition: understand feminism as x. Partition: distinguish kinds of feminism. Etymology: history of the word feminism for argument. Conjugate: asking about what is associated with feminism. Genus and species: arrange the kinds of feminism into a family tree. Similarity and difference: particular feminist speeches similar to Watson's and make arguments. Contraries: speech criticizing Watson's that can back you up. Adjunct: searching that find the same principle. Contradiction: assertions that contradict Watson. Cause and Effect: Look at the effect of Watson's speech. The effect distinguished. Comparison: putting her speech next to others. 10 to 12 years, students were criticized. They were really prepared. Practice becomes second nature. Remember this: The art of topics is an engine powered by the logic of the table. -Filling in the blank spaces of a table is easier than writing an essay from scratch. Why? The places are already there even though the content is not. Ars topica: Topics list common places and these are empty cells in a table. The table is a prompt. Every time you come to an empty cell it prompts what could go there. Invention. Style: We think we add style once we get content.
1.7. "What...is truth? A movable host of metaphors, metonymies, and anthropomorphisms: in short a sum of human relations which have been poetically and rhetorically intensified, transferred, and embellished, and which, after long usage, seem to a people to be fixed, canonical, and binding. Truths are illusions that we have forgotten are illusions; they are metaphors that have become worn out and have been drained of sensuous force, coins which have lost their embossing and are now considered as metal and no longer as coins" (Friedrich Nietzsche, "On Truth and Lying in an Extramoral Sense," in Writings from the Early Notebooks, 257).
-Anthropomorphism: The extinction of human characteristics to non-human things. Ex: Body camera. Listen to how one police speaks of the camera. Camera as soon as the officer talks to you. Cameras cannot be candid. Only humans can because they can lie deliberately. Calling a camera candid. -Metaphors are comparisons based on similarity. -Call a club a family based on metaphor. -Metonymies: substitution that replaces causes with effects or effects for causes. -Someone has blood on their hands. The blood on the hands is an effect of the cause you are imagining. What has he done? Conjure a cause for that effect. -All of devices all are mobile but over time they settle in place and become invisible. -Accept without thinking through. -We are a family. Ignore the idea or think about the particular aspect. Forget about the metaphor.
"Rhetoric is merely a tool, no bad thing in itself, [for] it is people, not intellectual devices, that are good or bad" (Deirdre McCloskey, Rhetoric of Economics, 169).
-Best though is the next.
"Rhetoric [is] the collaborative art of addressing and guiding decision and judgment—usually public judgment about matters that cannot be decided by force or expertise" (Thomas B. Farrell, The Norms of Rhetorical Culture, 1).
-Ferrell emphasized that it is a collaborative art. It is not a set of resources. -Rhetoric helps groups make decisions. -Very sustinct: matters that cannot be decided by force or expertise. -A rivet can be put in by force -Where to build a bridge can only be decided by a rhetorical process
At last I decided that all existing forms of society are wrong: their institutions are pretty well past remedy, unless some quite unexpected force should intervene at a lucky moment. I was thus constrained to give my devotion to a true philosophy, and say that only from the standpoint of such a philosophy could one get a comprehensive view of what was right, for the social order as for individuals; so that mankind would never be rid of its miseries until philosophers, in the genuine sense of the term, gained political power, or else, by some miracle, the governing classes took to genuine philosophy" (Plato, "Seventh Letter," 326a).
: Criticism of sophistic and rhetoric: Recall description of sophist as a prostitute. They sell to anyone. We sense the distaste of a person who has inherited wealth, for those who work for a living.
"Apostrophe is the figure which expresses grief or indignation by means of an address to some man or city or place or object" (Ps.-Cicero, Ad Herennium, 4.15.22). "Correction retracts what has been said and replaces it with what seems more suitable" (Ps.-Cicero, Ad Herennium, 4.26.36). "Indecision occurs when the speaker seems to ask which of two or more words he had better use" (Ps.-Cicero, Ad Herennium, 4.29.40).
All of these are forms you can perform in order to give your speech a structure that can be anticipated. Indecision is a hesitation move.
"Cross-questioning," as Plato put it, "is the greatest and most efficacious of all purifications," for "he who is not cross-questioned, even though he be the Great King, has not been purified of the greatest taints and is therefore uneducated and deformed in those things in which he who is to be truly happy ought to be the most pure and beautiful" (Plato, Sophist, 230d-3).
Believes that "The unexamined life is not worth living." -Socrates. It seems as if life in a democratic assembly is a cross-examined life. Plato conceded that the person who does cross-questioning is like a purger of souls who:
Prosopopeia is "the fiction of an apostrophe to an absent, deceased or voiceless entity, which posits the possibility of the latter's reply and confers upon it the power of speech" (Paul de Man; cited in Foley, "Voicing Terri Schiavo," 392).
Comes after apostrophe. God hearing prayer and then giving voice to God after calling out. More interesting because she says Schiavo. She had a heart attack in 1990. Suffered brain damage. She fell into a coma and after a few months, she was said she was in a vegetated state. Her husband wanted her to be allowed to die. Her family wanted the life support to be continued. She could not speak for herself. Others spoke for her. Demand to president Bush. Some saw a desire to speak. Trying to communicate. Others said that you can make any gaze look directed by placing in the line of that gaze. In the speaker's position. 2005, Her life support was disconnected. Consequences was a surge of living will. You describe the situation you want to be kept alive. If you cannot speak, you need a document to speak on your behalf.
"The suasoria was deliberative in form and addressed a great man at some critical period in his career" (W. Martin Bloomer, "Controversia and Suasoria" in The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, 166).
Deliberative comes from Greek oratory, trying to think of what to do in the future. Case of Cicero. Scenario: You are advising Cicero and addressing whether Cicero at the end of his life, whether he should beg for his life to Antony. Question of whether he should offer while begging for his life to burn his writings. If you were Cicero, what would you say? Exercises to practice public speaking skills.
"There stood the Roman praetor, in his slippers, with a purple cloak and a tunic down to his knees, leaning on one of his women on the beach." That was Cicero. Here is Quintilian's gloss: "Could anyone be so unimaginative as not to feel that he is seeing the persons and the place and the dress, and to add some unspoken details for himself into the bargain? I certainly imagine that I can see the face, the eyes, the disgusting endearments of the pair of people, and the silent
Each additional clause is like the twist of a knot. Wow. A lot going on. Quintilian adds judgement that is not in orginal Cicero but left. Crazy scene of scandal and escape is the subtect. Quintilian provides judgemental. We should call it a visual enthymeme. Enthymeme: this is a visual. Cicero does not mention onlookers. Quintillian imagines it.
"1. Enter the competing views into full and fair competition to assess their relative worth. 2. Let this competition consist of two phases. First, set forth each view in its own right, together with the most convincing supporting proofs. Second, test each view by seeing how well it withstands the strongest attacks an informed opponent levels against it. 3. Delay a decision until both sides have been presented and subjected to testing. 4. Let the decision be rendered not by the contending parties themselves but by an external adjudicating agency. 5. Let this agency weigh the competing arguments and produce a decision critically. 6. Let the participants agree in advance to abide by such a decision" (Douglas Ehninger and Wayne Brockriede; cited in Mitchell, "Team B Intelligence Coups," 146).
Early names: Douglas and Wayne. He invokes the credo of the American Forensic Association. Think about what he means that debate can be a cultural technology for democracy and democracy in the United States.
"The controversia...was a fictitious forensic speech that argued for or against an imaginary defendant" (W. Martin Bloomer, "Controversia and Suasoria" in The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, 166).
Forensic is a style and applies to locals, defendant and accuser and public speech. For many scholars this emphasis on imaginary defenders showed unreality of Roman rhetoric. Some had to argue for or against the paradoxical figure called the chaste prostitute to become a priestess. The question of whether it is ludicras. Whether if there was a situation where women making that claim would have been engaged in. Paradoxical figure who would not be there. Can you find a situation in which this was faced? This has never happened and they would ask questions such as: Speaking for or against someone. Killing of Michael Brown. A rhetorical situation will be real and put you in the shoes of real stories like the Michael Brown case.
"The cultural technology of public debate, in this account, enables practitioners to perform a 'fondness for listening' (philekoia) as a means to cultivate wise judgment (eubouleusis) informed by the give-and-take of argumentative exchange (dissoi logoi). The fact that such performance unfolds by 'coming together deliberatively' (synerchesthe) introduces centripetal momentum to a culture rent by the fraying effects of what Bishop and Cushing call 'the Big Sort'" (Mitchell, "iSocrates: Student-led Public Debate as Cultural Technology," 69).
He refers to the "Big Sort." This was a 2008 book that got press by Bill Bishop and Robert Cushing. They argued Americans have sorted themselves into homogenous communities. They think American has been sorting itself into communities that think alike. Rich with the rich, hipsters with hipsters. Republicans with republicans. They define a landslide county as a county carried by 20 points or more. Trace that the US has been divided. The percentage of landslide counties has increased. In 1976, 26.8 percent of counties had been won by a party of more. 38%, 48% in 2004. Landslide counties have increased. This is a function of gerrymandering. Districts got sliced. Gerrymandering drawing boundaries to get people to vote. Part also of lifestyle changes. The United States has grown more partisan in politics. Senate, images where each dot is a senator. Each line is voting in tandam with the other senator. The R and D are connected in the same network. By 2013, the voting patterns are more differentiated by R and D. Not just that there is political division. It is also, we are increasing likely to engage with people who disagree with us. Enclaves are a real danger to democracy. Less and less engagement with people with different believes. We are living in enclaves. Enclaves: Cass Sunsetin: Spend time with those who share your point of view. You confirm your beliefs. No you don't. Like minded people are not just confirmed but intensified. Hang out with people who believe with what you believe. Enclaves intensify polarization. Logic: Not wishing to be outdone, you align yourself with the most extreme. You adopt extreme to stand out in your group
"I first studied these devices, and the controversy surrounding Reagan's Star Wars proposal, when I was assigned to research the national policy debate topic as an undergraduate member of Northwestern University's intercollegiate debating team in 1987. That year, the topic chosen for debate was: 'Resolved: That the United States should reduce substantially its military commitments to NATO member states'" (Mitchell, Strategic Deception, xv).
He was a member or Northwestern debate. He says that year the topic chosen was resolved. The US should reduce its military to NATO states. He said that debate can produce good researchers and should aim to do so. This is part of his belief that debate should be an intrical part of the broader research of a university. Debate is a cultural technology that strengthens and enriches democracy. Switch side debating. Argue on both sides of the case. Both for and against the case. Dissoi logoi. This was a sophistic practice of speaking for and against a topic. Mitchell :
"Rhetoric is a capacity to perceive in the midst of uncertainty those processes of inquiry that could bring us to belief" (David L. Marshall, "Peirce's Inquiry," lecture, 17 February 2015).
His attempt to read Pierce back to Aristotle. Pierce's emphasis on hypothesis repeats topic of inference. He saw and effect and inferred a cause upstrain. Where have we seen this process of reasoning? Effect and infer the cause: Metonyms: Example of the blood on the hands. Speech of Manny Till Mobly. Inference and reasoning at work. Seeing the effects and inferred the causes for those effects. Metonym Core claim: Pierce is fascinated by logic of hypothesis. The logic of hypothesis is fundamentally metonymic. Logos: Pierce's key term is inferences which has three forms: Induction, deduction, and hypothesis. Logos: inference Ethos: character Pathos Deduction: pulling down from general rule. Rule: all tracing produces absolute identity. Case: The second was traced. Result: Therefore it is identical to the first. Case: The second was traced. Result: The second signature is absolutely identical to the first. Rule: Therefore, all tracing produces absolute identity. Deduction is certain but not very informative, it tells you what you already know. Induction is the same set of sentences in a different order. Induction: the results of inductive logic are only probable. Induction samples and then generalizes. The premises can be true but if the sample is not representatives then it is factually untrue. Third way of combining: Formal account of reasoning: Hypothesis. If you walk around the cathedral, and people are in front. You cannot get across Bigalow, cars sit. Make an inference that classes let out. Takeaway: Hypothesis is often wrong but it is very useful for organizing doubt as inquiry. It has the form of jumping to a conclusion, but it is essential to the work of the mind. Oh well if the second signature was traced, then conduct an inquiry that establishes that fact. Most inferences in both detective work, your habits of inference are at stake. Both are hypothetical rather than inductive or deductive. What causes the crime scene to look like this? Law and order, hypothetical. What disease would present itself with the symptoms? Practice and scening of inferring.
"The important thing to notice is that the good flashes and the bad flashes, the triumphant hypotheses and the absurd conceits, are on an exact equality in respect of their origins" (William James; cited in Fisch, Classic American Philosophers, 16).
Hypothesis do not have to be correct but you want to have a lot.
"Prosopopeia [is] the trope of giving voice to a voiceless body" (Foley, "Voicing Terri Schiavo," 382).
I give voice to that body so that I may address you.
"Apostrophe...involves the direct address of an absent, dead, or inanimate being by a first-person speaker" (Johnson, "Apostrophe, Animation, and Abortion," 29-30).
In her article she deals with the poem and sees how poets address apostrophe. I of mother to you of a fetus. Pregnant woman to a baby. Addressing the you that cannot speak back. This is an example of apostrophe. If Ong is right, and communication is dependent on being in the receiver position, then apostrophe is important because in calling out and describing a you, it gives a form to a potential audience. Generates many yous and many I's. Rich's poem backs up on this. Situation in poem is called into being by thought or memory of an abortion, but closely to I and you usage, we see the I and the you are the woman. The poem says, "I have fears" As if the poem is speaking to the poet or woman to woman. Rhetoric examines apostrophe because orators supplement actual audiences with virtual audiences of their choosing . Moment of conjuring is a moment of apostrophe. Imagine that person you admire watching over your shoulder. What they would say. Apostrophic relationship. Recall Creatus: Name for audience: 2.19. Credius said this was called God. When you pray some rhetrocians say you are constructing God with an apostrophe by addressing God as you. Johnson's article says the You has a ghostly quality because it remains silent. It looks at you and anticipates what you might say but does not say. What happens if you put a third person in I you relationship. You move to prosopeia.
"Pragmatism explains everything about ideas except [for better or worse] why a person would be willing to die for one" (Menand, The Metaphysical Club, 375).
Intellectual creativity came at a cost. They created a beautiful philosophy. Important thing it forced them to ignore: they remained silent on a basic issue of American rhetoric: Race. Only by bracketing justice of the fight against slavery and the persistence of racism. One can change one's principles of will.
"The speaker...should possess the faculties of Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory, and Delivery. Invention is the devising of matter, true or plausible, that would make the case convincing. Arrangement is the ordering and distribution of the matter, making clear the place to which each thing is to be assigned. Style is the adaptation of suitable words and sentences to the matter devised. Memory is the firm retention in the mind of the matter, words, and arrangement. Delivery is the graceful regulation of voice, countenance, and gesture" (Ps.-Cicero, Ad Herennium, 1.2.3).
Invention, arrangement, style, and delivery, and memory. Invention and style being focused today. Invention is the most fascinating. It teaches us how to find arguments. Cicero said that good ideas come from good questions. Seems obvious. We should prize the capacity to make good questions. Legal case: The question is where you part ways with the other person. The question is where those two sides begin to disagree. Three or four points in which legal questions emerged. These four issues are called: Stasis Theory: 1. You can deny anything has happened. 2. Concede yes, something has happened but it was not a crime. Disagree. 3. Argue there was a crime but there were extenuating circumstances. 4. One side can argue one side has legal standings and the other can say no. No right to bring the suit in this case because of technical issues. Focus on the questions:
"It is more important that a proposition be interesting than that it be true" (Alfred North Whitehead; cited in Fisch, Classic American Philosophers, 29).
It is the crazy but brilliant. Why? It puts its finger on that inference feeds on doubt. Old truths do not combine and recombine, to produce vibrant new hypothesis. Scientst is midway between conspiracy and the one with a few un principles. Book:
"Interlacement is the union of both figures, the combined use of Antistrophe and Epanaphora...; we repeat both the first word and the last in a succession of phrases, as follows: 'Who are they who have often broken treaties? The Carthaginians. Who are they who have waged war with severest cruelty? The Carthaginians. Who are they who have marred the face of Italy? The Carthaginians. Who are they who now ask for pardon? The Carthaginians'" (Ps.-Cicero, Ad Herennium, 4.14.20).
Know the definitions of this line. Example: Begin in the same place. Hammering the idea. Form gives a place for the content. Rhythm structures time. Cicero lays out a bunch of these forms. Reading Cicero is like going to a basketball clinic. The names are not as catchy.
"When we base the proof of a proposition on a number of similar cases, this is induction in dialectic, example in rhetoric; when it is shown that, certain propositions being true, a further and quite distinct proposition must also be true in consequence, whether universally or for the most part this is called deduction in dialectic, enthymeme in rhetoric" (Aristotle, Rhetoric, 1356b).
Logos: See sentence 2.4. Logos is not logic. Logos deals with how words relate to one another. Aristotle gives us key words. -Induction in dialectic, -Deduction: enthymeme. Four point: 1. Dialectic is speaking with one person or a few in person. Rhetoric is speaking with hundreds in public. 2. Induction reasons from particular cases. Induces up to general rules. Socrates is man, Socrates is mortal. All men are mortal. 3. Deduction: reasons down from general rule to particular cases: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. 4. Enthymeme: Deduction is enthymeme. Examples are often stories or fables. Ex: Tortoise and the hare. Moral: Slow and steady wins the race. Example like the story has the structure of induction. Example pointing towards a rule. Examples are concrete and memorable. See examples in their minds and they have an effect.
"Metonymies of agent for act resulted from the fact that names for agents were commoner than names for acts" (Vico, New Science, §406).
Metonyms subsitite cause for effect and vice versa. Name center before acts. Santa before sled. Poetry came before prose. We think that poerty is fancy. They write a poem. Vico says no The first langaues were poetic by necessity. The mute language of imagination. So what? Vico replies that these early way are still with us. We continue to speak sense and imagination as well as intellect. Abu: Number of acts of torture took place. Vico's take in Abu: Langauges of sense surrounds this person. American captors spoke in language of sense. After all, both stroking and sriking are communicative acts working through the pwer of senstation. Imaginatiom emerge when photos were taken. Another part: take pics. Men in womens underwear. Why? Showing that person was part of torture. Real reason. Taken as war trophies? Calculated elements designed to humiliate. Background miliarty justice was to forbid Americans to do this. Three: Language of sense does not travel well. If you cant taste, then you cannot use Lagauge of intellect has not purpose. The language of imagination is the most pervasive and most potent. Idea: over time the power of imaginative universals dwindle. Immaginative universal has lot some power. Mom is still highly charged and ultimate paradox: speaking the words of till can persuade us and convinvce us in a potent way. Everytime we speak those words, a power is cashed out and spell wears off.
Rhetoric's "function is not simply to succeed in persuading, but rather to discover the persuasive facts in each case" (Aristotle, Rhetoric, 1355b).
Not about persuasion. It is seeing possibilities and facts that could be persuasive. See the situation and assess options. Rhetoric discovers possibilities.
"The truth is that the poet is a very near kinsman of the orator" (Cicero, De oratore, 1.16.70).
Poetry and rhetoric are close together. They are related and go hand in hand. Example: Video of a woman giving a speech about the power of speech. The voice has always been hers. TJ Dema at the infinite word festival. She is a spoken word poet. Go to an event at the City of Asylum in Alphabet City. Example: 1. The mic has a mind of its own. It has rhythm, crescendo, and rhyme. Language has its own structures. Privy calls out insanity. Crescendo requires the rhyme of dwell. There is also a sense of which language speaks you. Rather than you speaking language. 2. See how quickly the audience deciphers the line about AA where the word was wine. She swore off poetry. Aristotle calls this analogy. A as to B. As B is to C. That line proposes that wine is to AA. As her words were to something we might call poetry detox. (not giving performance) Aristotle also calls this enthymeme. Enthymeme: the audience hears the hidden premise and supplies is. The hidden premise is something like booze and poetry, bot pull you back in. She does not say this. The audiences laughs because they are happy. Look how smart I am. You all have an understanding. Pleasure in listening because you figured out the enthymeme. Cicero and Tj are different. They both know what it is like to speak on the public stage. Cicero is an old father of rhetorical. These two figures have something in common. Use one of each other to understand. Cicero was born of Rome in 106 BCE. 3 centuries after Aristotle. He made his name as a legal orator. Won high profile cases and eventually went into politics. In 63 BCE, he served in the highest Roman office: Consulship. He spoke in political institutions. Eloquence was a core part of being human.
"The nature of the strong is to surrender as little as possible of what they have acquired by valor, and only so much as is necessary to preserve their acquisitions" (Vico, New Science, §587).
Rhetoric focuses on class conflict. He does not discuss class in terms of wealth and means of production, do you own land is his means of production question. Crucial question is power. The ruling class versus the disempowered. Vico says the disempowered are immigrants. His mental world, immigrants are not citizens. As noncitizens they lack basic rights like owning property. Even their children are not people. Every plebian child is not viewed. Vico says rhetoric is a process in which elites grudenely give up power early in a monopoly of violence. Idea: A rule is a potential infinity. Geuniunly a rule: abstract enough to fit infinite cases. A rule distinguishing justified and unjustified killing must cover more than one case. The rule must distinguish an infinite number of actions. A reliable and predictable way of distinguishing acts. Human beings find it difficult to work at the level of abstraction. Everythign comes to the human mind by the sens and that means everything comes first as a case. Example: Vico, the first public statement at the rule at Rome was a public execution. An execution is a sentence in two sense: you sentence someone to death but by putting someone to death you utter a sentence that get you executed. Even cutting off someones head while saying nothing voices an assertion. What you are saying, is that you in the audience is watching, if you do what this person did, you know what is coming. If you see the execution you think what that person did and how to avoid. What kind of murder? The law is always a series of arguments trying to define the rule. Imaginative universal is his key phrase for the class of things.
"Just as clothes were first invented to protect us against cold and afterwards began to be used for the sake of adornment and dignity as well, so the metaphorical employment of words was begun because of poverty, but was brought into common use for the sake of entertainment" (Cicero, De oratore, 3.38.155).
Saying that style was initially a function of need or necessity. Not just making things look pretty. Example: Aristotle: In ancient Greece. In a village, you see a man lying in bed with another man standing over him. The man heats a bronze bowl over the fire and puts in on the man's skin. Look! You saw him gluing bronze to another man with fire. You do not know suction. You know what gluing is. You use a word that kind of fits when you do not have the technically correct literal term. Key point: We use a metaphor when we do not know the name of something or a language does not have it. Originally, metaphors are way of naming things when there is no technical name for that thing. We substitute something similar. It is not the real word but we bet people will get it. Moral: Figurative language like style is not an optional extra. It is basic to knowing and naming the world. Form structures content. You are finding ways of completing the sentence.
στασις (stasis) is "the place where the defence takes its stand, as if it were coming to grips in a counter-attack" (Cicero, Topica, 35.93).
Stasis means position or immobility. The best word is impass. The point in which you cannot get through. Stasis was also the term the Greeks used to talk about the clinch in wrestling. Where they come together to wrestle and in courts of law. After stasis theory, there is what the greeks call topics. The art of topics: If you want to find topics, what headings should you look under.
"Traditional 'topics' is the art of finding 'the medium,' i.e. the middle term" or "argumentum" (Vico, Study Methods, 15).
The emphasis on finding arguments is traditional. The part about finding the middle term is inabitive. Example: Meet someone, Casey, talk and find things out. Bump into each other in different settings. Always seeing different sides but eventually you get a sense of what she is like. Various performances and create a working definition of who she is. The third term, "Casey-ness" The thing that links Casey on all days. Like a venn diagram. The intersection. What they have in common that articulates, the middle term. 2. Caseyness is produced by perceptiveness. Sense of who she is by noticing little things. Became an art of perception. Topics not just arguments but also an art of perceiving. Ways of making yourself perceive more. See more things.
"—Who are you?—Kairos, subduer of all. —Why do you stand on tiptoe?—I run quickly. —And why do you have wings on both your feet?—I am swift as wind. —Why do you hold a razor in your right hand?—As proof to men that I am sharper than any sharp end. —Why does your hair grow over your face?—For one who encounters me to grasp. Grabbing hair. —God! Why does it become bald behind? —For once my winged feet pass by, even if desiring to, no one can grasp me from behind" (Anth. Pal. 16.275.7; cited in Hawhee, Bodily Arts, 73).
This is a notion. Anticipating. Represented in the bodily form. This relief stood at the entrance. Kairos was opportunity. Sports were centered on opportunity. Example: Wrestling, stasis grip. The orator, was a kind of athlete in the ancient world. Rhetorical training was like going to the gym. Formal representation of an athlete and a speaker: hard to decipher the differences in statues. We extend an analysis of delivery to all forms of physicality. What is the color? What gender are you performing? Series of questions that we ask when we think about delivery.
"The object of reasoning is to find out, from the consideration of what we already know, something else which we do not know" (Peirce, "Fixation of Belief," in Essential Peirce, 111).
This revises Aristotle's definition of rhetoric.
Deduction "is, in fact, nothing but the application of a rule" (Peirce, "Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis," in Essential Peirce, 187). Induction "is reasoning from particulars to a general law" (Peirce, "Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis," in Essential Peirce, 194). "Hypothesis is where we find some very curious circumstance, which would be explained by the supposition that it was a case of a certain general rule, and thereupon adopt that supposition" (Peirce, "Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis," in Essential Peirce, 189).
This sentence to organize today's lecture.
"Topics discovers things and piles them up. Criticism divides the pile and removes some of it. Therefore the topical wits are more fertile, but less true; the critical ones are truer, but are sterile" (Vico, Ancient Wisdom, 180).
Topic connect. Criticism divides. Perception sees similarities and differences. Clustering enhances perception. In wine tasting, and scientific lab. Comparing different beer. Similartes and differences y comparing the tastes of the beers. Tasting the same wine from different years is a controlled experiment. Same grape different years is a controlled experiemne
"The most basic operation of sheer perception, which is regulated by topics, is the comparison of a thing with all the other things that are connected or related to it" (Vico, Ancient Wisdom, 180).
Topic is about clustering. Another shot at idea.
"Enthymēma primarily signifies something within one's soul, mind, heart, feelings, hence something not uttered or 'outered' and to this extent not a fully conscious argument, legitimate though it may be" (Walter Ong, Rhetoric, Romance, and Technology, 12).
Uses the Greek term because he wants us to see its original meaning. Soul, spirit is the principle feeling of life and passion. Enthymeme is still in a seed of strong feeling. Deep within people. Emotions that write on you. Enthymeme is an abbreviated argument because the speaker may not have made it explicit. Bobby Kennedy: Why did he say his brother was killed by a white man? MLK was a leader of the blacks. He was killed by a white man too. Holds more power and resonates with more anger than a white man killing another white man. This is a white man being killed by a white man. He halfway gets there. Improvises. Argument is an enthymeme. Close relationship between logos and pathos. Logos: articulate the assassination of crime and assassination of his brother. Not identical because of cross cultural idea.
"Synecdoche occurs when the whole is known from a small part or a part from the whole" (Ps.-Cicero, Ad Herennium, 4.33.44).
When asked: can you give me a hand? Does not mean to amputate. Giving a hand means giving assistance. Substitute part for the whole. Final Thought: Movement involved has inference. TJ Dema. Brains work fast in decoding figurative speech. If the message is well made the encoding is fun. Perceiving a metaphor is the form of a discovery. See something you have not seen before. Metonomy: if this cause then that effect. If that effect then that cause. Synecdoche. If all are, then some are.
Rhetoric specializes in "producing a kind of gratification and pleasure" (Plato, Gorgias, 462c).
what it means