Russel Brandon Psychology Test 2 part 1

The fact that Elon can remember more words on his German test while taking the exam inside his classroom (instead of the testing center) can be explained by the

*a. encoding specificity principle. b. recall effect. c. cue overload principle/

Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are

*a. explicit memories b. implicit memories c. sensory memories

When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________.

*a. extinction b. classical conditioning c. spontaneous recovery

Leini is working on building a bookshelf in her backyard when she gets a terrible itch on her back. She gripes about not being able to reach it, and goes inside to look for a back-scratcher or a kitchen spoon. She could have just used the hammer she was holding in her hand, but she didn't think of that. This is an example of

*a. functional fixedness. b. salience. c. confirmation bias.

Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ________ in regulating the social world.

*a. ingroups and outgroups b. social networks and friendships c. friendships and ingroups

Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________.

*a. learning b. conditioning c. an instinct

Merkel's disks and Ruffini corpuscles are examples of

*a. mechanoreceptors. b. thermoreceptors. c. chemoreceptors.

Janet was involved in a car accident when traveling with her mom at age 7. She remembers asking her mom a question, causing her mom to look backwards and hit the car in front of them. While talking about it with her mom, she says that it was, in fact, her brother who asked the question, but he had always blamed it on Janet. This is an example of the ________.

*a. misinformation effect paradigm b. false construction hypothesis c. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm

Mariah is nervous about giving birth to her first baby, but takes a hypnobirthing class and becomes excited about the possibility of having a pain-free birth. The idea that Mariah can control her pain experience in consistent with the

*a. motivation-decision model. b. top-down processing effect. c. nociceptor model.

This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?

*a. pinna b. cochlea c. auditory canal

Which is the correct sequence that describes how sound reaches the brain?

*a. pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve b. pinna - tympanic membrane - auditory canal - ossicles - cochlea - auditory canal c. auditory canal - pinna - tympanic membrane - cochlea - ossicles - auditory nerve

According to research by Rosenblum, Miller, and Sanchez, watching (but not hearing) a person speak enables you to

*a. recognize their voice. b. pick them out of a crowd. c. describe what region of the country they grew up in.

According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she

*a. sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character. b. watches her brother act out and get in trouble for it. c. has a dream about getting in a fight with her parents.

What are the three types of encoding?

*a. semantic, acoustic, and visual b. visual, sensory, and auditory c. semantic, visual, and sensory

Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is known as

*a. shaping. b. reinforcement. c. learning.

A stimulus presented below the absolute threshold is called

*a. subliminal b. tranduction c. just noticeable

Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure.

*a. syntax b. semantic c. lexicon

________ revised the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale to include more subfields. There are now many offshoots of his original test, including the popular WAIS.

a. Alfred Binet. b. James Flynn. *c. David Wechsler.

The ________ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.

a. Baddeley-Hitch model b. Stroop model *c. Atkinson-Shiffrin model

What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text?

a. IQ tests administered to the same individuals during their lifespan show dramatically different results. b. The length and breadth of IQ tests does not sufficiently cover Gardner's multiple intelligences. *c. Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests.

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

a. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. b. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. *c. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

The first intelligence test, aimed to test for children who might struggle in school, was designed by

a. James Flynn. *b. Alfred Binet. c. David Wechsler.

Researchers ________ concluded that language determines thoughts.

a. Noam Chomsky and B. F. Skinner *b. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf c. Charles Spearman and Howard Gardner

Someone who understands their own emotions, shows empathy, and understands social relationships and cues would have high ________ intelligence.

a. logical *b. emotional c. naturalist

Which is an example of negative reinforcement?

a. making children pay $1 each time they read a book *b. buckling your seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep" sound in your car c. getting grounded and having to stay home for staying out too late

The recall of false autobiographical memories is known as

a. misinformation effect paradigm. *b. false memory syndrome. c. memory construction.

The units of language from the smallest unit to the largest are

a. morpheme, phoneme, syntax. *b. phoneme, morpheme, syntax. c. syntax, phoneme, morpheme.

At a football game, your friend from ten rows down yells at you to bring them some of your popcorn. At first you couldn't understand what they were asking, but once you saw their mouth, you could make out the request. This is consistent with the

a. multisensory enhancement explanation. *b. with the results of the Sumby and Pollack study on the audiovisual advantage. c. with the McGurk and McDonald effect on white noise.

Officially, insects are a class of invertebrates a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. This description is a

a. natural concept. *b. artificial concept. c. category.

Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called

a. observational learning. b. applied learning *c. latent learning

An IQ score of 70 would be described as

a. one standard deviation below the mean b. 30 points below the average *c. two standard deviations below the mean

Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?

a. operant *b. primary c. secondary

Fluid found in the part of the ear pictured here stimulate hair cells in the organ of Corti.

a. ossicles *b. cochlea c. semicircular canal

This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?

a. pinna *b. auditory canal c. semicircular canal

Janelle gets a dollar from her mom every time she learns a song on the piano. This increases her desire to practice the piano and is an example of

a. positive punishment. b. negative reinforcement. *c. positive reinforcement.

A rat is placed in an environment where the floor gives the rat small electric shocks. The only way to get rid of the shocks is to press a lever in the corner of the box. The rat quickly learns to press the lever. This is an example of

a. positive reinforcement b. negative punishment *c. negative reinforcement

Water, food, and sleep are examples of

a. positive reinforcers. b. secondary reinforcers. *c. primary reinforcers.

Grant and Reid are six-year old twins. They want to find a way to get the frisbee off of the room without asking for help, so Grant climbs a tree in order to push down a branch so that Reid can reach it. They wiggle the branch until it snaps, then use the branch with fan of leaves to sweep down the frisbee. Their solution relies on ________ intelligence.

a. practical b. analytic *c. creative

How could you design an experiment around the social learning theory?

a. reward people who correctly copy the behavior of a character on a t.v. show. b. blindfolding participants and have them walk to another side of the room while other voices distract them. *c. determine how long it takes someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else.

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as 9/11, is a ________.

a. sensory memory *b. flashbulb memory c. arousal memory

Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around

*a. 12 months old. b. 9-11 months old. c. 6-8 months old.

The ________ shows that each generation tends to have a higher IQ than the last generation.

*a. Flynn Effect b. IQ curve c. WAIS

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of similarity, and proximity?

*a. Gestalt b. biometric c. somatosensory

Which of the following is a description of the Remote Associates Test (RAT)?

*a. Participants are asked to come up with a word that is related to three seemingly unrelated words. b. Participants are asked to come up with as many uses for a common object as they can c. Participants are asked whether adjectives such as "resourceful" and "unconventional" describe them.

What is the function of this part of the ear?

*a. aids in balance and movement b. sends vibrations to the inner ear c. contains sensory receptor cells

In the movie "50 First Dates," the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from ________ amnesia.

*a. anterograde b. retrograde c. graduated

Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself. These steps are:

*a. attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. b. motivation, intuitiveness, desire, and replication. c. motivation, attention, replication, and retention.

The brain's descending pain modulatory system

*a. enabled Aron Ralston to be happy about cutting off his arm. b. prevented Aron Ralston from feeling any pain while severing his arm. c. initially increases the awareness of pain, but decreases its lingering effects.

If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called

*a. bias b. blocking c. transience

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

*a. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day b. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m. c. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores

Punishment ________ the likelihood that a behavior will occur while reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior.

*a. decreases; increases b. increases; decreases c. decreases; decreases

Sierra and her family are on vacation at the beach. They eat lasagna for dinner and then head out to the waves. Sierra tries boogie boarding and ends up swallowing a mouthful of salt water, which makes her sick to her stomach. The next time someone offers her lasagna, the thought of it makes Sierra feel sick. This is an example of a/an ________.

*a. taste aversion b. unconditioned response c. taste response

This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?

*a. tympanic membrane b. pinna c. auditory canal

When H.M. had his hippocampus removed, he was

*a. unable to form new semantic memories. b. unable to retrieve any semantic memories prior to the surgery. c. unable to experience fear.

In order for something to be classified as creative, it should be original

*a. useful, and surprising. b. flexible, and inspiring. c. valuable, and unique.

You are trying to enter a prize drawing at the radio station but the lines are busy. You continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

*a. variable interval b. variable ratio c. fixed ratio

Which sense pertains to body movement and awareness?

a. kinesthesia b. the vestibular sense *c. proprioception

How does someone who has never been to a Starbucks before know to order and pay at the counter and then wait for their food to be ready?

a. The individual carefully observes everyone's behavior in the Starbucks and then imitates it. b. The individual carefully observes the Starbucks, creates a new concept for Starbucks, and acts accordingly. *c. The individual already has a concept for casual dining restaurants and can apply this concept to Starbucks.

________ provide step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task.

a. Working backwards b. Heuristics *c. Algorithms

Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding.

a. acoustic b. visual *c. semantic

When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should

a. ask specific questions, like, "where did he hurt you?" instead of "did he hurt you?" b. give a lineup of potential suspects and ask which one is the culprit. *c. be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.

Ronaldo was on the state champion soccer team in high school and has fond memories of his experiences with the team. When his son asks Ronaldo about his old coach and what it was like to play on such a great team, Ronaldo remembers only a couple of things about the season, even though he spent hours everyday with the team. This is an example of

a. blocking. *b. transience. c. misattribution.

The day Kim is in Nairobi she notices the honking, engine sounds, yelling, and other street noises. By the second day, however, she no longer notices these. Which of the following is the best explanation?

a. bottom-up processing b. top-down processing *c. Sensory Adaptation

Subliminal messaging

a. can strongly influence behavior. *b. can mildly influence behavior. c. is not real.

Wendy's belief that rabbits are cute, fun, and intelligent animals is an example of a

a. category. *b. natural concept. c. artificial concept.

Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name. This is

a. chunking. *b. a mnemonic device. c. using peg-words.

When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a

a. conditioned stimulus. *b. neutral stimulus. c. unconditioned stimulus.

Hwan is extremely afraid of flying but is looking forward to a Spring Break trip to the coast with his friends. He decides that driving would be safer, so he convinces his roommate to cancel his flight to join him in the car. He is making this decision based on a/an

a. confirmation bias. *b. availability heuristic. c. functional fixedness.

As people age, they hold on to their accumulated knowledge and memories and tend to increase in emotional intelligence. There is typically a decline, however, in their ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. This is a decline in ________ intelligence.

a. crystalized *b. fluid c. analytical

Holly was sitting on her bed when she remembered she needed to call her mom about what to do for her grandma's birthday. She got up and did a few dishes before calling her mom, but then she forgot why she had needed to call. She retraced her steps back to her bed, then suddenly rememberd the purpose of the call. This can be explained by the

a. cue overload principle. *b. encoding specificity principle. c. recall effect.

The loudness of a sound is determined by the ________ of sound waves.

a. decibels b. frequency *c. amplitude

Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

a. encoding *b. relearning c. effortless processing

Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through ________ and short-term memory.

a. encoding b. semantic *c. sensory

Confusing the source of information is called

a. false construction. b. suggestibility. *c. misattribution.

Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

a. fixed interval *b. variable interval c. variable ratio

Monthly paychecks are an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

a. fixed ratio *b. fixed interval c. variable ratio

Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have?

a. flashbulb b. retrograde *c. anterograde

The ________ carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

a. fovea b. cornea *c. optic nerve

Looking for evidence to back up the way you already feel about something is an example of

a. functional fixedness. *b. confirmation bias. c. the availability heuristic.

Which is an example of operant conditioning?

a. getting awakened with a glass of water each day for a week *b. giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem c. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing

Pronouns like "I", "me", and "my" are used more often in ________ cultures.

a. indigenous b. collectivist *c. individualistic

Pronoun drop is more likely to occur in ________ cultures.

a. indigenous b. individualistic *c. collectivist

Rylee has moved to a new city and is visiting the doctor for the first time. Even though she's never been before, she goes to the check-in counter first and then waits patiently in the waiting room chairs. She does this because

a. she observes the layout of the room and creates a new concept for doctor's offices, then acts accordingly. *b. she already has a concept for doctors offices and automatically applies that to the new office. c. she watches everyone else in the room first to ensure that is the appropriate behavior.

Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing he specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called

a. social network. *b. audience design. c. priming.

Define originality.

a. special or interesting b. nonobvious *c. having a low probability, unique

What is the basic sound unit of a language?

a. syntax *b. phoneme c. morpheme

Which of the following sequences demonstrates the correct order of the components of language from the smallest component to the broadest?

a. syntax, phoneme, morpheme b. morpheme, phoneme, syntax *c. phoneme, morpheme, syntax

Kyle from Mississippi asks Brandon from Boston if he wants a "coke," and Brandon says, "No thanks, I'll have a Sprite instead," even though Sprite cans were the only drinks Kyle had to offer. Brandon didn't understand that Kyle refers to all sodas and soft drinks and cokes. This is due to differences in

a. syntax. *b. lexicon. c. situational models.

Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation?

a. the doctor's office *b. nausea c. chemotherapy

When the brain receives nociceptive signals from the body,

a. the experience of pain will be lessened if we focus on the injury. b. they can be amplified by focusing on a distraction. *c. they can be blocked by the brain's descending pain modulatory system.

Edward Thorndike's ________ says that behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated.

a. theory of conditioning *b. law of effect c. conditioning box

What happened when the participants were asked to draw the size of the hole?

a. they drew the hole larger than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles. *b. they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles. c. they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by smaller circles.

According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely

a. to be discouraged. b. to be extinguished. *c. to be repeated.

When Janet feels the wind blowing on her face this is an example of ________.

a. transduction b. perception *c. sensation

Which is the faster technique for solving a problem?

a. trial-and-error b. algorithms *c. heuristics

The vibration of the ________ causes the ossicles to move.

a. tympanic membrane b. pinna *c. auditory canal

Perception is

a. what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor *b. the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced. c. the available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts that influence sensation.

When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the ________ technique.

a. word aid b. mnemonic word *c. peg word

_______ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might

have difficulty in school. a. David Wechsler *b. Alfred Binet c. James Flynn