RWSKILLS 3RD QUARTER
is a reading model that emphasizes the written or printed text, it says that reading is driven by a process that results in meaning (or, in other words, reading is driven by text) and that reading proceeds from part to whole.
Bottom-up Model
MODELS OF READING
Bottom-up Model, Top-down Model, Interactive Model
why something happened, what cause it fishbone
CAUSE & EFFECT
Often used to show Qualitative Data
CHARTS
12 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
NARRATION PERSONAL DESCRIPTION ABSTRACT DESCRIPTION PROCESS EXPLANATION DEFINITION EXEMPLIFICATION CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS COMPARISON & CONTRAST CAUSE & EFFECT PROBLEM & SOLUTION PERSUASION
to narrate or tell a story; appeals to the emotion example: anecdotes and short stories
Narration
Reading is "the process of receiving and interpreting information encoded in language form via the medium of print"
(Urquhart & Weir, 1998)
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS: GRAPHS
1. Line Graph 2. Bar Graph 3. Pie Graph 4. Pyramid Graph 5. Pictograph
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS: CHARTS & DIAGRAMS
1. Organizational Chart 2. Flow Chart 3. Cycle Chart 4. Tree Diagram 5. Table or Matrix 6. Fishbone Diagram 7. Venn Diagram 8. Concept Web
description of places, things, etc concept web
ABSTRACT DESCRIPTION
examination of a topic, detailed concept web, tree diagram
ANALYSIS
ENUMERATIVE ORDER enumerative order that proceeds from A to Z of the English alphabet *Aklan,Antique, Capiz, Iloilo, *Luzon, Mindanao,Visayas, *Aeta, Cebuano, English, Filipino; Spanish
Alphabetical Order
makes use of Roman and Hindu-Arabic numbers as well as uppercase and lowercase letters.
Alphanumeric Outline (Traditional)
2 Systems of Outline
Alphanumeric Outline (Traditional) Decimal Outline (Standard)
Grammatical Cohesion Grammatical cohesion refers to the grammatical relations between text elements. This includes the use of: Anaphora. Cataphora. Ellipsis. Substitutions. Conjunctions and transition words.
Anaphora Anaphora is when you use a word referring back to another word used earlier in a text or conversation. Example: Jane was brilliant. She got the best score. The pronoun "she" refers back to the proper noun "Jane". Cataphora Cataphora is the opposite of anaphora. Cataphora refers to the use of a word or phrase that refers to or stands for a following word or phrase. Example: Here he comes our hero. Please, welcome John. The pronoun "he" refers back to the proper noun "John". Ellipsis Ellipsis refers to the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues. Example: Liz had some chocolate bars, and Nancy an ice cream. In the above example, "had" in "Nancy an ice cream" is left because it can be understood (or presupposed) as it was already mentioned previously in the sentence. Elliptic elements can be also understood from the context as in: A: Where are you going? B: Home. Substitutions Substitutions refer to the use of a word to replace another word. Example: A: Which T-shirt would you like? B: I would like the pink one. Conjunctions Transition Words Conjunctions and transition words are parts of speech that connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Examples of conjunctions: but, or, and, although, in spite of, because, Examples of transition words: however, similarly, likewise, specifically, consequently, for this reason, in contrast to, accordingly, in essence, chiefly, finally. Here are some examples: I called Tracy and John. He was tired but happy. She likes neither chocolates nor cookies. You can either finish the work or ask someone to do it for you. He went to bed after he had done his homework. Although she is very rich, she isn't happy. I was brought up to be responsible. Similarly, I will try to teach my kids how to take responsibility for their actions.
LOGICAL ORDER logical falling order that proceeds in a series of related stages from the most to the least significant in terms of size or importance *peak of health of disease,organ failure *world, country, community,family, individual
Anticlimactic Order
to cite reasons for or against a proposition; persuades the audience. example: position paper; advertisements
Argumentation
is used to compare quantities. It may be vertical or horizontal.
BAR GRAPH
The easiest way to organize information is by doing a ______________ list. This list contains possible topics for inclusion in the write up. A writer lists down all the topics he desires to include in the article. After doing the list, he trims down the number of items by removing those which are unnecessary. In the end, only those which are needed remain.
BRAINSTORMING
Time Order order that is based on time,e.g.,from the earliest time to the latest time as in a narrative, or from the first stage to the last stage as in a process explanation *dawn, morning, noon, afternoon, dusk, evening *Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age), Neolithic Period (New Stone Age) *zygotic stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
ORGANIZATION
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER, LOGICAL ORDER, ENUMERATIVE ORDER
categories, methods divides things into group organizational chart, tree diagram
CLASSIFICATION
how something differs from the other, similarities or differences venn diagram, table
COMPARISON & CONTRAST
is used to organize ideas separating each concept by a circle.
CONCEPT WEB
It is a strategy in reading that goes beyond just understanding a text. It may involve carefully considering and evaluating the text, identifying the reading's strengths and implications, identifying the reading's weaknesses and flaws, looking at the 'big picture' and deciding how the reading fits into the greater academic context
CRITICAL READING
LEVELS OF READING
CRITICAL READING INFERENTIAL READING LITERAL READING
is used to organize flow of events or procedures to process information in a repetitive state.
CYCLE CHART
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds from head to foot (top to bottom) *head,neck,chest/breast,waist,foot *crater, slope, base of the volcano *third level, second level, ground level
Cap-a-pie Order
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds from tail to head *tail, body, head, horns of cattle *abdomen, cephalothorax e
Caudocephalic Order
LOGICAL ORDER logical order that proceeds either from cause to effect/s or from effect to cause/s *fire - destruction of lives and properties *failure - poor study habits
Causal Order
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds from head to tail *horns, head, body,tail of cattle *cephalothorax, abdomen
Cephalocaudal Order
present information in graphs, diagrams and/or tables.
Charts
LOGICAL ORDER logical rising order that proceeds in a series of related stages from the least 'to the most significant in terms of size or importance *individual, family, community, country, world *fertilization of the egg incubation and development of the fetus to birth of the infant
Climactic Order
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds in a fashion similar to the movement of the clock's hands *upper left,upper right,lower right,lower left
Clockwise Direction
CRISPR
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
is present if a text which is either spoken or written appears to hang together than being random collection of sentences.
Coherence
is a type of organization in a text that is created by the presence of recognizable linguistic items which relate it to preceding and following sentences.
Cohesion
REGISTER Language of businessmen; terms used in the field of commerce and industry expenditure, revenue, purchasing power, merchandising, ultimate consumer, accrual, bad order, collateral, ceiling price,liabilities
Commercialese/ Mercantilese
REGISTER Language of computer specialists; terms used in computer science and information technology gigabyte, octal system, debugging, lovebug, programming, flowchart, website designer, blog, cybercrime, database, memory, chatting, bit
Computerese
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds in a fashion opposite to the movement of the clock's hands *upper right,upper left,lower left,lower right
Counterclockwise Direction
meanings, etc concept web, table
DEFINITION
makes use of numbers to its decimal form.
Decimal Outline (Standard)
LOGICAL ORDER logical' order that proceeds from general to particular (from rule to examples) *definition of a noun (names of persons, places,things,events,etc, used as the subject of object in a sentence) *citing examples of the items mentioned in the definition
Deductive Order (rulex)
is used for participant identification, place and time indicator, temporal ordering, tense and aspect.
Deictic Signposts
Macro Level of Cohesive Devices:
Deictic Signposts, Generic Signposts, Logical Signposts
to state the qualities of something or someone; appeals to the senses example: character sketch
Description
REGISTER Language of diplomats; terms used in the field of foreign service attache,ambassador of goodwill,courtesy call,extradition, deportee, diplomaticcorps, state visit, consulate, immigration, briefing
Diplomatese
is defined in linguistics as any stretch of language larger than a sentence whether spoken or written and having a logically consistent and unified structure. The term is often used as an equivalent of text (Collins & Hollo, 2000).
Discourse
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds from farthest to nearest *gate, lawn, steps,front porch, door
Distoproximal Order
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds from back part to front part *background, middle ground,foreground
Dorso-frontal Order
example/s of something concept web
EXEMPLIFICATION
It is reading for pleasure or recreation. No goals are set other than to enjoy. It usually involves reading activities that does not require one's expertise, yet one may spend several hours with this type of reading. It is also known as light reading or pleasure reading.
EXTENSIVE READING
order that is usually used in a list or an enumeration of items *Restaurant Menu.' appetizers, soups, staples,dessert,drinks
Enumerative Order
to explain or inform; appeals to the intellect example: research paper, articles, announcements, etc.
Exposition
FORMS OF DISCOURSE
Exposition, Description, Narration, Argumentation
REGISTER
FIELD, TENOR, MODE
is used to illustrate cause and effect relationships of concepts by separating it with the use of vertebrae.
FISHBONE DIAGRAM
is used to show chronology or process.
FLOW CHART
is the dimension of register which is associated with occupational varieties, also known as jargons.
Field
are connotative presentations of words to produce a literary effect. These are classified into figures of comparison, contrast, representation or reference, order, omission, addition, substitution, repetition, and order. This classification is presented in the table below.
Figures of speech
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds from front part to back part *frontal, middle, and dorsal part of a frog
Fronto-dorsal Order
Spatial Order *Luzon,Visayas,Mindanao *roots,trunk,branches,leaves
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER
Quantitative Data
GRAPHS
are used for certain openers and enders.
Generic Signposts
may be drawn to help a writer organize his ideas. The choice of an appropriate _____________ is dependent on the pattern to be used in developing paper.
Graphic organizers
comprise a specific type of chart, showing the relationships between mathematical data.
Graphs
DENOTATION & CONNOTATION
HYPERONYM & HYPONYM IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS FIGURES OF SPEECH
It is the ability to process written information and understand the underlying meaning of the text which is then used to infer or determine deeper meaning that is not explicitly stated.
INFERENTIAL READING
Requires one to read materials related to his/her specialization and expertise. It demands great deal of content-area reading for academic and functional purposes. It is also known as word for word reading or functional reading.
INTENSIVE READING
LOGICAL ORDER logical order that proceeds from particular to general (from examples to rule) *citing instances that have the same result *formulating a generalization based on the similar outcomes of the said instances
Inductive Order (exrul)
Since neither the bottom-up nor top-down model of the reading process totally accounts for what occurs during the reading process, Rumelhart (1977) proposes an interactive model in which both letter features or data-driven sensory information and non-sensory information come together at one place.
Interactive Model
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds from the outermost to the innermost *skin, muscles, bones, bone marrow
Inward Direction
REGISTER Language of journalists; terms used in the field of journalism or newspapering yellow journalism, payola, blue-penciling, by—line, lead, beat, headline, banner, streamer, editorializing, libel, layout artist, classified ad
Journalese
is used to show progress or development. It may be single line or multiple lines differentiated by color, form or thickness.
LINE GRAPH
The most basic level of reading which consists in the ability to decode written texts and understand their explicit information.
LITERAL READING
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds from the leftmost to the rightmost *small finger,ring finger,middle finger,index finger,and thumb of the left hand
Left-to-right Direction
REGISTER Language of lawyers; terms used in the field of law criminologist,penology,complainant, corpus delicto,habeas corpus, illegitimate, sub judice, jussoli, bona fide, plaintiff, defendant
Legalese
order that is based on logical reasoning *cause - effect; proof - conclusion
Logical Order
are patterns of text development such the use of chronological order of narratives.
Logical Signposts
is the dimension of register which is associated with the medium or channel of communication. It could be spoken (primary) or written (secondary).
MODE
REGISTER Language of doctors; terms used in the field of medicine osteoporosis,scoliosis,meningococcemia,leukemia, dysmenorrhea, peptic ulcer, antacid,insomnia, vasectomy, rhinoplasty
Medicalese
THE NATURE OF READING
Models of Reading Stages of Reading Levels of Reading Types of Reading
REGISTER Language of mothers; terms used in parenting babytalk, breast-feeding, babysitter, rashes, special children,temper tantrums,weaning,toddlers,disposable diapers, feeding bottles
Motherese
tell a story, presenting events (in order), logical sequence, chronology of events flow chart, timeline
NARRATION
ENUMERATIVE ORDER enumerative order that proceeds from one to infinity or vice versa; it may be ascending (from the lowest to the highest number) or descending (from the highest to the lowest number) *1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81, 100, etc,(ascending numerical order) *12,11,10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1,0,etc.(descending numerical order)
Numerical Order
is used to present the relation of responsibility and accountability in a group or organization.
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
are used to serve as a skeletal framework for ideas. It lists down all ideas relevant to the topic, sorts them all into major and minor ones.
Outlines
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds from the innermost to the outermost *core, mantle, crust *yolk, albumin, egg shell
Outward Direction
description of a person concept web
PERSONAL DESCRIPTION
convincing concept web, table
PERSUASION
is used to present quantities in the form of figures.
PICTOGRAPH
is used to present proportions and percentages. It may be solid or exploded differentiated by color, shading, etc.
PIE GRAPH
STAGES OF READING
PRE-READING, WHILE-READING, POST-READING
how the problem can be solve fishbone
PROBLEM & SOLUTION
definition of the process flow chart, cycle chart
PROCESS EXPLANATION
is used to present proportional, interconnected, or hierarchical relationships.
PYRAMID GRAPH
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds from foot to head (bottom to top) *basement,ground floor, second floor,third floor,fourth floor *base of a microscope eyepiece
Pie-a-cap Order
is a strategic, selective reading method in which you focus on the main ideas of a text. It also called as rapid-survey reading.
SKIMMING
TYPES OF READING ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
SKIMMING SCANNING INTENSIVE READING EXTENSIVE READING
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER spatial order that proceeds from nearest to farthest *troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,thermosphere
Proximodistal Order
is such a pervasive activity that we all know what reading is, yet the term "___________" has not been clearly defined up to date. __________ usually means dealing with language messages in written or printed form, it involves processing language messages, hence knowledge of language.
Reading
Lexical Cohesion We can achieve cohesion through lexical cohesion by using these techniques: Repetition. Synonymy. Antonymy. Hyponymy. Meronymy.
Repetition Repeating words may contribute to cohesion. Repetition creates cohesive ties within the text. Example: "Birds are beautiful. I like birds." Synonymy You can use a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word to achieve cohesion. Example: "Paul saw a snake under the mattress. The serpent was probably hiding there for a long time." Antonymy Antonymy refers to the use of a word of opposite meaning. This is often used to create links between the elements of a text. Example: "Old movies are boring, the new ones are much better." Hyponymy This refers to the use of a word that denotes a subcategory of a more general class. Example: I saw a cat. The animal was very hungry and looked ill." Meronymy Meronymy is another way to achieve cohesion. It refers to the use of a word that denotes part of something but which is used to refer to the whole of it for instance faces can be used to refer to people as in "I see many faces here". In the following example, hands refer to workers. Example: More workers are needed. We need more hands to finish the work.
GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER order that proceeds from the rightmost to the leftmost *small finger,ring finger,middle finger,index finger,and thumb of the right hand
Right-to-left Direction
is a reading technique to be used when you want to find specific information quickly. It is also called as search reading.
SCANNING
LOGICAL ORDER logical order that proceeds from the simplest to the most complex *addition, subtraction,multiplication, division *word, phrase, clause, sentence,paragraph, composition
Simple to Complex Order
is used to present a large body of numerical and other data. It may consist titles or headings, legends, etc. in a grid form.
TABLE
is the dimension of register which is associated with the participants and their relationship in the communication situation. It could formal or informal, public or private.
TENOR
CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLINES
TOPIC OUTLINE, SENTENCE OUTLINE, PARAGRAPH OUTLINE
is used to present a classification or analysis of data.
TREE DIAGRAM
REGISTER Language of teachers; terms used in the field of education normal distribution curve, outcome-based education, feeblemindedness, assessment,open university,blended learning, class list
Teacherese
REGISTER Language of technocrats; terms used in the field of science and technology halogen, kinetic energy, centrifugalforce, aerodynamics, hydrostatics,barometer,solar energy,acceleration,altitude, eletron, volt
Technicalese
REGISTER Language of text and chat; terms used in telegraphy/internet ur, lowbatt, txtmsg, sms, cp, re, http, www, wifi, hifi, asl, sop, asap, emo, lipo, demo, ob-gyne, slomo, animo, chemo, conass, concon
Telegraphese
is defined in linguistics as a stretch of a language which is perceived as a purposeful connected whole.
Text
is a reading approach that emphasizes what the reader brings to the text, it contends that reading is driven by meaning and proceeds from whole to part. It is also known as concept-driven model.
Top-down Model
is used to find similarities and differences of concepts by drawing two or more overlapping circles.
VENN DIAGRAM
defines reading as "the process of getting linguistic information via print".
Widdowson (1979)
meaning of a word is that which is assigned by the writer to a word as it is used in the context of his text. It is also known as the figurative meaning of a word.
connotative
meaning of a word is that which is found in the dictionary. It is also known as the literal meaning of a word
denotative
When a word embraces other words, it is a _________ (genus or class), that is, a word superior (over or above) to the words it embraces.
hyperonym
The words embraced are its ___________ (species).
hyponyms
idiom in short) is a number of words which, when taken together, have a meaning different from the individual meanings of each word. It is an expression (a word, a phrase, or a sentence) that does not mean what it says literally or an expression in the usage of a language that is peculiar to itself either grammatically or in having a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements.
idiomatic expression
Words and paragraph, ideas in a sentence, or composition are organized in a certain manner called
order