Safety and Protection: Infection Control

Droplet Precautions examples

- reduce risk of droplet transmission fro contact with mucuos membranes of mouth and nose thru sneezing, coughing, talking or suctioning - transmission requires close contact - meningitis, pneumonia, flu, mumps, rubella

Contact Precautions examples

- spread through direct and indirect contact - either skin to skin or a contaminated object Scabies, herpes, C-diff, Ebola, E.Coli, MRSA

Standard Precautions

- hand-washing - gloves - mask - gown - patient care equipment: sanitize all - don't recap needles

Nosocomial Infections

- hospital acquired infections - primary prevention factor is hand-washing -

Airborne Precautions

- private room with negative air pressure - 6-12 air changes within the room per hour - room door closed at all times - respiratory protection in the room - limit transport outisde of the room and pt should wear a mask

Droplet Precautions

- private room, but door can be open - can share a room with someone with an active infection of the same micro-organism - at least 3 ft btwn patient and contact - wear a mask - limit transport to outside room

Contact Precautions

- private room, can share a room with someone with same organism - gloves - gown - limit transport out of room - don't share equipment

Potential Symptoms of Infectious Disease

-fever, chill, malaise -rash, skin lesion -bleeding from gums -joint effusion -diarrhea -frequency, urgency -cough, sore throat -nausea, vomiting -headache -stiff neck -myalgia -convulsions -confusion -tachycardia -hypotension

chain of transmission

1. Causative agent (pathogen, bacteria, virus) 2. Reservoir (human, animal, object) 3. Portal of exit - way to get out of reservoir of host (blood, intestine, respiratory tract, open lesion, excretion, tears, or semen) 4. Transmission route - way to reach susceptible host (contact, vector, droplet) 5. Portal of entry - way to gain entrance (blood, mucuous, inhalation, ingestion, percutaneous injection) 6. Susceptible host

Which type of protective equipment needs to be worn if airborne precautions are being followed? N-95 respirator gloves and gown gloves, gown, and N-95 respirator gloves, gown, and mask

A A N-95 respirator needs to be worn if airborne precautions are being followed since this device helps to filter the air so that airborne microorganisms cannot be inhaled. Gloves and gown only need to be worn when contact precautions are being followed.

What is the most common mode of transmission for Anthrax? inhalation of bacterial spores direct contact with an infected individual sexual contact with an infected individual a bite from a tick

A Anthrax can be contracted by direct contact with the bacteria through the digestive system, through a cut or open area of the skin, or through inhalation of spores. Anthrax is considered a biological warfare agent and can potentially be deadly.

Which isolation precaution specifically mandates the designation that patient specific equipment must stay in the patient's room? contact precautions droplet precautions airborne precautions transmission-based precautions

A Contact precautions necessitate that dedicated patient equipment (e.g., thermometer, stethoscope, blood pressure cuff) stay in the patient's room. If an item must be removed, it must be disinfected or placed in a bag labeled as a biohazard

Which transmission-based precaution would be appropriate for a patient with meningitis or pneumonia? airborne precautions droplet precautions contact precautions standard precautions

B

An injury or illness that occurs as the result of medical care is known as: extrinsic intrinsic iatrogenic teratogenic

An injury or illness that occurs as the result of medical care is known as iatrogenic. These events are considered preventable since they occur under the care of medical professionals most often from poor quality of care or medical errors. Next

Which duration of time would be considered acceptable when washing hands between patients? 10 seconds 20 seconds 40 seconds 60 seconds

B Hand hygiene is the most important safety precaution health care professionals can take in the prevention of bacteria transmission. Using adequate friction and ordinary soap, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends continuous hand scrubbing for 20 seconds to remove transient bacteria.

When applying protective garments before treating a patient in aseptic isolation, which garment is typically applied last? gown gloves mask cap

B In situations requiring aseptic isolation, protective garments need to be applied in a specific order. The cap should be applied first, followed by the mask, gown, and finally gloves.

Which precautions would be necessary when working with a patient with known influenza? contact precautions droplet precautions airborne precautions neutropenic precautions

B Transmission of influenza occurs through droplet transmission (e.g., contact with mucous membranes, coughing, sneezing, talking, suctioning) and therefore droplet precautions must be followed. Droplet precautions require a private room for the patient, at least three feet between the patient and others, and limited transport outside of the room.

A bite from an infected insect would be considered a form of: direct transmission vehicle-borne transmission vector-borne transmission airborne transmission

B Vector-borne transmission occurs when an illness is caused by an infectious microbe transmitted by a living organism. A vector is often an infected insect or animal that transports the infectious agent and transmits it via salivary fluid.

Which of the following is considered to be an endogenous infection? gonorrhea syphilis shingles meningitis

C An endogenous infection occurs when the causative organism comes from microbial life harbored within a person, such as shingles. An exogenous infection occurs when the causative organism is acquired from other individuals. Gonorrhea, syphilis, and meningitis are all examples of exogenous bacteria that enter the host.

Under which precaution would a patient not be required to wear a mask when exiting their room? airborne precautions droplet precautions contact precautions standard precautions

C Contact precautions are used for patients with known or suspected serious illness easily transmitted by direct contact. Patients whom are on contact precautions are not in danger of transmitting their condition to others through air or droplets and therefore are not required to wear a mask.

Which of the following precautions would be unnecessary in the presence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus? gown gloves mask private room

C Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial infection that can be spread through contact. Contact precautions include the use of gloves and a gown as well as a private treatment room for the patient.

Droplet precautions require the use of which of the following? respirator facemask head and shoe covers sterile field

Droplet precautions reduce the risk of droplet transmission of infectious agents through contact of the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose, contact with the conjunctivae, and through coughing, sneezing, talking or suctioning. This transmission requires close contact, as the infectious agents do not suspend in the air and travel only three feet or less. A mask must be worn when working within three feet of the patient.

A patient with a severely compromised immune system suffering from herpes zoster would require: contact isolation precautions droplet isolation precautions airborne isolation precautions airborne isolation precautions and contact isolation precautions

D A patient with herpes zoster should be treated using contact precautions, however, because of the patients severely compromised immune system it would also be necessary to use airborne isolation precautions.

Which of the following is the most common source of nosocomial infection? vector borne airborne droplet contact

D Contact with contaminated surfaces whether they are inanimate objects (indirect contact) or other human beings (direct contact) is the most common source of nosocomial infection. Contact precautions include donning gloves and a gown.

What is the purpose of disinfectants? detect the presence of disease interfere with microorganism metabolism destroy bacteria on living tissue destroy bacteria on inanimate objects

D The purpose of disinfectants is to destroy bacteria on inanimate surfaces and objects. Antiseptics are used to destroy bacteria on living tissue.

Airborne Precautions examples

measles, varicella, TB