SAT II US History

Differences in standard of living for women during the 1920s

-Voting rights -More women in the workforce -Marriage increasingly based on the CHOICE of two people involved rather than of their families -More liberal DIVORCE laws permitted women to end marriages more *easily*. -Birth control more readily available. -Idea of the "flapper" showed a more liberal, less constricting style for women.

Monroe Doctrine 1823

1. The Americas were CLOSED to further colonization. 2. The US would NOT interfere with already existing colonies in the Americas. 3. THe US would not interfere in European affairs, likewise, the Europeans were to stay out of US affairs. 4. Actions taken by the Europeans to colonize the Western Hemisphere, or any attempt to interfere w/ USA, would be considered dangerous by the USA. [very isolationist, non-interventionist policies]

Three Questions Answered in the Dred Scott Case

1. Was Scott a citizen and so could sue? 2. Did Scott's sojourn in FREE territory make him free? 3. And could Congress prohibit slavery in the territories? All of these were answered no (anti-Northern answer)

About how many votes did Ulysses S Grant get from African-Americans?

1/2 a million

What fraction of Senate members would be replaced every 2 Years (instead of 6 Years like the rest?)

1/3

What fraction of the population did slaveholders make up?

1/4

By what percentage did real income increase?

10%

How many "Fed" branches were created by the Federal Reserve Act?

12!

Lincoln's War Strategy during the Civil War

"All their men in"

Name of Movement for Social Reform in 1800s during time of Slavery

"Benevolent Empire"

What was the Massachusetts Bay Colony known as?

"Bible Commonwealth"

What was this period of violence in Kansas called concerning slavery?

"Bleeding Kansas"

Nickname for Valeriano Weyler

"Butcher" Weyler

Actively disloyal Northern Democrats

"Copperheads" (derogatory name). They in fact PROTESTED AGAINST the "unjust" Civil War, disloyal to pro-war democrats

Caveat emptor

"Let the buyer beware"

Name of feminist magazine in the Second wave of Feminism

"Ms."

What is the name of the American national anthem?

"Star-Spangled Banner"

Name for group of writers who were disgusted with the ways that people in the 1920s were living

"The Lost Generation"

Nickname for Republican John Fremont

"The Pathfinder"

National Origins Act 1924

"Tinkered with the formula" of the Emergency Quota Act, but the result was a dramatic decrease in European immigration from 1921 until 1965, when the Immigration Act ended the the national origins quota system.

V-E Day

"Victory in Europe" Day. Day that the European part of WWII was over

What did Nixon do to reduce protests and WIND DOWN THE WAR? How did he fail?

"Vietnamization", ended the draft. First he included a LOTTERY, but then he just had an all-volunteer army. Tried to UNITE the pro-war *hawks* and anti-war *doves*, but couldn't. Called demonstrators *bums*, made an enemies list of reporters and dissenters, gave the names of these people to the FBI.

Divide of the Northern Democrats: The two factions

"War democrats" and "Peace democrats"

Lincoln Quote on Reconstruction

"With malice toward none, with charity toward all"

How much did the US loan to the Allies during WWI, and what did the US and Europeans think about the loan?

$10 million. Europeans: Resented having to pay it back. US: Insisted/expected that it was paid back.

Examples of Union victories during the Civil War

*Appomattox*, Wilderness

Redeemers: Reconstruction

*White Democrats* who were determined to get revenge on the Republicans for imposing their radical policies of Reconstruction on Southern states and thus hoped to "redeem" the South.

Bombings during the Clinton Administration

Bombing of the World Trade Center (1993) by Muslim extremists, bombings of US embassies in Africa, bombing of the *USS Cole* in Yemen harbor in 2000. Response by US was LIMITED.

"A Hazard of New Fortunes"

Book written by William Dean Howells about the plight of factory workers during the Gilded Age.

What were the pro-slavery people in Kansas called?

Border ruffians

Where was Thomas Hooker from, and what was his religion?

Boston and Puritan

Battle that showed American Victory in the War of 1812

Britain's failure to capture Baltimore, Victory at Fort McHenry in Baltimore harbor

Salutary Neglect

British Crown would IGNORE the violations of the British trade policies by the colonists (more laid-back), led to collapse of the Dominion of New England. Colonists could SMUGGLE goods.

Tony Blair

British Prime Minister. Strong supporter of Operation Iraqi Freedom

USS Chesapeake and the British 1807

British attacked the USS Chesapeake near Norfolk, Virginia. Showed a problem between US and British because British were attacking US ships.

Giovanni Cabot

British explorer who explored the northern coast of North America

Impressment of US Seamen by British during French Revolution: Explain what happened

British removed American sailors from American vessels and forced them into the service of the *British Navy*

"The Ed Sullivan Show"

Brought rock and roll to a mass audience and redefined postwar American popular culture.

Mortgage-backed securities: 21 century

Bundles of subprime mortgages that are traded like stocks.

"Waiting for Lefty": Play

By Clifford Odet. Was a really leftist play.

"The Disinherited": Book

By Jack Conroy. Was PROLETARIAT literature.

How did the Union cut the South in two?

By marching from Mississippi to Atlanta while simultaneously fighting in Virginia

John Trumbull, Charles Peale, Benjamin West, John S. Copley (what did they have in common?)

COLONIAL ARTISTS!!!

William H Rehnquist

CONSERVATIVE who led the Supreme Court in LIMITING ACCESS to *abortion* and remedying civil rights violations.

Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREP)

Called "CREEP" by opponents. Bugged the offices on the Democratic Party campaign headquarters in the Watergate Hotel and office building in DC in 1972.

Article X

Called for the League of Nations to be established.

Who was Warren Harding's vice president?

Calvin Coolidge

Quartering Act

Came out of colonial resistance. 1765 (one year after the really bad Acts), colonials had to provide barracks and supplies for British troops in USA.

Christian group that Georgians didn't tolerate?

Catholics

First group of Native Americans to trek in the Trail of Tears

Choctaw Indans 1831

Self-governing Colonies

Choose their own governors, still functioned under the auspices of *king*.

The Grapes of Wrath movie

Chronicled the conditions of *Dust Bowl* farmers fleeing to California

Other name for Philadelphia

City of Brotherly Love <3 (bruh)

Urban riots: Civil Rights Movement

Civil disturbances/rebellions. Took place in Harlem, Watts (Los Angeles), and Detroit. Attacks on businesses in black neighborhoods, and the police and firefighters who tried to protect the blacks.

How did pro-life opposition claims try to go against Roe v. Wade victory (what did they say)?

Claimed that abortion was murder often reflected in a RELIGION-BASED viewpoint, argued that the fetus was a sacred human life.

Hillary Rodham Clinton: Clinton Administration

Clinton chose her to lead the task force to REFORM HEALTH CARE.

Palestine: Clinton Administration

Clinton engineered an accord dealing w/ Palestinian self-rule between Israel's *Yitzhak Rabin* and Palestine's *Yasser Arafat*.

Vietnam: Clinton Administration

Clinton normalized relations w/ Vietnam, more than 25 yrs after the last American troops left Vietnam.

Brady Bill

Clinton put it into law in 1993, provided for aid to MUNICIPALITIES (cities) for POLICE, the building of PRISONS, and the establishment of crime prevention programs.

Bosnia: Clinton Administration

Clinton sent American troops as a part of NATO because of ETHNIC conflicts there.

Somalia: Clinton Administration

Clinton sent American troops there.

Albanians in Kosovo: Clinton Administration

Clinton sent American troops w/ NATO to end ethnic cleansing (genocide) of Albanians in Kosovo. The "cleansing" was ordered by *Slobodan Milosevic*. Milosevic died while being tried for WAR CRIMES stemming from the "cleansing."

Main Argument against Britain Taxing the Colonials

Colonials NOT REPRESENTED in British Parliament

National Consciousness

Colonials had disparate interests from the people of their "motherland". Individuality

Mercantile System + Colonies

Colonies existed for the benefit of the MOTHER COUNTRY, hurt colonial business and was very one-sided

Source of tension between GB and colonies after French and Indian War

Colonies' desire to trade with foreign nations and GB's need for reparations after protecting the colonies during the French and Indian War (F+I War=MAJOR THEME)

John Paul Jones

Colonist who was effective against the British at the seas by harassing British merchant vessels.

Interstate Commerce

Commerce among states

Greek Civil War causes and effects

Communist rebels with Soviet backing, captured northern Greece. Led to the implementation of the Truman Doctrine to protect it from communism.

"Hoovervilles"

Communities of people living together in vacant lots, sprung up throughout the country.

"Dot-com" companies

Companies that were technologically driven, fueled economic expansion during the Clinton Administration.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Congress passed this with the fear that a flood of goods from a revived post-war Europe would come its way. This RAISED TARIFF RATES (price of sending in goods)! Showed USA's desire to *isolate* itself.

Environmental Protection Act (EPA)

Congress response to environmentalist fervor by people.

"Any Means Necessary"-Iraq and Bush

Congress's response to Bush's thoughts on Iraq, said that he could definitely invade Iraq (against Hussein) if necessary.

Blue Laws: Colonial Times

Connecticut laws that dictated how people should BEHAVE

Was Calvin Coolidge a conservative or progressive?

Conservative

Phyllis Schlafly

Conservative intellectual and political activist who believed that the *Equal rights Amendment (ERA)* would lead to women being DRAFTED BY THE MILITARY, the establishment of UNISEX bathrooms (gasp!) and the loss of benefits by *dependent housewives*.

Bourbon Democrats

Conservative or "classical liberal" people from the late 1800s to early 1900s. People like Samuel Tilden (guy who technically lost to Rutherford in Compromise of 1877), President Grover Cleveland (guy blamed for Panic of 1893).

Difference between Conservatives and Progressives in relation to tariffs?

Conservatives: Want high tariffs to protect American industry from competition. Progressives: Want lower tariffs to benefit **consumers**.

Which C + I + G+ (X-M) sector [economics] was dominant during the Roaring 20s?

Consumer (C)

John Marshall

Continually had to validate the Bank of the US, as seen in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland 1819. Sent to France to meet with French Minister Talleyrand to negotiate a peace with the French. Was a chief justice of the court for 34, shaped the Supreme Court and solidified the power of the CENTRAL (supreme=central) gov.

Royal Colony

Controlled by the crown, governor appointed by the crown

National Advisory (Kerner) Commission on Civil Disorders

Convened to discover why there was so much VIOLENCE. Decided that the plight of blacks was barely known to whites (still runs true today).

Convention in Seneca Falls

Convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton addressing women's rights and suffrage (voting)

Major Crop that slaves cultivated

Cotton

Short-Staple Cotton

Cotton that grew INLAND in the *black belt* of the South. Could NOT be grown profitably until the cotton gin was invented. Was more common in the West, which made the cotton gin perfect for producing more cotton in that area.

All crops that slaves cultivated

Cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar, hemp

Coup against Ngo Dinh Diem

Coup by Buddhists in South Vietnam because he was pro-Catholic (because of old French). Got killed. JFK insisted that the CIA not oppose or interfere w/ such a move. Diem KILLED.

United States v. Nixon 1974

Court ruled AGAINST the president. Reason that Nixon didn't run for a second term: Nixon faced the possibility of *impeachment*, and he lacked support in the *Senate*.

"Redlining"

Covenants in some communities (suburban ones) that prohibited selling homes to African Americans.

Military leader who led the Sioux during the end of the Defeat of the Sioux

Crazy Horse

What did the US do in response to the number of Native Americans in the Great Plains in 1834?

Created a *reservation*, or a space exclusively for Native Americans. Then, with negotiations at Fort Laramie and Fort Atkinson, they designated different Native nations in different areas. This was bad because most Natives were NOMADIC.

Henry Clay's response to Jackson's scandalous Force Bill

Created a substitute tariff that provided for gradual reduction in the damn high tariff rates of 1832

Albany Plan of Union

Created by *Benjamin Franklin* as a way to ward off the *French* threat, a DEFENSIVE union for the COLONIES. *1754* (Year of F+I War). Would allow colonists to raise money from TAXES for defense and deal with problems w/ Indians and settlement of Western lands. REJECTED BY MANY COLONISTS, but was a "small step" towards colonial unity. (+/-) It was rejected because none of the colonies were willing to share tax-collecting powers w/ a national entity (Money was the issue$$)

Interchangeable parts

Created by Eli Whitney. Machine-made or standardized parts that could be put together to make a product.

Federal Reserve Bank

Created by the Federal Reserve Act (duh). Was able to regulate the money supply through a series of financial mechanisms.

What did the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 create? (Johnson administration)

Created the OEO (Office of Economic Opportunity)

Security and Exchange Act

Created the Security Exchange Commission (SEC) to police the activities of the stock market.

Project Head Start

Created through LBJ's Great Society

Federal Trade Commission 1914

Created to investigate dishonest and unscrupulous business practices. Had the power to order companies to halt such bad practices.

King George III

Crowned in 1760, wanted more CONTROL over colonies, believed they should pay for the F+I War that they were helped w/ by British.

Treaty of Paris 1898 key points

Cuba would be independent, *Guam* and *Puerto Rico* would become US possessions, and the US would pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines.

José Marti

Cuban who raised the cry of independence against Spain, but was met with severe measures to this by Spain

Where did construction on the National Road begin?

Cumberland, Maryland

Who invented the mechanical reaper?

Cyrus McCormick

Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819

Dartmouth had been granted a charter at its founding by *royal authority*, but sued when the state of New Hampshire tried to ALTER that charter. NH claimed that "no contract existed", as defined by the CONSTITUTION. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Dartmouth. Conclusion: Established the idea that states cannot INTERFERE w/ contracts between states and corporations

Occupational Health and Safety Administration (1970s)

Dealt with automobile and factory emissions, solid wastes, and the health of workers in factories and offices. [environmentalist]

Patrick Henry: Colonial Times

Declared that nobody could tax the colonies (ie. England) except the Virginia House.

Picture where Washington "stands on the boat": When and Where

Delaware River, December 2nd, 1776

Volstead Act 1919

Delineated the specifics of *Prohibition* and its enforcement, before Prohibition was actually a law of the land (in 1920). "stead"=steady=no alcohol

Was Stephen Douglas a Democrat or Republican?

Democrat (remember his idea of "popular sovereignty")

Was Clinton a Democrat or Republican?

Democrat.

"Population Bomb" by Paul Ehrlich

Describes the threat to health and well-being of pollution.

"Like a Rolling Stone"-BobDylan

Description of how hard it is to make choices for yourself when you have no one to take care of you. Folk-influenced rock.

What did Truman do in terms of segregation of armed forces? Did he have permission from Congress?

Desegregated them by 1948, didn't have permission from Congress

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 1965

Designed fo ENFORCE civil rights laws (E=enforce, equal, employment).

"Birth of a Nation" movie 1915

Directed by DW Griffith. A racist depiction of Reconstruction that GLORIFIED the KKK.

Did the Mexicans agree or disagree w/ Polk's decision to buy California?

Disagreed

Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes-Shenck v. United States 1919

Disagreed with Schenck's argument that he had the 1st amendment [freedom of speech] to justify his action that discouraged men from joining the military. Proclaimed him guilty (along w/ others)

Who founded New Haven?

Discontented Massachusetts Bay Puritans

What was one vitally important thing that the Progressive movement did NOT address?

Discrimination against African-Americans

Why did the era of the cowboy end?

Droughts (1883 and 1886) and a severe blizzard (1887) took their toll, as well as the invention of *barbed wire*, which allowed ranchers and farmers to FENCE IN their land, thus reducing the WIDE-OPEN expanses that the long cattle drivers depended on

Manuel Noriega

Drug-dealing dictator of Panama who was captured under HW Bush's administration.

Marbury v. Madison 1803 [J Review]

During John Adams' presidency, John Adams had tried to fill the federal courts w/ Federalist judges. John Marshall was supposed to have delivered the appointments (the judges of this court) but didn't. James Madison, Adams's secretary of state, REFUSED to appoint. William Marbury was supposed to have been appointed and sued James Madison. John Marshall ruled the Supreme Court, as seen through a piece of the *1789 Judiciary Act* as unconstitutional, and established the power of *judicial review*, which allows the Supreme Court to declare acts of Congress and the president unconstitutional (more power to the Supreme Court, even calling out big figures like the Prez).

Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty

During détente, meant to LIMIT DEFENSIVE MISSILES.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

During détente, meant to LIMIT OFFENSIVE MISSILES ("salty")

When was the longest period of economic growth in the US? What indicated this?

During the 1950s, after a brief recession after WWII. Indicated by the vast # of people joining the middle class.

Incident at the Alamo

During the Texan Revolution. The most celebrated military engagement in Texas history. 1836. Final capture of the Alamo, marks imminent Texan independence from Mexico.

Number of Confederate states that seceded after the Battle of Fort Sumter

ELEVEN (11)

Problem w/ having NO JUDICIAL BRANCH in Post-Revolutionary Government

Each state was the ultimate interpreter of the LAW, no standardization

Were quakers part of East or West New Jersey?

East (think of Eastern thinking)

"Pockets of opposition" to the Confederacy

East Tennessee and North Alabama

Election of 1924: What were the differences between the East Wing and the West Wing as divisions of the Democratic Party?

East Wing: Less into temperance (more into repealing Prohibition) and conservative-type stuff, also pro-punishment of KKK. West Wing: More into temperance, more conservative.

"New Immigration" ethnicities

Eastern and Southern Europeans, Asians

What was a principal consequence of the Glorious Rebellion in the colonies?

Edmund Andros, the leader of the Dominion of New England as appointed by the King who was just overthrown was taken out of office

Nuclear energy: Advantages and disadvantages in the present day

Efficient and clean, but there's a possibility of nuclear meltdown.

Which US president installed the "puppet" government in Vietnam?

Eisenhower

Did those who oppose the Stamp Act write eloquent or harsh criticism to the Crown?

Eloquent, because the Stamp Act most affected lawyers and writers.

William Penn

Embraced Quaker faith and got a LAND GRANT for Pennsylvania

What did *propaganda* do in WWI in the US?

Encouraged men to enlist in the military.

Immigration Act of 1965

Ended QUOTAS based on national origin. The applicant's occupation and skills would now be the main criteria for admission to the US. Preference given to those applicants who already had RELATIVES in the US.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended the F+I War. Said Britain would win India and all land NORTH of the Mississippi River. Britain gained ST. AUGUSTINE from the Spanish (allies w/ France)

What was "brilliant" about General MacArthur's plan during the Korean War?

Engineered a brilliant amphibious attack at *Inchon*. Forced a retreat by the communist armies and resulted in a STALEMATE.

Land gained and lost in French and Indian War

England gained Canada from France and almost everything EAST of the Mississippi River, French kept 2 sugar islands for fish trade and such. Spain got Louisiana from France, France got North Florida from Spain

Triple Entente countries

England, France, Russia

Massachusetts's Suffolk Reserves

Essentially anti-Intolerable Acts

Japanese internment camps

Essentially concentration camps located in California w/ the American fear that Japanese Americans were spying for Japan. Nobody in the camps got any compensation until 1988.

Treaty of Paris 1783 (v important)

Established USA Boundaries: Mississippi River=western boundary, North Florida=South Boundary. GB gives up Florida, gives it to Spain. GB collects debt. Allowed Americans to share the "fisheries in *Newfoundland*"

Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002

Established a board to monitor accountants and banned accounting firms from providing consulting services to the companies they audit. Also required CEOs and CFOs to vouch for the ACCURACY of financial statements and imposed fines and imprisonment on anyone who is convicted of tampering w/ records. (strict af).

Department of Homeland Security

Established by the Homeland Security Act. Centralized many of the agencies needed to enforce the Patriot Act, including the Customs Service, Border Patrol, Coast Guard, Secret Service, and the *Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)*. [travel-protection stuff, mainly]. Also created a new position in the presidential cabinet, Secretary of Homeland Security.

War Industries Board

Established under the leadership of Bernard Baruch. Meant to convert industry to wartime production.

Who captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point during the American Revolution?

Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold

How often would representatives in the House of Representatives be replaced?

Every 2 Years

Three-Fifths Compromise

Every 5 slaves would be counted as 3 white men; thus 1 slave was 3/5 of a person (white man in those days). Almost led to breakup of the Constitutional Convention and the Union. Southerners want to represent slaves, Northerners don't!

How often were representatives of the Senate replaced?

Every 6 Years

"The Way of Zen" by Alan Watts

Explained the thinking of the East that emphasized REACHING INNER PEACE thru meditation and spontaneous expression.

Ida Tarbell

Exposed John D Rockefeller's way to get rid of competition in her book "The History of the Standard Oil Company"

North Atlantic Treaty ORganization (NATO) 1955

Extension of the North Atlantic Pact. Established to coordinate the activities of the alliance and to counter any acts of Soviet expansionism in *Europe*. West Germany part of this pact.

Problems with the Great Plains

Extreme temperatures, isolation, lack of water, fluctuating grain prices, infestation of pests like grasshoppers.

What did FDR do in terms of the ages of the justices in the Supreme Court?

FDR asked Congress to approve legislation that would allow for the appointment of one new justice for every justice over 70. Also included the proposal that there'd only be 15 justices in the Supreme Court.

Court-Packing Scheme

FDR asked Congress to approve legislation that would allow for the appointment of one new justice for every justice over 70. Also included the proposal that there'd only be 15 justices in the Supreme Court. Congress HATED this!!!! However, not declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

"Priming the pump" (v important)

FDR's idea to use government money to GENERATE money. Thus, a ton of government programs were established. These programs would bring IMMEDIATE relief to the hungry and unemployed, to help recover individuals and businesses, and to reform the areas that had CONTRIBUTED to the Depression.

How many sectors was Berlin divided into during the Cold War?

FOUR zones.

How many terms did FDR serve?

FOUR!! (rare)

Babe Ruth

Famous baseball player from the 1920s, when baseball was VERY popular.

How was NORTH Carolina established?

Farmers looking for land for plantations, established North Carolina

"Family Values": Reagan Administration

Favored PRAYER in the school and repression of HOMOSEXUALITY, antifeminists and anti-abortion. An all-out assault on liberalism.

When was the Confederate government formed?

February 9th, 1861

National Response Plan and Hurricane Katrina

Federal rescue operations COULDN'T BEGIN until local and state authorities requested intervention, which didn't happen until early SEPTEMBER, when FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) took over. City residents and the media charged all levels of government w/ MISMANAGEMENT of the problem.

Fugitive Slave Law

Federally appointed commissioners were given authority to FORCE CITIZENS to capture runaway slaves. Anyone who helped runaway slaves would have to pay a hefty fine, even if they simply ignored the runaway slaves. Goal: Compelled northerners to choose whether to support slavery or break the Fugitive Slave Law

Espionage and Sedition Acts 1917/1918

Fined or jailed people who interfered with the draft or with the sale of government bonds. Also provided for the punishment of people who were disloyal or spoke against the war effort.

What did Lincoln ultimately do with General George McClellan

Fired him after not "following up" with the Union victory in the Battle of Antietam

Frances Perkins

First female cabinet member (Secretary of Labor)

John Carver

First governor of Plymouth

What was significant about Bill Clinton, age-wise?

First president to be born AFTER WWII!

What were buffalo used for, even when they were really endangered?

Food, for sport when shot from train windows (on the transcontinental railroad, for example), and for leather.

Neutrality Acts 1935 + 1937

Forbade US citizens from selling or transporting arms or munitions to, making loans to, or traveling on ships of nations at war (very isolationist, but kind of reasonably).

Sons and Daughters of *Liberty* (key word)

Formed to disseminate information on actions being taken by colonies AGAINST British.

Where were the French defeated in the French and Indian War?

Fort Duquesne

James Oglethorpe

Founded Georgia. Interested in prison reform, wanted to create a "refuge" for imprisoned debtors.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Founded by MLK to coordinate action AGAINST SEGREGATION after the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Used the base as an organizational base.

Motown

Founded in Detroit, record company. Owned and operated by *Berry Gordy*, black entrepreneur.

Free Soil Party

Founded their ideas based on the Free Soil position. People like David Wilmot (who didn't see blacks = to whites), runaway slave Frederick Douglass in it.

Samuel Gompers

Founder of the *American Federation of Labor*

Who ruled Vietnam from 1890 to 1954?

France

Explain *The Geneva Accords*

France and its ally England, along w/ the Vietnamese and their allies (the USSR and China) agreed to divide the country at the 17th parallel. North=communist. South=non-communist. Reunification would be decided in 1956. US attended the conference in Geneva, but DIDN'T sign the Geneva Accords

Operation Iraqi Freedom: Which countries opposed it?

France, Canada, Germany, other American allies.

Who wrote the "Star Spangled Banner"?

Francis Scott Key

14th US President

Franklin Pierce

Was Reagan into free-market stuff or more gov-regulated stuff?

Free market

Marquis de Lafayette

French man "sympathetic" to American fight for independence

Seminoles: Where were they from and what was their relation concerning the whites?

From Northern Florida. Waged a 7-year war against the whites in the 1840s, but were removed. The war was fought alongside RUNAWAY SLAVES.

Aztecs

From the CENTRAL PLATEAU of Mexico. Moved from the North to the Central part of Mexico. Their capital city was Tenochtitlán.

How was the Second Bank of the US funded?

Funded by the national government in combination with a PRIVATE corporation (gov+private) :)

Other than Vietnam, was Nixon good or bad with foreign policy?

GOOD

Did Nixon do gradual or immediate removal of troops from Vietnam?

GRADUAL, used Clark Clifford's idea.

What did lightbulbs replace?

Gaslights (think kerosene)

Which General led the British efforts in Europe during WWII?

General Bernard Montgomery

Who was the British commander upon their surrender in the American Revolution?

General Cornwallis

Who was in command of the US troops during the Korean War?

General Douglas MacArthur

Who did Fidel Castro lead a successful revolution against in Cuba?

General Fulgencio Batista

Who did James K Polk send to get California from the Mexicans?

General Zachary Taylor

General John Pershing

General who helped the Allies on land during WWI, was successful.

"Compassionate Conservatism"

George Bush's idea that advocated solving social issues thru cooperation w/ PRIVATE AGENCIES rather than through GOVERNMENT PROGRAM (private>public). Also stressed personal responsibility and accountability.

Who was Ronald Reagan's Vice President?

George HW Bush

Last English Colony founded

Georgia

Where were the Cherokee from?

Georgia

"Sussex" sinking

Germans sink this ship 1916. A French passenger ship with Americans on board.

Where was the farthest that Robert E Lee was able to go as Confederate general?

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. But he lost there.

Bob Dylan

Got influences from blues, folk, rock, Beat literature.

Who controlled Delaware until the American Revolution?

Gov of Pennsylvania

After LBJ left the Election of 1968, who was running instead?

Governor George Wallace of Alabama (of the Independent Party)

General William Henry Harrison

Governor of the Indiana Territory. Tricked the Indians into signing away tribal land

Was the Emancipation Proclamation an example of immediate abolition or gradual?

Gradual, not what the Garrisonians wanted

Who won at Vicksburg during the Civil War?

Grant (the Union)

Carolina as a Colony

Granted by *royal decree* in 1663. Named for Charles I. Was a proprietary colony. Purpose: To supply food to SUGAR plantations in Barbados and silk, wine, and olive oil to England (mercantilism).

First Movement to involve all areas of the American Colonies (all regions)

Great Awakening!!!!! (religious)

Wampanoag Indians

Group of Indians that BEFRIENDED the British in Plymouth with the help of SQUANTO

Consciousness-raising groups

Groups of second-wave feminists who discovered that their personal difficulties breaking out of traditional housewife roles were society-wide political obstacles.

Gitmo

Guantanamo Bay detainment facility.

What did JFK say in his inaugural address concerning the situation in Vietnam and communism?

Had a rendition/similar version of the Truman Doctrine (containment)

Artistans

Hand craftspeople

Pullman Strike 1894

Happened when Pullman cut wages and workers were pissed. The strike began when Debs organized a nationwide sympathy strike of workers who handled Pullman cars. The federal gov. issued a warning/order against the strike because "the mail was stopped" (supposedly). President Cleveland sent in troops to break up the strike.

Puritan Ideology

Hard work is the way to fulfill God's will for them.

Sod

Hard, compact soil found in the Great Plains

Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin?

Harriet Beecher Stowe

What did Joseph Smith think about Mormonism?

He claimed that G-d and J-sus appeared to him and directed him to a BURED BOOK OF REVELATION

What did Carter oppose concerning USSR policy and treatment of people?

He condemned the USSR for its treatment of dissidents and Jews, and for its INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN.

What did James Watt do? :(

He created political firestorms by attempting to undo clean air regulations and the sanctity of national parks, opening them up to mining and timber development. (-). (Teddy Roosevelt is rolling in his grave).

What did Reagan do about the Iran Contra affair?

He denied it.

How did "rugged individualism" influence the way that Herbert Hoover was seen during the Great Depression?

He did not interfere at first with the problems created by the Depression, and by the time he did, it was too little, too late :(

Abraham Lincoln's position on slavery in the territories

He did not want more slave states, but would not interfere with ones that already existed in the territories.

Did MLK win the Nobel Peace Prize or nah?

He did!

What did President Harrison do with tariffs during the Gilded Age?

He dramatically RAISED tariffs

What was Ulysses S Grant's big fear about the South during his presidency?

He feared that white Southerners would try to disenfranchise African Americans, led the Radicals to draw up the 15th Amendment

John Rolfe

He had, by 1612, perfected the production of tobacco. Married Pocohantas. Turned Virginia's economy into a one-crop economy.

What ultimately happened to taxes during the HW Bush administration?

He implemented NEW ONES, despite what he promised, because Federal Debt grew so much.

How did Jackson try to curb the inflation that came from taking out the federal deposits that were in the Second Bank of the US?

He issued a *specie circular*

John Poindexter and the Iran-Contra Affair

He misled Congress to conceal the Affair.

What did HW Bush say about Vietnam?

He said "we" had "put Vietnam behind us". Successful.

What was ironic about LBJ's view on foreign policy?

He said he wouldn't send "boys" to Vietnam to fight, but during the campaign, he began to BOMB North Vietnam (still violent).

Why did Jackson HATE the Second Bank of the US?

He said it was an economic MONOPOLY and an "unconstitutional aggrandizement" of FEDERAL POWER (tyranny)

Abraham Lincoln's response to secession of 7 states

He said that it was illegal and impossible.

Jackson's Justification for the Indian Removal Act of 1830

He said that it would "preserve" the Indians' culture

Charles II and New York

He sent a land grant of NY to his bro, Duke of York, and Stuyvesant had to surrender (York won). This was in 1664

What did Thomas Jefferson do with The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 as Prez?

He shortened the number of years on the Naturalization Act, so that people could become citizens more easily.

Edwin L Drake

He successfully used steam power to drill for oil in Titusville, Pennsylvania, making it practical to access LARGE AMOUNTS of OIL from beneath the Earth's surface.

Lincoln's reaction to the Wade-Davis Bill

He vetoed it

Why did Paul Revere decide to distort the events of the Boston Massacre when asked about what happened?

He wanted to unite people against the aggressor, England

Who was John Fremont?

He was an explorer of California and ran for president as a representative of the Republicans. AKA "The Pathfinder".

How did Germany's Hitler solidify his power?

He was appointed chancellor by German president Paul von Hindenburg, who then died, so Hitler solidified his power. He wanted to make Germany a world power after it had been through the ringer w/ the reparations. He made the *Nazi Party* (Nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party), arrested his opponents (one-party state) and enlarged the German army (even though the TOV said he couldn't).

General Thomas Gage

He was placed in Massachusetts in 1774 to enforce laws after Boston Tea Party

What was MLK doing in Memphis, Tennessee, when he was assassinated?

He was protesting for higher pay for SANITATION WORKERS.

What was MLK's opinion on the Vietnam War and why?

He was really against it, especially because it was draining money that was needed for social programs at home.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his assassination

He was the heir to the Austrian throne. He and his wife were killed in Sarajevo, a province of Bosnia. Killed by Gavrilo Princip, a member of a Serbian nationalist society called the *BLACK HAND*.

A Philip Randolph

Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Threatened to march on Washington to demand equal opportunity for blacks in war jobs and in the armed forces (not equal at the time). Thus, FDR issued an executive order prohibiting discrimination based on race. [Into mass marches to end discrimination]

James Watt

Head of the Environmental Protection Agency

Food Administration

Headed by Herbert Hoover, helped to regulate the food supply for the troops by encouraging people to give up certain items.

National War Labor Board

Headed by former President William Taft, established to deal with *labor disputes*.

Kenneth Starr

Headed the Whitewater investigation as an INDEPENDENT counsel. Accused Clinton of obstructing justice and tampering w/ witnesses when Clinton was having an affair w/ Monica Lewinsky.

Mapp v. Ohio

Held that any evidence UNREASONABLY acquired by the police CANNOT be admitted as evidence in a trial. *"The exclusionary rule"*

Theodore Roosevelt

Helped to bolster the ICC, was an expansionist president who was prez until 1909.

"Railroad Time"

Helped to end the confusion of time being slightly different from town to town along the transcontinental railroad. In 1883

Who did Andrew Jackson defeat in the *1832* election?

Henry Clay

Compromise of 1833

Henry Clay's response to the Force Bill, South Carolina accepted it. (Gradual decrease in tariff rates)

Model T Ford

Henry Ford's legendary car of the early 1900s. Always the same color each year (black). General Motors improved on Ford's design and began to make the Model T in different colors (other than black).

Who led a successful war of liberation against France in Vietnam?

Ho Chi Minh

Booby traps: Vietnam War

Homemade weapons that could overturn tanks, and sharp, poisoned sticks that could kill soldiers. Used by the Vietcong.

"Crowning Victory" of the Articles (that were kinda problematic): Post-Revolutionary Politics

How they dealt with the Western land doled out to them after they won the war.

Which illegal activities did the Watergate Scandal involve?

Hundreds of thousands of dollars in PAYOFFS FOR SILENCE, stolen information from a psychiatrist's office, planting false info in newspapers about opponents, cover-up of illegal activities.

"Gospel of Wealth"

Idea, adapted by Andrew Carnegie in a book, that said the accumulation of wealth was a positive sign from God.

How could one exempt himself from fighting in the Civil War?

If he was a slaver (owned 20 or more slaves) or if he was rich and got somebody to fight for him

Bootleggers

Illegal distributors of alcohol.

When did direct election of senators take place?

In 1913 w/ the 17th Amendment being added

When was the Eisenhower Doctrine seen as effective? (In which situation)?

In Lebanon in 1958

Woodstock 1969

In NY. Drugs and nudity prevalent. People were surprised that nobody died there, because there was so much chaos.

Where was the majority of the battles in the Civil War fought?

In Virginia

Where did the Irish settle once they came here as immigrants in the 1800s?

In cities

Where did some hippies live together?

In communes

"De facto"

In fact, whether someone is right or wrong.

Why did Napoleon Bonaparte decide to sell Louisiana Territory to the US?

In order to establish his empire in EUROPE.

When did rural areas start to actually get electricity?

In the 1920s and 30s

When were Jim Crow laws deemed unconstitutional?

In the 1950s

Crux of Dispute

In the early nineteenth century, both the United States and Great Britain had overlapping territorial claims to the Oregon Country, an area that embraced present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho and British Columbia. The disagreement eventually centered on the shaded region labeled "Crux of Dispute" on the map. In 1846, the administration of President *James K. Polk* and the British government agreed to divide the Oregon Country along the 49th parallel of north latitude. Think James K Polk=expansionist

Oligopoly

In which there is little competition, just a few companies (few to only one)

"Welfare Capitalism"

Included safety programs and medical insurance, was an incentive to get people to work for business owners, anti-union.

Revenue Act of 1942

Increased the *income tax*. By 1944, a standard payroll deduction had been established.

3rd Best (almost bottom) on the Social Pyramid in Colonial Times

Indentured servants, women (not a lot of social mobility for women :()

Albert Beveridge

Indiana senator who argued for an imperialist policy on ECONOMIC grounds.

Harold Ickes

Interior Secretary under FDR. Helped to champion civil rights in the 1930s.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Investigated many facets of American society, notably the entertainment industry.

Horizontal Monopoly

Involved several companies in the same business combining, effectively controlling an industry (combine=control)

Rush-Bagot Agreement 1818

Involved the fortification of the Great Lakes. Agreement between USA and England.

Triangular Trade

Involved the selling of slaves. In West Indies, molasses and sugar were made and sold to the northern colonies, turned into rum, who sold this to West Africa in return for African slaves.

Which countries did Bush call the "axis of evil"?

Iran, Iraq, North Korea!

What was New Jersey named after?

Isle of Jersey in the English Channel

Declaration of Independence

Issued on July 4th, 1776 (Fireworks!!) Chief Author: Thomas Jefferson. Other Authors: Ben Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman. Aim: To declare colonists' independence and show the just intentions of the colonists to foreign nations (ie. France)

What happened to national debt under Reaganomics?

It SOARED! FROM 1 TRILLION TO ALMOST 3 TRILLION.

Why was the Panama Canal advantageous/what were its purposes?

It connected the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. It facilitated trade between Asia and the East coast of the US, and allowed for more rapid deployment of US forces (economic and militaristic)

Did West Virginia secede or not once Virginia did?

It didn't!!

Principal Consequence of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

It established a PROCEDURE for bringing in new states into the Union, because it was so successful!

When did the situation involving slavery in Kansas get bloody?

It got bloody when militant abolitionist John Brown led a small group in brutally murdering five-pro-slavery farmers living on the Pottawatomie Creek.

Concerning the federal government, how was it affected by the Tariff of 1828?

It had its FIRST SURPLUS EVER!

What was significant about Uncle Tom's Cabin in the context of the Civil War?

It is cited as a "cause" of the Civil War, along with the plays based on it

How did the cotton gin work?

It separated the seeds from cotton fiber at 50 times the manual rate.

What was the South Carolina Exposition and Protest about?

It was against the Tariff of 1828, and how it was so damn high (the rates, specifically). Exposition stated that since the states had made a COMPACT, the states COULD dissolve it or make it "Null and Void", since this federal law (the tariffs) were contrary to their interests).

Why was the "corrupt bargain" accusation significant?

It was significant because it led to the OVERWHELMING election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 (post-Quincy Adams)

The problem with the Third Question Asked about the "territories" in the Dred Scott case

It went against the Missouri Compromise, "popular sovereignty", and "no extension of slavery" (free soil position) [Popular sovereignty said it was the decision of CITIZENS to see whether slavery would exist in the state, not up to the court]

What happened to the income of the poorest people in the US under Reagan?

It went down even more!

What happened to the income of the richest people in the US under Reagan?

It went up even more!

"The stroke of a pen"

JFK's promise to end discrimination this way. Thousands of pens (literally) sent to the White House.

Force Bill (think of "using force" to get your way)

Jackson's use of force and threat against South Carolina against their Ordinance of Nulllification, saying that troops would be sent down and tariffs would be collected "at sea".

5th US President

James Monroe

Manchukuo

Japan's name change for Manchuria when it invaded it.

Which countries was the US in competition with during Reagan's presidency?

Japan, Germany, Korea

Battle of Leyte Gulf: Which battle device was used here?

Japanese used kamikaze (suicide) pilots

Duke Ellington

Jazz musician in the Harlem Renaissance

Louis Armstrong

Jazz musician in the Harlem Renaissance

Who was the president of the Confederate government upon its formation?

Jefferson Davis, the former Mississippi Senator

Who was Ronald Reagan pitted against when he was running for president during the Iran Hostage Crisis?

Jimmy Carter. But Carter was "inactive" and Reagan was able to convince voters that he'd do better.

Who was the president after Gerald Ford, and why wasn't Ford elected for a second term?

Jimmy Carter. Ford wasn't elected because of his support of the Watergate Scandal.

Election of 1796

John Adams, a Federalist, won. Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican was VP.

John Brown: Kansas

John Brown led a small group in brutally murdering five pro-slavery farmers living on the Pottawatomie Creek.

Who wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest?

John C. Calhoun

Vice President for Andrew Jackson in Jackson's first presidency (1828)

John C. Calhoun (think of the school)

Standard Oil

John D Rockefeller's oil company, went from refining 2 to 3 percent of crude oil in the US in 1870, and then over NINTY PERCENT in 1880.

Who invented the steel plow?

John Deere

Who tried to kill Ronald Reagan right after Reagan got into office?

John Hinckley Jr.

Who did George Bush Jr. beat in the second election?

John Kerry of MASSACHUSETTS

6th President of the US

John Quincy Adams

Who was James Monroe's Secretary of State?

John Quincy Adams (6th US Prez)

Participants in the Teheran Conference

Joseph Stalin, FDR, Winston Churchill.

When did the French declare war against the British in the American Revolution?

July 1778

When did the Spanish declare war against Britain in the American Revolution

June 1779

When was the Constitution officially ratified?

June 21, 1788 (Solstice!)

Battle of Monmouth Date: American Revolution

June 28th, 1778

How did Khrushchev cause continued conflict in Berlin in 1958 w/ the Western powers?

K. started a campaign to change the status of Western involvement in Berlin by demanding that the Western powers remove *all military equipment and personnel* within six months. Otherwise, he would turn over the city to *East Germany*. When the Western nations refused to comply, K. did nothing to CARRY OUT this threat.

Alliance for Progress program

Kennedy hoped to stem communist expansion in Latin America by providing funds for economic development. The funds would come from public and private sources in the US, Japan, Western Europe, and some Latin American nations for improvements in schools, transportation, housing, public health. Had MIXED RESULTS. Some money went to useful stuff, some of it went to authoritarian govts and their armed forces.

"Border States" during the Civil War that stayed loyal to the Union

Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, Missouri

General William Westmoreland: Vietnam War significance

Kept calling for more and more troops (LBJ's call), claiming the US was winning because they killed more Vietnamese each day.

What was used to light lamps in the Second Industrial Revolution?

Kerosene, a by-product of oil.

Most memorable part of Kerry's bad campaign

Keynote speech at the Democratic National Convention delivered by little-known Illinois senator Barack Obama.

Gavrilo Princip

Killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo, a member of the Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand.

What was Metacom known as to Settlers?

King Philip

Pequot Indians

Known for attacking the settlers along the Connecticut River in 1637, practically demolished by the settlers.

Who headed the investigation into the assassination of JFK? 2 people

LBJ and Supreme Court Chief Justice *Earl Warren*

1968 Peace Candidates

LBJ, Robert Kennedy, Eugene McCarthy

Pinkerton guards

Labor spies

What did the victors want after winning the F+I War?

Land across the Appalachian Mountains, led to problems w/ Natives (think of Proclamation of 1763)

Top of the Social Pyramid in Colonial Times

Landholders (NY), aristocrats, clergy

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Largest temperance group, founded in 1874

Gag Rule

Lasted from 1836-1844. Suppressed the discussion of petitions regarding slavery

Blue Laws: The Gilded Age

Laws limiting "immoral" behavior that Republicans supported and Democrats hated.

Daniel Shays

Leader of Shays's Rebellion against the Federalists at Springfield, Massachusetts. Started the Rebellion because his farm was about to be foreclosed because he owed back taxes, and he wanted cheap paper money, reduced taxes, and a suspension of mortgage foreclosures (wanted to avoid losing the farm).

Charles Grandison Finney (religious)

Leader of a revival movement during the time when Americans had slaves in the 1800s. Led tent meetings, telling people to prepare for the arrival of Christ. Created the Second Great Awakening

Eugene V Debs (important)

Leader of the *American Railway Union*. Preferred socialism to capitalism

Edmund Andros

Leader of the Dominion of New England.

Terence Powderly

Leader of the Knights of Labor

What two things did the US do in response to the Manchuria Invasion, remembering that they were NOT a part of the League of Nations? What did the League do?

League of Nations-Imposed sanctions. US-Issued a document refusing to recognize Japanese actions as LEGITIMATE. Stimson Doctrine

Bill of Rights

Led the 4 "Reluctant States" to ratify the Constitution. Had the first 10 AMENDMENTS. Amendments protected basic human rights, like freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, right to bear arms, and the right by a citizen to have a trial w/ a jury and have a FAIR punishment. Added in 1791

Poll Taxes: Post-Reconstruction in the South

Levied by Southern governments as an obstacle to voting (15th Amendment), because most African-Americans could not AFFORD to pay the tax

Contraband of War

Lincoln's Civil War policy of treating *runaway slaves* as enemy war property, so he accepted them as slaves as a way to hurt the Southern cause. These slaves were freed and employed as aides to the white soldiers until Lincoln started recruiting freed black men for the Union.

Neighborhoods in Manhattan that "New Immigrants" populated

Little Italy (think Italians), Lower East Side

Florence Kelly (Kelley)

Lived in the Hull House (in Chicago), was instrumental in pushing for *improved factory conditions* in Illinois

Other name for Texas in the 1800s

Lone Star Republic

Mark Twain

Looked at the customs of the Mississippi River, produced 2 of the most important classics in American literature: "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". Questioned America's iimperialist policies

Differences between Lord Grenville's Acts and Lord Townshend's

Lord Grenville used DIRECT, INTERNAL taxes, Townshend taxed INDIRECT, EXTERNAL taxes. Townshend thought it would be acceptable, but colonials still boycotted and were angry.

Who succeeded Lord Grenville as British minister?

Lord Townshend

Jefferson's "crowning victory" as Prez

Louisiana Purchase

Where did HW Bush get a lot of votes from?

Maine and Texas, Southerners, Democrats that supported Reagan!

The plight of farmers in the Populist Party (why were they there and fighting for their rights?)

Mechanization led to a decrease in the prices farmers received for their CROPS, and farmers went into debt when buying expensive new farming equipment. Also, a tight money supply in the US caused DEFLATION! Deflation was bad for farmers (suppliers).

Battle between two ironclads (ships) during the Civil War: What were the names of the ships?

Merrimac (formerly Northern, renamed the *Virginia*) and the Monitor (Northern ship) [think M+M]

Who had control over Texas before 1836?

Mexico

When did American businessmen begin to get interested in Hawaii's crops?

Middle of the 1800s

Which social class were the majority of Progressive reformers?

Middle-class. Doctors, social workers, scientists, managers

13th US President

Millard Fillmore

3 Principle Economic Activities of the Western US

Mining, cattle ranching, farming (boring stuff)

Vicksburg state

Mississippi

SEATO

Modeled after NATO. Justified by what Eisenhower thought was the "domino theory".

What was the first capital city of the Confederate government?

Montgomery, Alabama

"Socially Mobile" in Colonial Times

More able to improve their positions on the social pyramid

About how many pounds of cotton were being produced by 1860?

More than 1 Billion!

Slave to White Ratio Carolina

More than 1/2 were slaves

Frederick Law Olmsted

Most closely linked to the *PARKS* movement. He designed Central Park!! in 1876

Anthracite Coal

Most important fuel of the second industrial revolution. Used to generate steam. Steam engines used this instead of water, animal and human power to power the engines

Henry Ford

Most responsible for bringing the automobile to the masses. He had revolutionized the production process by introducing the *assembly line* at his Highland Park, Michigan plant in 1913. Implemented a $5 a day wage (a lot back then), for loyal workers to cut down on leaving.

Pentagon Papers

Much of the true story of Vietnam and USA during the Vietnam War. Revealed thru this medium. Leaked to the "NY Times" by Pentagon employee Daniel Ellsberg. Revealed that LBJ had been lying about the success of the Vietnam War. Said that the CIA had said that the war was not winnable , but that LBJ ignored the advice. Nixon tried to STOP THIS PUBLICATION.

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

Muckrakers of the Watergate Scandal who worked for the "Washington Post".

Thurgood Marshall

NAACP lawyer who won his case in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Later because the first black Supreme Court Justice.

How many new nations were created after the end of WWI?

NINE!

Did Henry Clay's American System create large numbers of federal jobs in areas w/ UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS?

NO!

First permanent Dutch settlement

NY (!!!)

"Just Say No"

Nancy Reagan's campaign to reduce drug use among young people.

3 Conspirators in Slave Rebellion before Civil War

Nat Turner, Denmark Vesey, Gabriel Prosser

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Name for those who opposed Jacksonian Democracy

National Republicans

Examples of Native American desert nations

Navaho, Apache, Hopi, Zuni

Did the US ever participate in the League of Nations? What was the consequence of this to the Treaty of Versailles?

Never participated. Defeated/damaged the Treaty of Versailles.

Who had been supporting John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry?

New England abolitionists

Hartford Convention 1814

New England states proposed a number of AMENDMENTS to the Constitution that would REDUCE THE POWER of the other sections of the USA (New England=piggish). However, by the time that this was gonna be a thing, the war was OVER.

Which state owned the Erie Canal?

New York

Most notorious "political machine" in the Gilded Age

New York City's Democratic Party

Explain the idea of "new methods of production" as a cause of the Great Depression

New methods of production led to *technological unemployment*, as people lost their jobs when machines were doing the work that THEY used to do :(

Where did the Students for a Democratic Society set up community development programs? (2 cities)

Newark, New Jersey + Cleveland, Ohio

"Wobblies"

Nickname for members of the Industrial Workers of the World

Did Southern states' have to give all slaves land grants and repay them after the Civil War?

No

Did the colonists threaten to secede because of the Stamp Act?

No, they still considered themselves English citizens ("actual representation") even after the Stamp Act

Was the Bull Moose Party a success?

No. Couldn't run a successful campaign.

Who won the Korean War?

Nobody. It was a stalemate.

Miami Confederacy

Northern Native American warriors in Ohio (weird that it wasn't Florida). British inciting them against the Americans :(

"Old Immigration" ethnicities

Northern and Western Europeans, like the Irish and Germans

Did Malcolm X want violence?

Not really, actually, despite some of his attitudes.

When did the US officially recognize the USSR as the "Soviet Union"?

Not until 1933

Black Tuesday

October 29th, 1929. Stock market crashed. Then, the value of companies that people had invested in by purchasing a share of stock DECLINED sharply. This caused a ton of people to *lose their fortunes*. Banks fail,ed the amount of money in circulation declined, and millions were unemployed. :(

Tallmadge Amendment

Offered by representative James Tallmadge of New York, which allowed for Missouri's entry as a slave state, PROVIDED THAT all children of slave parents born AFTER Missouri's entry were to be free at the age of 25, and provided that NO ADDITIONAL SLAVES were introduced into Missouri.

Where was the first Earth Day celebrated? How was it celebrated?

On college campuses all over the US, thru sit-ins, teach-ins, and celebrations

South's Advantages during the Civil War

On their home territory, talented generals, short supply lines, and a REVOLUTIONARY CAUSE

Unicameral

One House

Lehman Brothers: 21st Century

One of the world's largest investment banks, declared bankruptcy, threatening the survival of other financial institutions.

Did the South ever call for slaves to help them fight during the Civil War?

Only at the very end, but yes.

12th Amendment (v important)

Only top 3 candidates can run for Prez. This outlined the procedure for electing presidents, essentially

Which actions/organizations led to the decline of the labor union during the Roaring Twenties?

Open shops, "welfare capitalism"

Committee for Industrial Organization

Organization WITHIN the AFL, but was met with ire by the AFL, so they disbanded. A group of unskilled workers. Became the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

Union definition: 2nd Industrial Revolution

Organizations that could negotiate with owners for better pay and conditions. Did this through striking (stopping work).

Abbie Hoffman

Organized a group of *anarchists* to oppose the Vietnam War and the stodgy-minded conformity of *consumer culture*.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Organized an OIL EMBARGO, which caused an energy crisis during the 1970s.

American Indian Movement

Organized by Dennis Banks (Chippewa)and Russel Means (Sioux) to obtain EQUAL RIGHTS for Native Americans. Led a protest at the site of the *Wounded Knee Massacre* of 1889.

Fuel Administration

Organized to deal with energy demands by allocating scarce supplies of coal.

Jane Addams

Organizer of *Hull House*

Cesar Chavez

Organizer of Chicano (Mexican) migrant farm workers in California. They formed a UNION, the *United Farm Workers of America* and called for BOYCOTTS of grapes and lettuce.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Organizer of the Convention in Seneca Falls to address women's rights and suffrage

Pontiac

Ottawa Chief

The 17th Amendment took voting power (for senators) out of whose hands, and into whose hands?

Out of the hands of state legislatures, and into the hands of the people.

North Atlantic Pact

Pact signed by 12 *Western* nations that was a mutual defense agreement, saying that if one nation attacked, the others will come to its aid.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Paid farmers to *reduce production* and offered aid to them. Declared unconstitutional by the SUPREME COURT.

"Four Pillars of Prosperity"

Part of Hamilton's financial program. 1. Manufacturing. 2. Commerce. 3. Navigation. 4. Agriculture

Medicare

Part of the Health Insurance Act for the Aged. Made provision for certain types of health care to people over 65.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Passed by Congress. Against HOUSING discrimination, but it could not obtain a MAJORITY w/out an *antiriot* amendment attached.

McCarren Internal Security Act

Passed by Congressional Republicans over Truman's veto, because they thought Truman was "soft" on communism. This made it a crime to plan for the replacement of the US government w/ a dictatorship.

Sugar Act

Passed in 1764 w/ help of Lord Grenville. Tax on sugar, molasses, textiles, coffee, iron, other goods imported to colonies [ie. everything]. Ended colonial practice of SMUGGLING

National Defense Education Act 1958

Passed in response to Sputnik orbiting the Earth. Aimed to prepare a future generation of scientists and technicians.

Voting Rights Act 1965

Passed in response to the demonstrations in SELMA, which had provoked hella violence.

Pendelton Act 1883

Passed to create a civil service based on *merit* rather than *patronage*. (anti-Spoils System)

Two important conservative Christians who were really pro-Reagan

Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell ("morals"=anti-feminism and anti-abortion)

What was New Netherlands known for?

Patroonships , large estates along the Hudson River. $$$

Where was David Wilmot from?

Pennsylvania

Where was the American Revolution "born"?

Pennsylvania

Explain the idea of "rampant speculation" as a cause of the Great Depression

People and banks had invested in companies whose earning power was questionable, and many of these were bogus companies. *SPECULATION* resulted in the overpricing of stocks, which led to the COLLAPSE of the stock market (Summary: people investing in EVERYTHING, even shady stuff, so stock prices rise, so people withdraw).

Visible Saints-Colonial Times

People whose behavior demonstrated that God had saved them. Only people allowed in the Calvinist church in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

James Otis: Colonial Times

Persuaded people of Massachusetts to go against the taxes imposed by the Crown.

Pragmatism

Philosophical movement with deep roots in the US which holds that truth emerges from experimentation and experience rather than from ABSTRACT THEORY. John Dewey and William James into this

Mario Savio

Philosophy graduate of UC Berkeley who felt that his ideas were being repressed a ton.

2 most significant strikes for gold and/or silver

Pikes Peak in present-day Colorado and the Comstock Lode in present-day Nevada

McNary-Haugen Bill

Planned to provide PRICE SUPPORTS to STRUGGLING FARMERS (something that gained currency during the New Deal). Coolidge vetoed this twice, because he was really pro-business.

What was Metacom/King Philip known for?

Planning attacks against British settlements, but eventually defeated

Coal: Advantages and disadvantages in the present day

Plentiful, but it pollutes the air.

Langston Hughes

Poet in the Harlem Renaissance

Khrushchev's "Peaceful Coexistence"

Policy of peaceful COMPETITION between the East and West that would be based on greater achievement as a means of influencing non-allied nations ("Third-World" Nations).

Two main issues concerning Colonial Independence from GB

Political Power and Taxation (Politics + Economics)

Two factions or parties that came out of the American Anti-Slavery Society SPLIT

Political abolitionists and Non-Cooperators

Countries that Led the Age of Exploration and why?

Portugal and Spain, had STRONG national governments and were close to the ocean

Assimilation

Potential solution to the Native Americans existence in the 1800s during time of migration. Solution=Natives adopting the cultural practices of whites and converting to Christianity

Where is Pikes Peak?

Present-day Colorado

Where is Comstock Lode?

Present-day Nevada

Who signed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill?

President Franklin Pierce

Clark Clifford: Vietnam War significance

Presidential advisor. Decided to resort to a policy of withdrawal after the Tet Offensive instead of continuous escalation.

2nd Best on the Social Pyramid in Colonial Times

Professional men, yeoman farmers, lesser tradesmen, hired help

Marshall Plan

Proposed by *George Marshall*. A broad program of ECONOMIC assistance that aimed to help Europe recover from the economic devastation of WWII. Marshall feared that if economic conditions got worse, particularly for WESTERN Europe, Communist revolutions could succeed there. Only Western European nations accepted the Marshall Plan because Stalin didn't permit any satellite states to request such assistance ("dollar diplomacy").

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Provided employment for young men in the areas of forestry, flood control, and soil conservation.

GI Bill/Servicemen's Readjustment Act

Provided low-interest loans to would-be homeowners (great for borrowers).

Baron von Steuben

Prussian "sympathetic" to American fight for independence

Deposit Act of 1836 (Jackson's Deposit Act)

Put the surplus (from tariffs, etc.) in federal banks and put them in "pet" or state banks. Jackson's order, because hew as anti-bank

Predominant Religion in Pennsylvania

Quakers

Carl Schurz

Questioned America's imperialist policies.

14th Amendment: Who drafted it?

Radical Republicans (those in Congress)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Raised tariff to record high levels in 1930, were counterproductive and didn't help the US get OUT of the Great Depression, but made things worse. Foreign nations all saw the tariff as WAY too high :(

Ross Perot

Ran against *Clinton* as an independent, received more votes than any THIRD-PARTY candidate since Theodore Roosevelt. Led to HW Bush defeat in second election, because Perot was just generally better

23rd Amendment

Ratified in 1961, permitted voters in Washington DC to participate in presidential elections. Washington DC was granted 3 electoral votes.

Embargo Act of 1807 (v important!)

Reaction to the British attack on the USS Chesapeake. Forbade all foreign vessels from ENTERING American ports, and prohibited American vessels from shipping cargo to FOREIGN ports. Bad for commerce, trade, economic growth. Very isolationist policy.

Personality-wise, how did Reagan differ from Carter?

Reagan more decisive than Carter.

Professional Air Traffic Controller's Organization (PATCO) and Reagan

Reagan refused to negotiate w/ them. They had gone on strike for BETTER WAGES! and reduced work hours. Reagan BROKE the Union! Strike breakers could now legally be hired as replacement workers (FDR tried to fix this, probably rolling in his grave).

The post-Civil War program to fix USA: Name

Reconstruction

Waving the Bloody Shirt

Reconstruction methods of showing the "martyr-like" *Northerners* post-Civil War by waving bloodied shirts

Post-Reconstruction name for governments in the South

Redeemer Governments

26th Amendment

Reduced the voting age to 18.

Granger laws

Regulated railroad rates ($$)

Methodists ideology

Religion is a matter of the HEART, not the brain.

John Cotton

Religious leader who believed that the government existed to ENFORCE GOD'S LAW (Calvinist ideal)

Van Buren's Independent Treasury

Remember, Van Buren was ANTI-BANK, it would hold public funds in reserve and prevent excessive lending by state banks, thereby preventing inflation. Made after the Panic of 1837 (post-Jackson)

21st Amendment

Repealed the 18th Amendment and ended America's "noble experiment". This happened in the 1932 Democrat victory.

Were Republicans or Democrats more dominant in the North during the 1800s-early 1900s?

Republicans

11th Amendment

Response to Chisholm v. Georgia, gave immunity to states being accused by people of other states.

Thomas Alva Edison

Responsible for bringing electrical power and its applications (lightbulbs) to the public.

Electoral College

Responsible for voting for the prez and vice prez, instead of by popular vote (as one would assume), every 4 Years. Would avoid mobocracy

Nixon's New Federalism program

Revenue-sharing program. Aimed to reduce the size of the Federal government. Provided block grants to the states (a large sum of money granted by the national government to a regional government with only GENERAL provisions as to the way it is to be spent, whereas categorical is more specific).

Which state was excluded from the reconsiderations of the Articles of Confederation?

Rhode Island (12/13 included)

State with most trading of slaves (but least need for them)

Rhode Island (think smallest state, most slaves, least need)

Who did Ike (Eisenhower) run against in the first election?

Richard Nixon

Who were JFK and LBJ running against in the election of 1960?

Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge

Republican candidate who won in the Election of 1968

Richard Nixon, a PEACE CANDIDATE.

Second Confederate government capital

Richmond, Virginia

Were Alito and Roberts liberals (left) or conservatives (right)?

Right-wing Conservatives.

Who did Bill Clinton beat in his second election?

Robert Dole, the Republican senator and majority leader of the Senate!

The Talented Generals of the South during the Civil War

Robert E Lee and Stonewall Jackson

Who ran as a representative of the Progressive Party against Calvin Coolidge in the 1924 election?

Robert LaFollette (he lost) [Remember that LaFollette did a lot of reform stuff for state governments, ie. in Wisconsin, giving more power to the people and less to the people in high positions.]

Who initiated the campaign to reform state governments during the Progressive movement?

Robert LaFollette, elected governor of Wisconsin on the Republican ticket in 1900.

Who won the election of 1972? Who was the 2nd best?

Robert Nixon. Runner-up: George McGovern.

Psychedelic ROck

Rock and roll that reflected the drug experience. ie. "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"-The Beatles and "Purple Haze"-Jimi Hendrix. Grateful Dead.

Who was the Supreme Court Justice at the Dred Scott Case

Roger Taney

Who was the oldest president?

Ronald Reagan, age 69.

Who was William Taft in relation to Theodore Roosevelt?

Roosevelt's secretary of war who was chosen by Roosevelt to be the next president.

What type of colony was New Jersey?

Royal Colony

Mobocracy

Ruling by masses, was "prevented" by the electoral college.

The "Forgotten Presidents"

Rutherford B Hayes, James A Garfield (think cat), Chester A Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison

Republican candidate running in 1876, towards the end of Reconstruction, who didn't get enough POPULAR votes

Rutherford B. Hayes

How many states had seceded from the Union upon Lincoln's election?

SEVEN

Which event took away the truly theocratic element of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

Salem Witch Trials 1692

Who replaced Sandra Day O'Connor when she retired?

Samuel Alito.

Who invented the telegraph?

Samuel Morse (think Morse code)

Democrat candidate running in 1876, towards the end of Reconstruction, who didn't get enough votes

Samuel Tilden

Examples of Commercial Centers after the big "mining boom" in the 1800s

San Francisco, Sacramento, Denver (2 in Cali)

Battle that encouraged French aid to Colonists

Second Battle of *Saratoga*. October 1777

The National Organization of Women (NOW)

Second-wave feminism organization, founded in 1966. Exchanged ideas and had demonstrations.

Booker T Washington

Seen as more of an accommodationist. Argued that rather than challenge the status quo, African Americans should seek to improve their individual lot through hard work and job training (from the bottom up).

Jim Crow laws

Segregated whites and African Americans in public facilities, such as train stations and schools.

How many votes were required to amend/change the Articles: Post-Revolutionary Politics

13/13 (unanimous)

Where were the hijackers involved in the 9/11 attacks from?

15 Saudi Arabia, 2 UAE, 1 Egypt, 1 Lebanon.

By 1860 (5 Years before the Civil War), how many *states* were using slaves for cotton?

15!

When did the British join the Age of Exploration and under who's reign?

1588 under Queen Elizabeth I

First Year that Slaves Brought to Colonies :(

1619 (one year before Plymouth)

When was New Amsterdam settled?

1623-24

When was New Haven founded?

1638

When was New Hampshire established as a colony?

1641 as a part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

When was Rhode Island an official colony?

1644

When was the use of indentured servants reassessed in Virginia?

1670

When was Pennsylvania settled?

1681

When did William and Mary ascend to the throne?

1688 (100 yrs. after Queen Elizabeth I started)

When were both East and West NJ "united"?

1702

When was Delaware "independent" as its own colony?

1703 (one year after NJ)

WHEN was North Carolina separated from South Carolina?

1712 (late)

The Stono Uprising

1739. A slave rebellion where African slaves rose against their OPPRESSORS. Also called the "Cato Rebellion". Lots of blacks and whites killed, the overarching aim was to flee to Florida where the Spanish offered freedom to slaves

French and Indian War

1754-1763 (Treaty of Paris). French trying to get land along the OHIO RIVER!!, causes conflict. Resulted in France's removal from Canada, further strengthening Britain as a colonial power.

Stamp Act

1765 (same year as Quartering Act). Stamps HAD to be placed on any form of PAPER, like playing cards, newspapers, almanacs, licenses.

Stamp Act Congress

1765 (same year as Stamp Act), met in NYC. Determined how to deal with British actions (taxing). "Taxation w/out representation is tyranny".

Writs of Assistance

1769. Britain allowed custom officials to SEARCH colonial homes w/out explanation (fear of smuggling). Led to Boston Massacre

Declaratory Act

1776, after repealing the Stamp Act. British said they had the "right" to *legislate for the colonies* in all cases, and tax whenever they wanted to.

Constitutional Convention

1787. Met up in Philadelphia. George Washington led the Convention, Ben Franklin oldest guy there. Secret. Did away with the Articles of Confederation

Judiciary Act (v important) (Think of Law)

1789. Organized the FEDERAL COURT system.

When were the first 10 Amendments added to the Constitution?

1791

When was the cotton gin invented?

1793

Whiskey Rebellion

1794. Pennsylvania farmers were unhappy with the excise tax intended to make money for the US, so they refused to pay. Under Hamilton, Washington sent out federal troops to crush the rebellion. Showed ability to enforce the law and federal gov's power.

Jay Treaty

1795 (during French Revolution). Established peace between US and GB, peaceful trading, RESOLVED some issues between GB and USA that came about because of the Treaty of Paris 1783.

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798. Meant to WEAKEN Democratic-Republicans through some really corrupt acts

Which Amendment allowed for the DIRECT election of senators?

17th Amendment

When was Napoleon Bonaparte defeated officially?

1815

Second Bank of the United States significance

1816. Issued paper money that could be used in all places (standardization)

When did Missouri apply to be a part of the Union and why was it controversial?

1819, because it applied as a "slave state". This would have sharply affected the BALANCE of POWER in the Senate. Balanced out w/ Maine coming into the Union as a "free state".

When was the Erie Canal completed?

1825

When did Texas become independent?

1836

By when did settlers write a free state constitution for California?

1849 (one year after it became independent from Mexico)

When was Uncle Tom's Cabin published?

1852

When was Kansas admitted into the Union, and was it a free or slave state?

1861, free state :)

Civil War Years

1861-1865

Battle between two ironclads (ships) during the Civil War: When was it?

1862

When did the first subway open?

1897

When was Hawaii annexed?

1898

Triangle Shirtwaist Company NYC disaster

1911, 146 garment workers died in a fire. The owners had locked most of the doors to keep the workers in and union organizers OUT (evil). It galvanized the labor movement, leading to public protests and an investigation by NY state that led to *stricter fire codes*, a shorter work week for women and minors and the abolition of labor *for those under 14*.

When was the MODERN KKK born?

1915

"Lusitania" sinking

1915. German submarine sank the British liner, which the Germans believed was carrying contraband goods. A ton of Americans were on it and died.

When was the Treaty of Versailles?

1919

When did the acceptance of marijuana as a recreational drug begin? (which decade?)

1920s.

When was television first presented in the US? Where

1939 at the New York World's Fair

When was the Philippines granted independence?

1946

When was Clinton elected president?

1992

Bombing in Oklahoma City: Clinton Administration

1995. Federal building in Oklahoma City was bombed by *Timothy McVeigh*, killed 169 people. Clinton dealt with it very well.

When was the Panama Canal given to Panama as its own possession?

1999, as a part of a treaty worked out by President Carter in 1977.

Lowell System

19th-century textile manufacturing system. It was able to recruit workers from outlying farmlands by offering a number of incentives that constituted one of the most HUMANITARIAN packages available to factory workers at the time. Most of the workers were women. They were offered CASH BONUSES up front, housing in company boarding houses, and access to a wide range of cultural events. Massive *immigration* in the following decades, and with it the arrival of a large source of cheap labor, brought the Lowell System to its end.

Where did the 4 hijack planes fly into during 9/11

2 into the World Trade Center, 1 into the Pentagon, last one intended to go to the White House or the US Capitol, but crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

How many representatives per state were part of the *Senate*?

2 per state (ie. 26 w/ the 13 colonies)

How many terms did Washington serve for?

2 terms (8 years)

What fraction of homesteaders failed in the Great Plains?

2/3

What fraction of the majority did the Radicals gain after passing the 14th Amendment?: Reconstruction

2/3

How long was the era of the cowboy?

20 yrs. 1860s-1880s

How many ex-slaves and free blacks were in the Union army during the Civil War?

200,000

How long was the rebellion by the Philippines against the US (for independence)? When was it?

3 Years, 1899-1901

How many times did the US intervene when it thought that its investments in Cuba were being threatened?

3 times

Boundary for Slavery established by Missouri Compromise

36 o 30' except for southern border of Missouri

Consequence of Bush Jr.'s comprehensive immigration bill?

Senate rejected, critics argued immigrants were STEALING JOBS from US workers and that the bill amounted to *amnesty* (pardoning, forgiveness) for lawbreakers (not severe enough).

Who was George HW Bush's VP?

Senator Dan Quayle

What did Bush do in reaction to the threat of civil war in Iraq?

Sent a shit-ton of troops, called " troop surge".

Why was Eugene V debs imprisoned?

Sent to prison for an Espionage Act conviction

Battle of Brandywine Date: American Revolution

September 11, 1777

Fair Labor Standards Act

Set a *minimum wage* at 25 cents per hour and a workweek of 44 hrs. Also outlawed labor for children under 16 yrs old.

Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine)

Set forth that the US would not only see *European* in Latin America as a threat, but would intervene if US investments were threatened. [Remember that this was not saying that Monroe's Doctrine was WRONG, just that it was "improving" upon it].

Homesteaders

Settlers who were granted plots in the West, usually of *160* acres, under the Homestead Act of 1862

How long was the workweek in the 1920s, and how long was it before then?

44 hrs in the 1920s, 60 hrs in the 1920s.

What percentage of Northern white men in the USA were in the Union Army during the Civil War?

50%

What percent of total exports did cotton make up of in the 1800s?

50-60%

Bush v. Gore

504 vote. Ruled the the different methods used in the various counties of Florida for recounting the vote violated the *Equal Protection Clause* under the *14th Amendment*. Court determined that since there was NO CLEAR-CUT state STANDARD for determining the intent of Florida voters, a HAND COUNT would be unconstitutional :( Bush ultimately won presidency! :(

By how much did Andrew Jackson beat out Henry Clay in the 1832 elections?

55%

Percentage of votes received by Andrew Jackson in 1828

56%

By 1840, what percent of cotton worldwide was being produced in the US?

60%

American Federation of Labor

A *coalition* of CRAFT UNIONS. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886. Encouraged strikes and was largely successful in winning improvements for its workers. However, never showed much interest in organizing UNSKILLED assembly line workers.

Panic of 1837 (important)

A 5-Year depression that came from inflation, which in turn came from Jackson's taking out federal deposits from the Bank and putting these reserves in "pet" state banks.

Who was James Buchanan

A Democrat from Pennsylvania who was running against Republican John Fremont. Favored *popular sovereignty*, got a majority of votes ONLY from the SOUTH.

Was James Madison a Federalist or a Republican?

A Republican

Henry Cabot Lodge (post-WWI)

A Republican from Massachusetts who rejected the Treaty of Versailles, because they hated Article X (LON), fearful that the US would have to be in another war if they were involved.

Tecumseh and his Plan

A Shawnee Indian who attempted to form a *confederation* fo tribes to bring down the whites. However, this failed when *Tecumseh's brother* instigated a premature attack.

Sputnik

A Soviet satellite, which had successfully orbited the earth. Challenged American confidence.

Alger Hiss

A State Department employee who was accused of spying for the USSR and was then convicted of perjury (telling a lie when he should've told the truth).

Nonimportation Agreement

A colonial boycott of British goods.

John Lewis: Desegregation/Civil Rights

A congressman from Atlanta. A leader in the Freedom Rides and at the Selma march.

Was William Taft a conservative or a progressive?

A conservative, which was an issue in the Election of 1912 and to Theodore Roosevelt, who was a progressive.

Harlem Renaissance

A creative outpouring among African American writers, artists, and musicians, in the wake of the Great Migration.

Henry Adams

A descendant of former President John Adams who saw urbanization as a disease [critic of urbanization]

The Grange

A farmer organization founded in 1867. It organized opposition to railroad practices, banks, and grain wholesalers.

John C. Calhoun's views on Tariffs

A firm believer in tariffs and internal improvements (much like Monroe) because he thought they would bind the country together. However, didn't like the Tariffs of 1828 (too high!!!)

John C. Calhoun

A former nationalist who was a supporter of Henry Clay's American Plan. A firm believer in tariffs and internal improvements (much like Monroe) because he thought they would bind the country together. He turned *sectionalist*.

Statue of Liberty

A gift to the US from France, was installed in New York harbor in 1886 with a poem by Emma Lazarus celebrating America's role as a destination for IMMIGRANTS.

What did the Ku Klux Klan represent after the Civil War?

A group of Southern whites that often resorted to whippings, lynchings, and burning African American churches and schools. They often wore sheets to conceal their identities, targeted REPUBLICAN organizations in the South and individual African Americans accused of not "respecting" the whites.

Hollywood Ten

A group of movie directors, actors, writers, who refused to cooperate w/ the House Un-American Activities Committee and were jailed for contempt.

John Scopes

A high school teacher who was willing to break William Jennings Bryan's law about not teaching evolution in high schools. Employed by the American Civil Liberties Union.

Baker v. Carr (important)

A historic split decision affecting reapportionment of legislative districts. The Supreme Court said that federal cours would now have jurisdiction (power to decide on) over cases where state apportionment formulas were being challenged

Napalm

A jellylike substance that would burst into flames after it stuck to its victim. US troops used it in the Vietnam War.

Medgar Evers

A leader of the NAACP in Mississippi, was shot in 1963.

The de Lome letter

A letter written by Enrique Dubuy de Lôme, the Spanish minister to the US, criticizing President McKinley for being *weak and ineffectual*. The letter was intercepted by CUBAN REBELS and sent to the American press, where USA was pissed.

Ghost Dance: summary

A means of resisting whites in all forms: culturally, combatively...Was violent. Believed that the world would soon end, was a source of unity amongst Native Americans.

"Full Metal Jacket": Movie

A movie showing the frightening experience of guerrilla war fought in a JUNGLE in which the enemy could be anywhere.

"Safety Valve"

A name for the frontiers of the West for people who didn't like *urban* life.

Guantanamo Bay

A place where the US still maintains a naval base.

Socialism

A political ideology that advocated the eventual end of the private enterprise and the advent of a worker-run society.

Blackwater Security Consulting

A private paramilitary force hired by the US.

Thaddeus Stevens

A radical Republican Senator who really wanted to see SWEEPING CHANGES in the South after the Civil War. He wondered how freed slaves should be treated, how "rebellious states" should be reintegrated into the Union, and whether individuals who had participated in the Confederacy should be considered criminals and be punished.

Raid on Harper's Ferry

A raid led by militant abolitionist John Brown with some black and white people, planning to take over the FEDERAL ARSENAL at *Harper's Ferry*, Virginia. Brown was overpowered (this was a failure) by JEB Stuart and Robert E Lee

Whitewater investigation

A real estate deal that involve a possible FUNNELING of money to Clinton's campaign in Arkansas. Investigation closed in 2000, Bill and Hillary NOT charged w/ wrongdoing. However, Clinton disbarred in Arkansas.

"Rosie the Riveter"

A representation of the 6 million women who were brought into the workforce because of WWII

Hoover Dam

A result of Congress's vote for huge sums of money to be used for PUBLIC WORKS (to help get the US out of the Great Depression). Built on the Colorado River.

What type of colony was Connecticut

A royal colony

Morse Code

A series of *long and short electric impulses*, used by the Western Union to send millions of messages over wires. :)

Protectorate

A state or country that is *controlled* by ANOTHER.

Henry David Thoreau

A transcendentalist who wrote about living in the "simple" wild (in nature) in Walden, and about his *advocation of noncooperation* w/ evil in "On Civil Disobedience".

American Party

A vicious anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic group. Its members were known as the "Know-Nothings", because when asked about their secret organization, they would say, "I know nothing".

Referendum definition

A vote

Proclamation of 1763

A way to avoid problems w/ the Native Americans. Prohibited all colonists from settling land BEYOND the *Appalachian Mountains* and required those settled there already to LEAVE. Colonists=mad. Proclamation DEFIED by colonists. Proclamation made by BRITISH, defied by Colonists anyway.

Viola Liuzzo

A white woman from Detroit, shot while riding a car w/ an African American man in Mississippi :(

"Scabs"

A word said by unions that means *replacement workers*.

Reasons that the Colonists dressed up as Native Americans

A. They knew that Native Americans would never be accused or suffer any penalties for the destruction of the tea. B. They did not want to be prosecuted for the crime of destroying property that was not theirs. C. They wanted their friends and families to be able to say truthfully that they did not recognize them that night. D. They knew that dressing up in costumes would add to the excitement and enthusiasm of the undertaking.

What did LBJ do to poll taxes?

ABOLISHED THEM :)

Did the West (democratic/capitalist nations) establish West Berlin before or after the Berlin Airlift? How about for the USSR and East Berlin?

AFTER for both!!

Were the Federalist Papers written before or after the Constitution?

AFTER. They did NOT influence the Constitution, but were inspired by it.

Bull Moose Party

AKA the Progressive Party. Founded by Theodore Roosevelt. Founded after William Taft, a conservative, won the election against Roosevelt

Order of most to least votes in Election of 1860

Abe Lincoln, Breckenridge, John Bell, Stephen Douglas

"Blowin' in the Wind"-Bob Dylan

About the ills of racism and war

16th (lucky 16) US President

Abraham Lincoln

Who said "A house divided against itself cannot stand"?

Abraham Lincoln

Transportation Revolution

Acceleration of growth in the North and West because of building roads, steamboats, and canals.

What had Spiro Agnew done in terms of the Watergate Scandal?

Accepted bribes as governor of MARYLAND.

Paula Jones: Clinton Administration

Accused Clinton of sexually harassing her in 1991, before he was prez.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets. Despite public protests, both were executed in 1953. [Remember from "The Glass Jar"]

Tenure of Office Act (v important-related to Andrew Johnson)

Act passed by the Congressional Republicans to protect their allies in President Johnson's cabinet. Forbade the president from removing an official from office who had received Senate approval for the post without FIRST receiving Senate approval for the dismissal.

Was Theodore Roosevelt into having an active or passive role in Latin American affairs? Why?

Active, because he wanted to protect US interests and investments.

Townshend Acts

Acts established by Lord Townshend of England. Placed duties on tea, paper, lead, glass, paint. Townshend taxed "externally"/"indirectly", but colonials still boycotted. Repealed in 1770 for all items except for tea

Main Focuses/Scandals of Andrew Jackson's Presidency

Adams' "corrupt bargain", Adams inability to 'relate' to voters, Jackson's killing of 6 deserters in 1815 in an attack on the Creek Indians (he was known for killing Indians), the revelation that he remarried before his bride had divorced.

Gradual Abolitionism

Adapted by the North. Said that any child born TO A SLAVE AFTER 1790 would be freed at age 21.

Admiral Sims

Admiral who helped the Allies at sea during WWI, was successful.

Henry Clay's American *Colonization* Society

Advocated for the sending back of freed blacks to Liberia in Africa.

Greenback Party

Advocated simply printing paper money backed by nothing (leads to inflation, which is what they wanted). Think of PROGRESSIVE ERA and GILDED AGE, when money supply was tight, there was even DEFLATION!! Green=money

Bush Doctrine

Advocated unilateral preemptive military strikes to fight terrorism.

Clarence Thomas

African American Supreme Court justice who HW Bush appointed. Accused of sexual assault by *Anita Hill*, an African American law professor who had been his employee at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Ida B Wells

African American against lynching in the South in the late 1800s

Phillis Wheatley

African-American slave who was a poet

What did the 14th Amendment NOT guarantee?

African-American suffrage (voting rights)

During the period of Reconstruction, was South Carolina dominantly made of African-Americans or whites?

African-Americans

Explain the idea of "overproduction and underconsumption" as a cause of the Great Depression

After WWI, the demand for FARM PRODUCTS had decreased, while the supply remained the same. Prices for farm products fell (laws of supply and demand), forcing many off their land and into tenant farming.

"Alphabet agencies"

Agencies that emerged from FDR's New Deal that were referred to by acronyms.

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act

Agreement over welfare reform between Clinton and Congress. This shifted more of the responsibility for welfare programs to the *individual states*. Provided minimum aid to all children in need.

What type of goods did the Fordney-McCumber Tariff make really expensive (bc of tariffs)?

Agricultural goods

Operation Head Start

Aid to preschoolers from poor families.

Kennedy's space program

Aimed at placing a person on the MOON. This was preceded by the Soviet launch of a man into space in 1961. By 1969, though, American astronauts had landed on the MOON.

Who ran against George Bush the first time?

Al Gore.

Universal Manhood Suffrage

All adult males in a democracy granted the RIGHT TO VOTE (same as universal manhood suffrage)

Universal Suffrage

All adults in a democracy are granted the right to vote ("universal"=white males)

Commonality between: Brook Farm, Massachusetts; Oneida Community, NY; New Harmony, Indiana

All were utopian communities designed to ameliorate the effects of a growing commercial society.

Elastic Clause ("Necessary and Proper" clause)

Allowed Congress *additional powers* other than what the Branches had. Could *amend things*. Think elastic=changing. Found in last paragraph of Article 1 Section 8. Also known as "implied powers". Hamilton used this as a means of arguing FOR the Bank of the United States in relation to the Constitution.

Reserved Power Clause (think LEVELS OF POWER)

Amendment X. Served to reassure states that they were protected from TYRANNY of a too-powerful central government.

Wilmot Proviso

Amendment made by David Wilmot during the Mexican War w/ the US over land saying that any land gained by the US would NOT have slaves in it. Failed in the Senate :( But set the groundwork for the "Free Soil position"

Brooklyn Bridge

An "engineering marvel" when it was completed in 1883. Designed and completed by John Roebling and his son Washington Roebling, it connected Brooklyn to New York (when Brooklyn was independent).

Republican Motherhood

An "ironic" sort of feminism where women were encouraged to be educated, but for the good of their children only

Was Hoover an advocate or rival of "free enterprise"?

An advocate, meaning he thought that you could get rich without any gov assistance.

The Health Insurance Act for the Aged 1965

An amendment to the Social Security Act (FDR), established Medicare and Medicaid.

Knights of Labor (think Knights=noble)

An early *industrial union* that took both skilled and unskilled workers. Open to men and women of all races and skill levels. Preferred *arbitration* to *striking* (more pacifist). Leader: Terrence Powderly. Knights of Labor very crippled by the Haymarket Riot 1886

"40 acres and a mule"

An idea that the government came up with concerning the freed slaves and what they would earn, but it never happened.

Office of Price Administration

An important agency established to control *prices*.

Injunction (v important)

An issue ordered for a strike to end ("End this strike!"). Once this was ordered, strikers were considered *lawbreakers* and were subject to arrest or getting beaten up.

3 Students who turned up dead after going missing during the Freedom Summer

Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, James Chaney. Died from lynching.

7th President of the US

Andrew Jackson

Who won the 1832 election?

Andrew Jackson (again, ugh)

Abe Lincoln's successor post-assassination

Andrew Johnson

2 Presidents Impeached

Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton

What did Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany do when England established a BLOCKADE along the German coast?

Announced that any ships carrying goods to England would be sunk.

Temperance definition

Anti-Alcohol.

Were most people from Kansas pro or anti slavery?

Anti-Slavery

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment. Was present in the US as far back as the large waves of Irish immigration in the 1840s and 50s. Gained strength when Southern and Eastern Europeans came to the US. PRotestants feared an influx of non-Protestants (Jews, Catholics, Orthodox Christians). Feared that an influx of unskilled workers would drive WAGES DOWN and make ORGANIZING UNIONS more difficult.

Taft-Hartley Act 1947

Anti-union act which sent workers in essential industries back to work and required union leaders to sign a noncommunist oath.

"Hey, Hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?"

Anti-war sentiment during the Vietnam War against the US.

Charles Graham Sumner

Applied to the *human* world observations of the natural world made by Charles Darwin (Social Darwinism).

Land Ordinance of 1785 (Think LAND)

Area of the Northwest Territory divided into TOWNSHIPS that were 6 miles square and further divided into 36 one-acre tracts. 16th section set aside as a public school.

Clinton was governor of which state before becoming prez?

Arkansas

George Whitefield

Aroused crowds of people with emotional theatrics and "revived religion" in the Great Awakening.

Buy-Outs

Arranged by lawyers. Leveraged (arranged by force). Definition: mergers. Merged businesses, making money from some stockholders while creative EXTENSIVE JOB LOSSES (think monopoly).

Which ethnic groups made up the majority of immigration stats in the 1980s and 1990s?

Asia, Latin America.

Where did the French surrender to Ho Chi Minh?

At Dien Bien Phu

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

At Hoover's request, Congress established this, which *gave loans to businesses, states, and local governments*.

Protestant Reformation in England

Attempt to "purify" English churches by making them ONLY Protestant, leads to a LACK of religious freedom, as King Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church, so religious freedom desired abroad.

Realism (v important)

Attempt to portray life, even its ugly side, in a DIRECT way. Big thing in the GILDED AGE!

Coalition of Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom

Australia, Poland, England.

Triple Alliance countries

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy

Secure Fence Act 2000

Authorized construction of a 700-mile barrier along the US-Mexico border.

Smith-Connolly Act

Authorized the gov to seize any plant or mine that was idled by a *strike* that would affect the WAR EFFORT.

Did admission of California as an independent state balance or imbalance the number of slave states and free states?

Balanced :)

What was steel used for (what could people make out of it) during the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

Barbed wire, plows, rails, bridges, tall buildings.

Were the savings and loans banks heavily or barely regulated?

Barely! Thus creating new millionaires.

Example where the Union "didn't follow up on its victory"

Battle of Antietam 1862

Battle in the Spanish-American War when Spanish surrendered?

Battle of San Juan Hill.

Main Items sold in Valley Forge

Beaver hats, rum, grain, iron

Why was Ronald Reagan called "The Great Communicator"?

Because he connected with voters. :)

Why did Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry not approve of the proposed Constitution of 1787?

Because it "undermined" the principles for which the Revolutionary War was fought (think Sam Adams + Patrick Henry=fighters)

Why was General Howe so excited to capture Philadelphia?

Because it was a capital city and such a capture would be prestigious af

Why did people initially ignore AIDS?

Because it was initially found in gay men (oppressed minority).

Why did a ton of Irish people come to US during the 1800s?

Because of the potato famine of 1845 and because they were escaping Catholicism (if they weren't Catholic) in Ireland

Why did the Constitutional Convention people keep their ideas a secret at the time?

Because they didn't want to be INFLUENCED by outside ideas or pressures

Why did a lot of the slave owners (masters) move to the West?

Because they needed space

Haymarket Riot 1886

Began as a peaceful demonstration for the eight-hour day. After a rally protesting POLICE VIOLENCE was ordered to disperse in Chicago's Haymarket Square, someone THREW A BOMB! 7 police officers and 4 others were killed. 8 anarchists tried with little evidence, and 4 were executed. This crippled the Knights of Labor as well as the labor movement.

Stokely Carmichael

Began to advocate *black power* in economic and political terms, was a cause of the split of SNCC. He said there was NO ROOM for whites in SNCC because blacks had to make decisions for themselves. Not all blacks followed the SEPARATION, but it created a significant rift in the Civil Rights Movement.

What did Barry Goldwater believe in, in terms of foreign policy?

Believed in a strong-arm foreign policy (violent) and EXTREME free-enterprise economics.

Who wrote Poor Richard's Almanac

Benjamin Franklin

Consequence of competing w/ certain nations under Reagan?

Biggest trade deficit ever, lots of jobs lost.

David Walker

Black newspaper editor who wrote "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World", warning that without equality, blacks would *rebel*.

Bessie Smith

Blues singer in the Harlem Renaissance

Northern Democrats for war

war democrats

Slavers

Ships bound for the Americas holding slaves

What type of cotton was being used in the cotton gin?

Short staple inland cotton

"Flapper"

Shorter, "boyish" hair, waistless dresses cut above the knee, degree of self-assuredness. More urban than rural. Smoked and drank in public.

Iran Hostage Crisis

Showed Jimmy Carter's failure :( New fundamentalist (theocratic) Shiite Muslim Khomeini gov in Iran blamed the US for SELLING ARMS to the deposed SHAH. 52 American embassy workers taken hostage by angry students w/ support of Khomeini gov. Embassy workers released when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated (day of).

Five Power Pact

Signed at the Washington Naval Conference. Said that Italy, US, England, Japan, and France would limit the size of their fleets and new shipbuilding for military purposes.

Wye Memorandum

Signed by Israeli Prime Minister *Benjamin Netanyahu* and Palestine's Yasser Arafat, where Israel agreed to withdraw troops from parts of the WEST BANK.

Kellog-Briand Pact 1928

Signed by the US, England, France, Germany, Italy, others. *Outlawed war*, but was LITTLE MORE than a statement of intent with NO POWER of enforcement. Reflected, like the Washington Naval Conference had, the naive hope that US could avoid international entanglements thru dramatic gestures and good intentions.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Signed in 1494. Signed between Portugal and Spain. Marked between the 46th and 47th Meridian the dividing lined between the exploration for these 2 nations. Spanish explored WEST of the line, while Portugal explored EAST of the line.

Treaty of Greenville

Signed in 1795. Miami Confederacy gave up their claims to the Ohio country, a land rich in furs (Americans get economic advantage)

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Signed into law in 1994. It provided for the lifting of TRADE RESTRICTIONS, including the lowering or eliminating of *tariffs* between the US and its neighbors, Mexico and Canada, over the next 15 yrs (y).

"Arabic" sinking

Sinking of a British ship by Germans. US protested against this, and Germany agreed to not sink any more liners without warning.

Sioux chief during the Defeat of the Sioux

Sitting Bull

13th Amendment

Slavery cannot exist. This was created during the Civil War by Lincoln

Bottom of the Social Pyramid in Colonial Times

Slaves

Policy on runaway slaves BEFORE the Fugitive Slave Law

Slaves would be entitled to a trial with a jury, so that no slaves would be kidnapped.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Slogan: "Let the people decide" politically and economically. Tom Hayden and Paul Potter were early leaders of SDS. Was a *NEW LEFT* organization.

Haight-Ashbury

Small San Francisco district where hippies flocked to during the "Summer of Love" in 1967.

Satellite Nation definition

Smaller nation controlled by a larger one.

Michael Harrington

Socialist and political scientist of the 1900s

What happened to mining centers after the big "mining boom" in the 1800s?

Some became ghost towns, others became big commercial centers

Cause of US Imperialism: Social reasons-Explain

Some people believed in the superiority of the Anglo-Saxons. They thus thought that nonwhite people were incapable of GOVERNING themselves. Others felt that they had to keep fulfilling the manifest destiny and spread democracy around the world. Some *Protestants* also felt a responsibility to bring their God to hose whom they considered heathens.

Strict Constructionist

Someone who believes that the Constitution must be interpreted *word for word*. Thomas Jefferson.

Were there more Southern or Northern dropouts from the army during the Civil War?

Southern, but ONLY SLIGHTLY!!

The gag rule was most supported by...

Southerners

Dixiecrat Party

Southerners COMMITTED TO Civil rights in the 1960s (1968). Herbert Humphrey top candidate

Which nation owned Cuba before it was independent?

Spain

Which nation(s) had control over the Philippines before it was independent?

Spain and the US

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Explorer who discovered the MISSISSIPPI RIVER (1541)

Francisco Coronado

Spanish explorer who explored ARIZONA and NEW MEXICO, discovered the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River (1539-1542)

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish explorer who explored FLORIDA

Don Juan de Onate

Spanish explorer who explored NORTHERN MEXICO and the Rio Grande Valley

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo

Spanish explorer who explored he California coast (1542) Cabrillo=California

Christopher Columbus

Spanish explorer who reached the Americas when trying to find India, because he, among others, was trying to look for an ALL-WATER ROUTE TO THE EAST

Spanish Armada

Spanish fleet made by Phillip II, defeated by swifter British ships in 1588, failure because marks the end of Spanish imperial goals

Valeriano Weyler

Spanish governor who placed many Cubans in concentration camps, where many died. :(

What did the 3 leaders not all agree on at the Teheran Conference?

Stalin did NOT want England and the US to open up a *second front* in Eastern Europe, because he was worried that the two of them would increase their power/influence there.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Stalin signed a nonaggression treaty w/ Germany, clearing the way for Germany to pursue its aggressive policy in Europe (expansionist, lebensraum). Then Germany invaded Poland and WWII began.

Who were the members of the Potsdam conference?

Stalin, Harry Truman, Clement Atlee (because Churchill had lost that year's election)

James Dean

Star of "Rebel WIthout a Cause", dealt with the ideas of troubled teens.

Emancipation Proclamation

Started as that which would free the slaves in the states still in rebellion after Jan 1st, 1862.

Navigation Acts

Started in 1651. Restricting use of foreign ships for colonial trade. Colonists couldn't export sugar and tobacco (main crops) to nations OTHER THAN England.

Main Issues that led to the Civil War

State power vs. federal power, and the issue of slaves (free soil v. popular sovereignty v. simply having slaves). Whether slavery would go westward or not.

George Kennan's X Telegram

Stated the Containment Theory: Only through determined and continued resistance could the advance of the USSR's power and influence be stopped. Said that communism had to be contained WHERE IT ALREADY EXISTED and NOT be allowed to spread (or else it would "infect" the rest of the globe and prosper).

"By any means necessary"

Statement made by Malcolm X about what to do w/ civil rights. *Referred to African American self-defense*.

Habeas corpus

States that someone can seek relief from UNLAWFUL IMPRISONMENT.

New implementation in response to agricultural difficulties in the Great Plains

Steam-powered threshers

What is more flexible and strong: steel or iron?

Steel!

Explain the idea of "margin buying" as a cause of the Great Depression

Stocks on MARGIN=only part of the stock, planning to pay the remainder when the price of the stock increased (like the "installment plan"). However, when the price of the stock dropped, people had to pay the balance of the stock cost they owed, and they didn't have the money to do so.

Black Legend

Stories exaggerating Spanish and Portuguese cruelty (conquistador cruelty) by portraying the natives as childlike and peaceful.

Stalin's "Popular Front"

Strategy of cooperating w/ a spectrum of antifascist groups and governments, including FDR's New Deal.

That which determined of the outcome of a strike: 2nd Industrial Revolution

Strength of the union, condition of the economy, strategy of management.

Candidate of the Dixiecrat Party

Strom Thurmond

Sit-ins during the Vietnam War

Students held these to protest the war, to obstruct the work of DRAFT boards (U Michigan), to stop the CIA from recruiting on campus (Columbia University), to stop buses from taking recruits to military bases (UC Berkeley), to stop weapons research (U Michigan, Princeton), to protest against the manufacturer of napalm, Dow Chemical Company (U Wisconsin)

War Powers Act

Submission of resolution by HW Bush to Congress during the Persian Gulf War.

Dorothea Dix

Succeeded in convincing the state of Massachusetts to improve treatment of the MENTALLY ILL, who had been placed in PRISON with criminals

"Ping Pong Diplomacy"

Successfully EXPLOITED the rift beween the USSR and China, which had existed since 1959. Seen thru the lessening of tensions thru the ping pong tournament w/ US and China.

Plessy v. Ferguson OVERRULING

Successfully led by Chief Justice *Earl Warren*. Said the idea of "separate but equal" (note "separate") had no place in public schools.

Temperance Movement

Suceeded in preventing the manufacture of spirits (alcohol) in Maine

Which Cuban crop was of special interest to the US?

Sugar crop

Which crop was Hawaii known for when it was annexed?

Sugar crop

What did FDR try to do when his New Deal seemed kind of limiting in its extent and effectiveness by 1937?

Suggested deficit spending to jump-start the economy.

Sum up Reaganomics

Supply-side policies. Encouraged the rich to invest their money in new production, create jobs and increase revenue, and balance the budget (good things!) Believed in the "trickle down" to the poor-effect.

Was Reaganomics Demand or Supply-side, in its policy?

Supply-side!

Did Carter support or oppose the Sandinistas? Who were the Sandinistas?

Supported them. Were a democratically elected pro-Cuba government of Nicaragua.

William Lloyd Garrison

Supporter of immediate abolitionism, creator of the *American Anti-Slavery Society*. Wrote *Liberator*, saying that slavery was sinful and violating the Constitution that protected people based on the fact that they were "all created equal".

New York Times v. United States

Supreme Court ruled against Nixon's insisting that they not reveal the Pentagon Papers. Advocated FREE PRESS.

Engel v. Vitale

Supreme Court ruled that the reading of a nonsectarian prayer in a public school VIOLATES the *1st amendment*

Korematsu v. United States

Supreme Court upheld the gov's right to keep the Japanese in internment camps because of the "extraordinary times". Nobody in the camps got any compensation until 1988.

Was there a surge or decrease in African American migration during WWII?

Surge, because they worked in war plants.

C Everett Koop

Surgeon general appointed by Ronald Reagan.

Rolling Thunder

Sustained bombing campaign started by LBJ against North Vietnam.

Where in California was gold discovered?

Sutter's Mill

Joan Baez

Symbol of the *Folk Revival*.

As a result of the Mexican-American War, which state did NOT become a part of the US?

TEXAS!

How many industrial revolutions were there in the US and when were they?

TWO! First one in the 1820s in New England, second one after the Civil War, going into the 1920s.

Which of Hitler's moves (taking of land, specifically) was the US really surprised about?

Taking France

NYC's Democratic Party's headquarters name

Tammany Hall

Poll Tax definition

Tax paid by those wishing to vote in several Southern states AFTER RECONSTRUCTION; designed to LIMIT political participation by African Americans. Poll tax abolished by LBJ.

Revenue Act of 1767/Townshend Duties

Taxed glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea entering the colonies. The profits from these taxes were to be used to pay the salaries of the royal governors in the colonies. In practice, however, the Townshend Duties yielded little income for the British; the taxes on tea brought in the only significant revenue.

Tariff

Taxes on imports

Protective Tariffs

Taxes on imports high enough to keep out competitive foreign goods (protecting from competition w/ foreign nations)

Which economic maneuvers during the Roaring Twenties helped to keep the economy good?

Taxes were kept down, foreign goods were kept out (isolationism), profits were up.

One item still taxed based on Townshend Acts

Tea

Where did the first post-WWII conference take place? When?

Tehran! 1943 (plans for post-war plans)

US Citizens as referred to by Mexicans before Texas's independence

Tejanos

Mexican revolution against Spain: Name

Tejanos Revolution

Scandal at WorldCom

Telecommunications company World Com misreported losses and inflated profits by its OWN internal auditors. *Securities and Exchange Commission* launched an investigation and several executives convicted of securities fraud.

What was given to Britain and France in terms of land after WWI?

Temporary mandates (colonies) over Turkish areas until they were ready for self-rule.

Where was Andrew Johnson from?

Tennessee

When was a cease-fire (suspension of fighting) planned for, concerning the Vietnam War?

Tet (Vietnam New Year)

Where was LBJ born/from?

Texas

The annexation of which state preceded the Mexican-American War

Texas!

Bank Bill: Jacksonian Politics

That which would have renewed the charter for the Bank of the US. Jackson vetoed it.

Other name for Roanoke Island

The "Lost Colony"

Why did the agricultural sector decline during the 1920s?

The *overseas* market for the US agricultural products dried up, and farmers had difficulty repaying loans they had taken out to mechanize their farms (needed to compensate, etc.) Coolidge did nothing to help by vetoing the legislation that was supposed to help the farmers. :(

What inspired Francis Scott Key to write the "Star Spangled Banner"?

The Americans' victory at Fort McHenry in the War of 1812 against the British

Which process (name it) contributed to the process used to produce steel in the Second Industrial Revolution?

The Bessemer Process

How did the British ignore US Neutrality during the French Revolution?

The British seized American vessels and resorted to *impressment* of US Seamen

Before the Civil War, were the Democrats or Republicans more present and liked in the South?

The Democrats! (weird considering current developments)

Dust Bowl

The Dust Bowl, also known as the Dirty Thirties, was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US and Canadian prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion (the Aeolian processes) caused the phenomenon.

On which American show did The Beatles first introduce themselves?

The Ed Sullivan Show

What was the First Great Awakening a response to?

The Enlightenment

What was the 2nd Great Awakening in retaliation of?

The Enlightenment and secularism

Five Civilized Tribes

The Five Civilized tribes were Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole. (in the southeast)

Were the Germans or Irish immigrants welcomed more nicely by the Americans?

The Germans

The Populist Party emerged out of which failed movement?

The Granger Movement

Where did a lot of homesteaders settle and have difficulties with during the 1800s?

The Great Plains

What was a cultural consequence of the Great Migration?

The Harlem Renaissance

Emperor Hirohito

The Japanese emperor. The Allies allowed him to stay on the throne even after the US threw the 2 atomic bombs at Japan to make it surrender.

16th Street Baptist Church: Civil Rights Movement

The KKK threw a bomb here. In Birmingham, Alabama, killed 4 teenage girls.

Who did the cowboys borrow their techniques from in the 1800s?

The Mexican "vaqueros"

Before the Civil War, were there more people living in the North or South part of the US?

The North, by far

Ostend Manifesto

The Ostend Manifesto was a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused.

Where did the majority of the fighting take place in the Spanish-American War?

The Philippines

Which two social movements did the Progressive movement attract?

The Populist and Socialist movements

Which political party formed because of the divide that came from the Kansas-Nebraska Bill?

The Republican Party (supported the Free Soil position)

What was another name for the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s?

The Second Reconstruction

What is a "specie circular"?

The Specie Circular is a United States presidential executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836 pursuant to the Coinage Act and carried out by his successor, President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver. MEANS OF *CURBING INFLATION*.

Open Door Policy (v important)

The US pushed for all nations to have *equal access* to China (which was really desirable in the late 19th century).

Which countries dominated/controlled West Germany?

The US, France, and England.

Which side in the Russian Civil War did the US side with?

The White Army (something the communists were kinda pissed about).

Which one event triggered the need for municipal (city) government reform?

The aftermath of a hurricane in Galveston, Texas, in 1900. The local *political machine* proved incapable of dealing with the disaster, thus showing a need for a more efficient and professional form of city gov.

Gold Standard

The amount of money in circulation is tied to the amount of gold in the treasury (a "standard"). Seen as an "enemy" to the Populist Party

What "program" made a lot of Russian Jews want to leave during the Gilded Age?

The anti-Semitic Pogrom

What was the one thing that settlers to Virginia and Indians there agreed on?

The centrality of RELIGION in daily life.

Massosoit

The chieftain of the Wampanoag Indians, signed a friendship treaty with the Plymouth *Puritans* in 1621. Remember FRIENDLINESS w/ Plymouth people + Squanto (among other Wampanoags)

Indian Removal Act of 1830

The deportation of Native Americans BEYOND the Mississippi River into present-day Oklahoma by Andrew Jackson

What was militarism before WWI caused by?

The desire to dominate trade and protect trading routes.

Elisha Otis

The developer of the elevator, in 1857

Which two inventions helped with the development of the *skyscraper*?

The elevator and steel-skeleton construction (think steel)

Blacklists: 2nd Industrial Revolution

The employers' lists of "troublemakers" who were not to be hired

The MOST IMPORTANT impetus for Civil Rights movement?!

The experience of African Americans during WWII

Market Revolution

The explosion in jobs and consumer goods during the 1800s. Required farmers to specialize in *grain or dairy*, required artisans to use *assembly lines*, and make cheaper and more plentiful goods (more demand!!)

Reason for Iroquois Confederacy's Strength (despite not being a unified force)

The fact that all of the tribes in the confederacy belonged to the same nation

What did the 3 leaders NOT agree on at the Yalta Conference?

The fate of Eastern Europe. Stalin said that since E. Europe was already occupied by the Red Army, it was vital to the USSR's security, since Russia had been invaded a lot and needed a "buffer zone". However, FDR and Churchill were like "WTF, man." It was, however, finally agreed upon to have *free elections* in the region's nations (E. Europe's) ASAP.

What was significance of the presidential race between JFK and Nixon?

The first televised running

Port Huron Statement 1962

The founding document of *Students for a Democratic Society*. Called for "educative, creative work" that would help realize humanity's potential for "self-direction and self-understanding".

What were the cultural patterns of the Native Americans most influenced by from the 16th to 18th centuries?

The introduction of the horse! Great for economies and hunting

D-Day: WWII

The invasion of Normandy. Largest AMPHIBIOUS operation in history. France, Belgium, and other European areas had been freed from German control.

Middle Passage

The journey across the Atlantic Ocean that was cruel :(

Dow Chemical Company

The manufacturers of napalm during the Vietnam War

Chuck Berry

The most important rock and roll innovator.

Black Belt

The name for the dark fertile soil found in the WEST!!! This is where short-staple cotton was found, in the Black Belt

New Nationalism

The name of Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the election of 1912, which he lost as a member of the Bull Moose Party

Battle of the Bulge: WWII

The point in which the Germans retreated. They were at the Belgian border.

Secession

The political act of leaving the Union; the southerners did this and formed their own country or "Confederacy"

How were political machines in the late 19th century so successful?

The political machine politicians provided needed JOBS and services to NATURALIZED CITIZENS in return for their *votes*.

Lecompton Constitution

The second of four resolutions concerning Kansas. Written to those w/ an anti-slavery position, by those who were pro-slavery.

"The War on Poverty"

The slogan grouping together the major social welfare goals of the Johnson Administration and his "Great Society".

What's the best explanation for why the South lost the Civil War?

The war was too long!

Industrial Workers of the World

Their slogan="One big union". Combined socialist and ANARCHIST ideas but *failed* to attract a mass following. Their members were called the "Wobblies"

Under whose presidency was the Panama Canal created?

Theodore Roosevelt

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's agenda: A belief in equal opportunity and adherence to the spirit of the law.

Summarize New Deal programs -->

These programs would bring IMMEDIATE relief to the hungry and unemployed, to help recover individuals and businesses, and to reform the areas that had CONTRIBUTED to the Depression. Helped w/ recovery + reform.

What did Theodore Roosevelt, John Muir, and John Burroughs all have in common?

They advocated calls for the PRESERVATION of natural beauty and space for recreation in the early 20th century. (optimistic).

What did the 3 leaders agree on at the Yalta Conference?

They agreed on the de-nazification of Germany, having four occupation zones within *Germany*, and the ESTABLISHMENT OF THE UN!

What did the US do about the 1956 elections that were promised in the Geneva Accords?

They believed that the communist Ho Chi Minh would win over Ngo (of the South), so they prevented the elections from taking place.

What did the border ruffians do to bolster the vote for slavery?

They brought in residents of Missouri and used names from people in Cincinnati, Ohio as "votes".

Why did the British decide to NOT get so involved as a powerful central government when they owned the Colonies?

They cared little about how the colonists were doing and more about the economic benefits of these colonies.

What role did war weaponry manufacturers in the rise of fascism?

They wanted to supply fascist governments because they were getting hella profit from war.

How did Southerners view John Brown?

They were disgusted by his violent ways

What did the African Americans think about when they had fought in hard battles like Battle of the Bulge and then returned to the States?

They were pissed that they were STILL being segregated after contributing so much to their country.

Explain the idea of "the severe depression in Europe" as a cause of the Great Depression

This decreased the demand for American goods abroad, since the European nations couldn't really afford the stuff.

Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act

This ended *yellow-dog contracts (employees were made to sign these saying that they would NOT join the Union). Also prevented the courts from issuing an *INJUNCTION*. Injunction forbid workers from striking, boycotting a company's goods or picketing. NICER TO UNIONS!

Sherman's March to the Sea

This happened when the South still refused to give up after the Union had split the South in two. He marched from *Atlanta to the sea* and went from killing soldiers to burning down land and supplies. First example of TOTAL WAR.

Subprime mortgages: 21st century scandal

This is a type of adjustable-rate mortgage, often requiring no down payment, offered to customers w/ risky credit ratings; the lending institution makes money by steadily increasing interest payments (sounds a lot like the Great Depression).

Why was Lloyd Garrison a Non-Cooperator once the American Anti-Slavery Society split?

This is because he did not want to run as president or work for a country that was allowing slaves to work for white men.

Talk about the self-sacrifice (immolation) of the Buddhist monk in Vietnam

This was an act against US-supported government in SOUTH Vietnam.

Why did women have it really rough during the Great Depression?

This was because they both had to put food on the table, and were scorned from finding jobs in the workforce because people thought they were taking those jobs away from men.

Examples of realist artists in the Gilded Age

Thomas Eakins and Winslow Homer.

Who founded Hartford?

Thomas Hooker (LOL "Hart")

Chief Author of the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

Authors of the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman, John Adams, Ben Franklin

Members of Washington's Cabinet

Thomas Jefferson-Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton-Secretary of the Treasury (think MONEY $$) Henry Knox-Secretary of War Edmund Randolph-Attorney General

Unwritten Constitution

Those NOT included in the official (written) Constitution, included the cabinet

Nonpartisan commissioners

Those selected to run the various CITY DEPARTMENTS (sanitation, fire, water, parks).

Freedom Rides

Those that the Student Nonviolent Coordinate Committee participated in, going against segregation. *John Lewis* was a leader.

"Mugwumps"

Those who broke from the Republican party during the Gilded Age because they hated the *spoils system* and switched over to the Democratic Party.

Rough Riders

Those who helped to defeat the Spanish in the Spanish-American War, specifically at the Battle of San Juan Hill

Planters

Those who owned 20 or more slaves, had a huge role in Congress and state legislatures

Radical Republicans: Reconstruction

Those who saw Lincoln's way of dealing with states post-Civil War as not far-reaching and extreme enough. More aggressive

During the time of the signing of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854, what "divide" or "split" was apparent?

Those who supported popular sovereignty, and those who had the "free soil" position

How did advertisement during the 1920s coerce consumers into buying stuff?

Through Freudian psychology. Said that if the person bought the product they could find a mate or keep their friends, said that if they didn't buy the product they would be ridiculed or be behind the times. :(

How could one access one of the individual Berlin sectors during the Cold War?

Through the Soviet zone only.

How did Reconstruction end?

Through the special bipartisan commission that allowed Rutherford B Hayes to be president even though the popular vote was won by Samuel J Tilden.

How did Reagan, thru Reaganomics, plan to get rid of the inflationary spiral that the US was in?

Thru CUTTING taxes on income and capital gains.

Voting Rights Act

Thru this,Johnson attempted to ensure that all citizens could register and have their votes COUNTED. Johnson quoted "We shall overcome" when presenting this to Congress.

Where were the Shawnee Indians defeated against the whites? Who defeated them?

Tippencanoe, General William Henry Harrison

Aim of Triangular Trade to the colonies

To circumvent Navigation Acts and simply get stuff from places other than Great Britain

Overarching goal of the Watergate Scandal (without trying to make it a scandal, of course)

To create the BIGGEST WIN possible for Nixon in the 1972 election.

In the late 1830s, Southern states passed a number of laws regarding the behavior of free blacks. What were their intentions?

To encourage the free blacks to go to the North.

Key task for Lincoln before the Civil War erupted

To protect the Union (prevent secession),

Overarching aim of the reform in state government by Progressives?

To take power *away* from the political machines and give it to the *citizens*.

Staple Crop of Maryland and Virginia: Colonial Times

Tobacco (one-crop economy in Virginia)

Goods introduced to Europeans by Natives

Tobacco, beans, tomatoes, potatoes

Were Kansas and Nebraska together as one or separated geographically in the 1800s?

Together as one.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Trail used by the North Vietnamese to send supplies, via mule, on the backs of people, etc, to the South Vietnamese.

Morrill Land-Grant Act 1862

Transferred more than 140 million acres of federal land to the states. Then, the states could set up land-grant agricultural *COLLEGES* or sell the land. This act also tended to transfer land to SPECULATORS, who then earned *profit*.

Typewriter significance: Gilded Age

Transformed OFFICE WORK.

Hamid Karzai

Transitional leader in Afghanistan, established a degree of stability, especially in Kabul. Served as interim prez from 2002-2004, then elected prez in 2004.

Bush Jr. Tax Cut

Traveled across the US in 2001 to promote his $1.35 trillion *tax cut* , arguing that it would STIMULATE the economy.

Captain Thomas Preston

Tried for the Boston Massacre. Defended by *John Adams and Josiah Quincey*, acquitted. :)

Ghost Dance resistance to Whites (v important)

Tried to resist being driven from their ancestral lands, but were put down with the killing of 200 Sioux at Wounded Knee in 1890.

Armistice definition

Truce

Fair Deal

Truman's continuation of many of FDR's New Deal initiatives. However, Truman had a hard time implementing the program, as his popularity plummeted and the DEMOCRATS lost control of Congress.

What were colleges in the colonial era primarily trying to do in terms of jobs they created?

Trying to make as many clergymen as possible, so that there wouldn't have to be clergy imported from ENGLAND.

Bicameral legislatures

Two-house legislatures

What were George HW Bush's successes before becoming prez?

UN ambassador, member of the House of Representatives, director of the CIA.

What were the "Palmer raids" named after?

US Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer

Cause of US Imperialism: Industrial development-Explain

US needed raw materials that weren't readily available in US mainland, also needed countries that they would export goods to.

Dawes Plan 1924

US plan to provide loans to Germany so it could stabilize its currency and continue its reparation payments which, in turn, would enable England and France to pay off loans to America. (Cycle). This cycle benefited US banking interests.

Jean-Bertrand Aristide

US restored him to power in Haiti in 1994

Cause of US Imperialism: Military considerations-Explain

US saw itself in competition with European powers. This was also connected to economic dominance.

Did the US or Japan win at Midway Island? How was this a turning point?

US won. A turning pt. because US was starting to show the upper hand.

Guadalcanal: WWII-Why was this significant?

US won. Provided US w/ a valuable AIR BASE.

Berlin Airlift

US's response to Soviet's Berlin Blockade. Food, fuel, and supplies were flown into the Western sector of Berlin. USSR didn't wanna cause any more conflict w/ the West after this, so they REOPENED THE ACCESS ROUTES.

Abu Ghraib scandal

US-run prison near Baghdad where there was sodomy w/ a broomstick and beatings w/ a chair.

Interstate Commerce Commission

USA's first independent regulatory agency, had mixed results. In response to the complaints by the Grange (farm). The ICC had legitimacy only starting with *Theodore Roosevelt*.

Which countries gave the National Liberation Front (of Vietnam) and the North Vietnamese aid?

USSR and communist China.

Was the New Deal kind or unfair to women?

Unfair :(

Was the New Deal kind or unfair to Mexican Americans?

Unfair to them. The CCC and WPA excluded MIGRANT FARM WORKERS by requiring a *permanent address*.

Was Congress unicameral or bicameral upon its creation post-revolutionary war?

Unicameral

Explain the idea of "unsound bank practices" as a cause of the Great Depression

Unsound bank practices led to the CLOSURE of many banks, with a tremendous LOSS OF MONEY to the *depositors* (consumers who put money into the bank)

What did people from the rural South and West associate alcohol with in the 1920s?

Urban depravity and immigrant vices.

Johnson's reaction to the 14th Amendment

Urged the states to reject it on the grounds that it was too harsh on the ex-Confederates and that Southern legislators had NO HAND in drafting it.

Father Charles Coughlin

Used his popular national radio show to accuse FDR of being a communist and a dictator.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act: How was it against labor unions?

Used the justification that labor unions were going against the system of "free trade." Ironic

Oneida Brook Farm

Utopian community with a cult in the 1800s

Electric appliances that were introduced/popularized during the 1920s

Vacuum cleaner, toaster, refrigerator, washing machine, radio.

Important industrial city in Colonial Times in Pennsylvania

Valley Forge

James K Polk Propositions + Ideas

Very expansionist. Wanted to annex Oregon Territory. Expansionist slogans: "54 o 40' or fight"-to annex Oregon Territory, "Texas is Alone but Not Deserted"

American Liberty League

Very right-leaning (conservative) group, which consisted primarily of conservative businessmen. Anti-New Deal.

Job Corps

Vocational (job) training for school dropouts (+)

Who did George HW Bush beat to become prez?

Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro.

Overarching Aim of British during F+I War Concerning French?

Wanted CANADA!! (Moose)

Reasons that Lower Class in Colonies wanted Revolution

Wanted more land and more of a say in British government, so that BENEFITS could be taken away from the *upper class*.

Malcolm X's relation to the United Nations

Wanted to bring the US to it to put it under charges of racism.

Results of the Vietnam War

War Powers Act, voluntary army, 26th Amendment, prisoners of war, missing in action (MIA)

Betty Friedan: Author

Was an early feminist who challenged prevailing notions of gender. Wrote "The Feminine Mystique (1963), critiqued the "straightjacket" that society had created for women.

Justice Harry Blackmun: Nixon administration

Was more liberal than the other two justices, William H Rehnquist and Lewis Powell, especially concerning Roe v. Wade and Furman v. Georgia.

William H Taft

Was prez *after* Theodore Roosevelt. Was expansionist.

Rolling Stones significance

Was really intense, sexual music. Had themes of hostility and violence. Anthems for the Weathermen. Set the tone for a knifing by a member of the Hells Angels motorcycle gang.

Ike's views on McCarthyism

Was wary about McCarthy's anti-Communist crusade, but stayed quiet because he saw the political usefulness of it.

1883 Civil Rights case

Weakened the 14th Amendment against African Americans. The Supreme Court said that Congress did NOT have the power to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations

Thomas Nast

Well-known cartoonist during the Gilded Age who slandered (and made fun of) William M Tweed, eventually bringing Tweed down.

Worcester v. Georgia 1832

When 17000 Cherokee, from Georgia, argued against their "white brethren" as a group of people with a "real" civilization (newspaper, kept black slaves, dressed like white people), and wanted to be a part of the USA as real citizens. John Marshall agreed with (said USA was a "domestic dependent nation") what they were saying, but President Andrew Jackson did NOT.

How did Panama become independent?

When Colombia was slow to negotiate about the Panama Canal, US encouraged Panamanian rebels to go against Colombian. *US sent aid to the rebels*, and thus Panama was independent.

Fall of Saigon

When North Vietnamese forces marched into South Vietnam's capital, Saigon, and renamed the city "Ho Chi Minh City". The war was OVER!!!

Freedom Summer on 1964

When SNCC (Student Nonviolent...) organized a group of 300 students from the North and South to come to Mississippi to help blacks REGISTER TO VOTE. This was really good, since blacks had previously been unable to vote bc of literacy tests, poll taxes, and fear of retribution.

"Scottsboro Boys" case

When eight African American youths were convicted of RAPE in Alabama on *flimsy* evidence. Communist Party supplied lawyers during the appeal stage, but several of the defendants served lengthy prison sentences anyway.

Affirmative action definition

When in court, the person accused is favored

Vietnam Revisionism

When people reconsider the outcome of the Vietnam War and whether the US could've actually won. (Revising history). Says the US could have won if Congress had been more organized/united.

Credit Mobilier Scandal 1867

When stockholders in the Union Pacific railroad set up a construction company to lay track at INFLATED COSTS. These stockholders also offered stock to members of CONGRESS to keep them quiet (money shuts them up). *Abuse of power*

Spoils System

When the President (corruptly) gave his friends positions in government rather than to the most qualified people (Andrew Jackson did this, whereas John Quincy Adams did NOT). *The practice of assigning civil service jobs to party loyalists*

How did WWII in *EUROPE* officially end?

When the Soviets (Red Army) moved Westward toward *Berlin*. These troops met on the Elbe river, and the Germans were crushed on both sides.

Hippie "be-ins"

Where hippies experienced their "togetherness" in parks in San Francisco and NY.

Munn v. Illinois

Where the *Supreme Court* upheld a state's right to regulate railroad rates and thus regulate private industry.

Did the American Party attract Northern Whigs or the newly formed Republicans?

Whigs (ironic)

What did Henry Clay and Daniel Webster call themselves after Jackson's contentious veto against the Bank Bill?

Whigs, recalling the revolutionary opposition to *King George III*

"White flight"

White people response to the increase in black people in the North by moving to the suburbs. Made INNER CITIES very impoverished. :(

Who was James Monroe's Secretary of the Treasury?

William H. Crawford

9th US President

William Henry Harrison (til he died)

How did Wilson try to gain world support against the Germans without actually fighting them (before US ACTUALLY entered WWI)?

Wilson encouraged a negotiated peace settlement that included provisions for establishing a world organization to maintain and support peace, disarmament, and democracy.

What did Harding disagree with Wilson over?

Wilson's Progressive domestic agenda (Harding=anti-progressive)

"Iron Curtain"

Winston Churchill's idea/moniker for the divide between the "free an democratic" West and a "totalitarian" East.

Where did the campaign to reform state governments during the Progressive movement BEGIN?

Wisconsin

How did the pro-choice people win Roe v. Wade?

With the help of the *4th Amendment* which argued the RIGHT OF PRIVACY.

Two groups seen by Progressives as vulnerable

Women and children

Which group of people voted for HW Bush the least?

Women!

Which Democratic president won in the election of 1912 when Roosevelt and Taft (Republicans) were at each other?

Woodrow Wilson

The Great Railroad Strike 1877 (v important)

Workers went on strike in West Virginia to protest a wage cut. The strike spread to NY and San Francisco, and it halted rail traffic in the US. President Hayes called in military troops to put down this *general strike*.

Assembly Line

Workers would make part of a shoe, and handed the work onto the next worker. SPED UP PRODUCTION.

Sit-down strike

Workers would stop working and refuse to leave teh shop floor, thus preventing the employer from reopening with replacement workers (replacement workers="scabs")

Medicaid

Would give funds to states in order to help the needy of ANY AGE who were not covered by Medicare.

What did US citizens hope that Clinton would do upon becoming prez?

Would invigorate the nation and lead it into the 21st century.

Central High School desegregation incident

Would only let 9 black students into their school after President Eisenhower got the Army to protect the students.

Henry Clay's American Plan

Would provide government aid for internal improvements like roads and canals, supported by *tariffs*.

The Federalist Papers

Written by Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison. Seen as a "propaganda piece". Persuades people that the Constitution is great and should be ratified.

Herman Melville

Wrote "Moby-Dick", an epic novel describing an individual's struggle with NATURE and FATE.

Jack Kerouac

Wrote "On the Road", an important "Beat movement" text.

John Kenneth Galbraith: Author (Important)

Wrote "The Affluent Society", which said there was danger when people were more focused on individual gain than on social good/benefits for all.

Henry James

Wrote about the life of the upper class in "The Bostonians".

Edith Wharton

Wrote about the upper-class in NY in "The House of Mirth"

Walt Whitman

Wrote in free verse in "Leaves of Grass" on the exploration of democratic self-expression

"Contours of American History" by William Appleman Williams

Wrote that not only had American always been *undemocratic*, it had also been *imperialist*.

Dr. Benjamin Spock: Author

Wrote the best-selling "Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care". It encouraged women to devote themselves FULL-TIME to mothering. Also discouraged spanking and advised parents to let children's curiosity guide their development.

Did the Articles of Confederation, despite not allowing for the collection of money through taxes, allow for borrowing money?

YES

Was Theodore Roosevelt into environmental protection stuff?

YES

Was the automobile industry an oligopoly or not during the 1920s?

YES

Was there drafting in the Civil War?

YES

Was Clinton's cabinet more diverse concerning the people in it?

YES! More women, African Americans, Latinos...

Did the "scalawags" support Republican policies during Reconstruction or not?

YES, they did.

Where did the second post-WWII conference take place? When?

Yalta, February 1945

3 Independent local Communist regimes that were in the Eastern Bloc

Yugoslavia, Albania, Czechoslovakia.

12th US President

Zachary Taylor

Old Lights

anti-Revivalism. Anti-New Lights

The term "welfare capitalism" refers to the CORPORATE PRACTICE of...

offering workers incentives, like pensions and profit sharing, to DISSUADE them from JOINING UNIONS.

Reconstruction Act of 1867 (v important)

presumed that the Southern states, except for Tennessee, were WITHOUT legal state governments. The 10 remaining Confederate states were DIVIDED tinto five military districts, each headed by a federal military commander. To be eligible for readmission into the Union, Southern states had to call new Constitutional conventions, ratify the 14th Amendment, and guarantee African American men the right to VOTE.

Salem Witch Trials

In 1692. Took place in Salem, Massachusetts. Both women and men killed. Could have been due to class differences. Came from Puritan/Protestant suspicions

Why was William Lloyd Garrison considered a radical?

Because a) he wanted immediate abolition, even though that was really improbable at the time. b) He included women in his movement (another minority)

Why did cattle ranching become really popular?

Because almost all of the buffalo were decimated, there was a growing need for beef in the East, there was a development of railway lines, and more vast open grasslands

Why did the Chesapeake Bay settlement expand its territorial holdings more quickly than did the Massachusetts Bay settlement?

Because farming of the chief Chesapeake export, tobacco, required a LOT of land.

Why was Andrew Johnson almost impeached?

Because he violated the *Tenure of Office Act* by firing Secretary of War Stanton

Why does General Westmoreland think that the US lost the Vietnam War?

Because he was "not given the support he needed from Congress and from the American people."

Why didn't LBJ run for another term in the election of 1968?

Because he was losing strength w/in his peace candidate party to Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy.

Why was Ronald Reagan called "The Teflon President"?

Because no matter what went wrong during "his watch", it NEVER seemed to AFFECT APPROVAL RATINGS. (+).

Why did the Populist Party/Movement decline?

Because of its inability to forge links with discontented workers in *urban centers*.

Why did SNCC split?

Because some people (ie. Stokely Carmichael) thought that there was "no room" for whites in the SNCC, and that blacks should just depend on themselves.

Why was there a halt in the number of English who came to the New World between 1649 and 1660?

Because the Puritans were running/controlling the English government.

How did the Monroe Doctrine justify the fact that there was legitimate reason to fear European intervention in the Western Hemisphere?

Because the US and Europe had really different forms of government.

Why was there tension between US citizens ("tejanos") and Mexicans in the 1800s?

Because the tejanos would not ASSIMILATE and because they were allowing slaves into Texas whilst violating Mexican *antislavery* laws.

Why were the Federalists anti-France?

Because there was a sense of *MOBOCRACY* to it that wholly contradicted federalist (strong central government) norms

Why were there more people moving to the North than to the South before the Civil War? (IMPORTANT)

Because there were more jobs and opportunities, such as the Transportation Revolution

Why were the children of the 1950s and 60s called "baby boomers"?

Because they were born during a period of dramatically increased birth and marriage rates.

Why was Ulysses S Grant so keen on capturing Vicksburg, Mississippi during the Civil War?

Because whoever controlled Vicksburg could control transportation along the Mississippi River.

What was the Progressive moment influenced by?

Influenced by the general trend toward *greater efficiency* (business world thing). Also wanted to propose solutions to some of society's problems.

Jonathan Edwards

Influential figure in the religious revival known as the Great Awakening. Led to some of his sermons being brought to EUROPE from America.

Who was Delaware named after?

Lord De la Warr (guy who dealt with Natives in 1610)

What happened to Republicans after Clinton won the 1996 election?

Lost their seats in Congress, showed that ultraconservative Republicans were not what people wanted. Newt Gingrich RESIGNED! as speaker of the house.

Direct Democracy

Lots of voting and participation power by citizens. People vote on the actions of the government, rather than electing representatives. (More say by civilians)

What piece of land did Napoleon Bonaparte sell to the US?

Louisiana Territory

Was Reagan's economy creating a lot of low-wage jobs or industrial jobs? Which ones evidently paid more?

Low-wage, industrial paid more.

What were some great economic things that happened during first term?

Lowest unemployment rate in recent history, growing middle class.

The War of 1812 Causes

1. Newly elected representatives to Congress, known as "War Hawks" (warmongers) saw a war w/ England as a way to get Canada. 2. Americans believed that British were colluding with the Native Americans to bring Americans down. When they defeated the Shawnee Indians, the white Americans recovered Canadian weapons and saw greater reason to fight the British for Canada. 3. *Impressment* was a really annoying and major issue, especially for the Anti-British. This entailed the British moving the Americans from their war ships and making them fight for the British w/out consent.

Barbados Slave Codes

1661. Originally passed by British to CONTROL slaves on West Indian plantations in Barbados, these harsh rules made slaves in complete submission to MASTER. Utilized in N. America

The Treaty of Ghent

1814. After the War of 1812. Treaty between US and England, stating that neither country would gain or lose land. Impressment and freedom of the seas not addressed. Waste of time!

Maryland as a Colony

4th Colony, settled by Lord Baltimore in *1634* as a *proprietary colony* and a 'haven' for Catholics. Had the HEADRIGHT system (indentured slaves, etc)

Virginia/Slave Ratio

About half of population was slaves

Irish vs. British Conflict

British are victorious, between Irish Catholic and Protestant Queen Elizabeth I. Conflict ends by 1600s. England focuses on overseas stuff now

Age of Exploration

Came about because of the DESIRE FOR AN ALL-WATER ROUTE TO THE FAR EAST. This in turn led to the discover of the New World

Cortés

Conquered Mexico in 1521.

Pocohantas

Daughter of Powhatan, saved John Smith from death at the hands of Native Americans.

First Attempts to established an English colony

Done by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in *1583* in Newfoundland. Done by Sir Walter Raleigh in *1585* off the coast of Virginia on Roanoke Island, but disappeared in 1591.

Enclosing

Fencing common land so that it is individual (practiced in GB). Bad for tenants working under landlords, makes them want to see the New World

Primogeniture

Feudal law in ENGLAND, where only the firstborn son could inherit the family wealth, so many men wanted to seek fortunes in the New World (more land abroad). Primo=first. gen=born

Ferdinand and Isabelle

Financed Columbus's journey to the "New World"

Anglo-Powhatan Wars: Describe the 3

First one fought in 1622, Powhatan harshly treated by the English. 1644: Powhatan tribe lost lands to settlers. 1685: almost all Powhatan extinct because of disease and exploitation

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution of the New World!! Established in *1639* (one year after New Haven was established)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

For Northwest territory that colonists won after American Revolution. Stated: 1. No less than 3 nor more than 5 states were to be formed in the Northwest Territory. 2. If a state had more than 60,000 inhabitants, it could become a part of the Union and experience the same rights as those that were part of the union before. 3. Religion was to be practiced freely w/out government intervention. 4. Indians were to be treated w/ "utmost good faith :) 5. Slavery prohibited in NEW STATES

Plymouth

Founded by Pilgrim Separatists in *1620*

Giovanni de Verrazano

French explorer who explored the EASTERN part of the USA

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence River

Robert de La Salle

French explorer who traveled down the Mississippi River

William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia who was questioned by Nathaniel Bacon about his "lenient" Native American policies and how the policies "hurt" the lives of the formerly indentured servants and disrupted the FUR TRADE.

Goods introduced to Natives by Europeans

Gunpowder and horses, and diseases

Crusades

In the 1100s. Took Europeans out of the DARK AGES and put them into the Renaissance. Thus, the Europeans wanted to have more and know more, so the East was desirable (!)

Incas

In the Andes Mountains of South America. Pyramidal society mirrored feudalism in Europe. Linked by an extensive road system (Columbia to Bolivia and Chile).

Cash Crops of Carolina

Indigo and Rice

Cause of Native American Tribe defeat

Lack of UNITY. Never a united force that could combat the Europeans.

Peter Stuyvesant

Leader of New York (née New Amsterdam)

Bacon's Rebellion

Led by Nathaniel Bacon against William Berkeley's "leniency" towards Native Americans, disrupting the fur trade, and unfairness towards formerly indentured servants. Thus, no more indentured servants were working because people were SCARED of them, so mass slavery of Blacks became more prevalent. The Dutch started it in VIRGINIA IN 1619, but Bacon's Rebellion of 1676 made it large-scale. Involved the Native Americans because they were mistreated under Berkeley's rule.

Defeat of Spanish Armada 1588

Marked the END of Spanish world domination (world power status), defeated by the British, increases British nationalism

Mayflower Compact

NOT a constitution, but an agreement for cooperation by the adult males on the Mayflower.

Joint Stock Company

New business organization, provided financial support for ventures to the NEW WORLD. Investors would pool their money for a share of the profits. Responsible for JAMESTOWN and PLYMOUTH settlements

Mayas

Of the Yucatan Peninsula and Central America

Virginia House of Burgesses

Organized in 1619 (1 yr before Plymouth). Means to run Virginia's government. Burgesses=representatives of the House. Burgesses elected by male landlords. This was the beginning of representative *democracy* as controlled by large landowners, such as George Washington's family.

New England Confederation

PEQUOT Indian "demolition" by settlers led to the establishment of this to "establish" peace with the Natives. It was for COLONIAL DEFENSE, against Natives, Dutch + French. In *1643*. Like the Albany Plan of Union (which failed, the New England Confederation's purpose was solely defensive).

Encomienda

Policy developed by the Spanish in the 1500s where Spanish settlers in New World could use Native American labor if settlers would Christianize natives; led to exploitation of Natives and Popé's Rebellion. Sparknotes: Estate populated by native slaves, made by the conquistadors.

What was the first permanent French settlement and when was it settled?

Quebec, 1608

William Bradford

Second governor of *Plymouth* until 1657

Lord de la Warr

Sent to the New World by Britain in 1610 to deal with Native American issues

Lord Baltimore

Settled Maryland as a "Catholic Haven"

Conquistadors

Soldiers and explorers who conquered the Incan, Mayan, and Aztec empires between the 15th and 19th centuries

Nathaniel Bacon

Started Bacon's Rebellion against William Berkeley, longtime governor of Virginia. He thought that Berkeley was unfair to formerly indentured servants, that he was too lenient with Native Americans, and that he disrupted the fur trade. Led this group of thought in *1676*. He was REASONABLE to the extent that the work of the indentured servants was so grueling that more than half of them died!

Headright System

System that encouraged people to come to VIRGINIA. 50 acres given if they paid for the passage of ANOTHER PERSON. This led to the giving of large grants of land to those who could pay for the passage of other people to Virginia. ("Bring a friend and you get a freebie!")

Indentured Servant

Those who had people pay for their passage to Virginia, where they would work for the patron (person who paid) for 3 to 7 years (usually). At the end of the work period, the "servant" would receive freedom from the patron and in rare cases, a land grant. Majority (3/4) of indentured servants were in VIRGINIA and MARYLAND

Pope's Rebellion

Took place in 1680. Policy against the Spanish in the 1500s where Spanish settlers in New World could use Native American labor if settlers would Christianize natives.

Southern Colonies List

Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Massosoit's son

Metacom

Who developed barbed wire?

Joseph Glidden

Carpetbaggers

A derisive name for Northern whites who moved to the South

Captain John Smith

"Saved" Jamestown when he forced the men on the voyage (who arrived) to work for food.

By when did the US Census Bureau declare the frontier of Native Americans "settled"?

1890

When did the US declare war on Spain the Spanish-American War?

1898

When did New York open its first subway?

1904

Earth Day: When was the first year it was celebrated?

1970

When was AIDS discovered?

1981

Were the majority of Native Americans in the 1800s nomadic or did they stay where they were?

Nomadic

The Puritans believed that the freedom to practice religion should be extended to which religion?

Puritans only

Caravel

A fast-moving sailing ship. It allowed the Portuguese to explore the African coast and bring back gold and slaves.

The Bonus Army and the Great Depression

A group of WWI veterans (The Bonus Army) marched on Washington seeking *past pay* owed to them by the government. Americans were disgusted by the fact that the Bonus Army was unpaid and that Hoover was really indifferent to their plight. Reason that FDR was overwhelmingly elected in 1932.

Cabinet (in politics)

A group of advisors

Virginia Company of London

A join stock company that received a charter from *James I in 1606* to go to New World. Single men wanting gold and to see the East Indies went on it.

Literacy Tests: Post-Reconstruction in the South

A literacy test that was required for African-Americans to vote, but most African-Americans hadn't had sufficient education

Rosa Parks, her action, and its effect

A long-term activist. Was arrested for refusing to give her seat to a white man. By the next day, no black person rode the public buses (boycott), as the Women's Political Council had distributed 30,000 leaflets for a boycott of Montgomery buses.

What did a lot of Native Americans do during WWII in terms of the war effort?

A lot of them left their reservations to help w/ the war effort. some of them joined the armed forces.

Operation Iraqi Freedom

A missile attack on Baghdad. Captured Saddam Hussein, Bush rode in a plane that said "Mission Accomplished".

Perestroika

A move toward PRIVATE ownership (economic) by Gorbachev.

Glasnost

A move towards openness of speech and press (ideological) by Gorbachev.

Tariff of Abominations

A name that Southerners adopted when referring to the extremely high Tariff of 1828. Arguably favoring the North and threatened South Carolina by forcing it to pay HIGH PRICES for imports (in order to help improve the US as a whole).

Mestizos

A new race in which the people of Spain "mingled" (had children with) the Native Americans

American Renaissance

A period during the 1800s before the Civil War and during the period of slavery when there was an flowering of literary genius

Transcendentalism

A philosophy adapted in the 1820s and 30s that protested against the general state of spirituality

Emergency Quota Act 1921

A quota (fixed number, limit) system on the number of immigrants that could come into the US after WWI. The act set quotas for DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES based on the # of people from that nationality that had lived in the US in *1890*, thus discriminating against *new* immigrant groups.

Hull House 1889

A settlement house in Chicago, which served as a community center and home for poor immigrants (mostly women and children). :)

Fannie Lou Hamer

A sharecropper participant in the Freedom Summer, was beaten severely for registering to VOTE.

US Battleship "Maine": Causes of the Spanish-American War

A ship that exploded in the Havana harbor, which led to its sinking. 260 people died. Explosion automatically blamed on the Spanish, so US vowed revenge. However, it was actually an explosion from WITHIN the ship and was probably an accident. Whoops.

Who was Dred Scott?

A slave in Missouri who had traveled with his master as a FREE MAN in the states of Illinois and Michigan. He later sued for his freedom in Missouri since he had been free during the "sojourn".

Tenant Farming

Agricultural system in which farm workers supply their own tools, rent land, and have MORE CONTROL over their work than agrarian wage workers (people doing sharecropping earned less than tenant farmers, had less control)

What was the dominant religion of the "robber barrons" who were making hella money during the Industrial Revolution?

Churchgoing Puritans

Example of product contributing to MASS PRODUCTION in the Second Industrial Revolution

Cigarette-making machine

"Yellow Journalism"

Cited as a cause of the *Spanish-American War*. Sensationalism, exaggeration, and even fictionalized accounts.

Aroostook War

Confrontation between England and US over Maine and the British border of New Brunswick. (border confrontation)

Explain the stock market crash of 1987

Congress agreed to have the taxpayers *bail out* the banks in order to protect the RECKLESS INVESTMENTS of a few. The crash itself may have been caused by an overheated electronic trading.

CORE-Racial Equality

Congress of Racial Equality. Increased its membership during WWII. Led by James Farmer. A campaign to desegregate bus stations and rest stops from Washington DC to New Orleans that had "whites only" waiting rooms, bathrooms, and lunch counters. Activists for this BEATEN SEVERELY :(

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion that led a group of slaves in KILLING some 60 whites. Said that he was "called by God" to destroy slavery.

Huey Newton

Leader of the Black Panthers. Strong personality who carried unconcealed weapons.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Lecturer and poet of the *transcendentalist* movement, wrote an essay called "Self-Reliance" that said that humans possess a natural ability to UNDERSTAND and PERFECT the world by relying on their *higher instincts*.

Admiral Nimitz

Led the American fleet during WWII, along w/ MacArthur on land, defeated the Japanese on the Solomon, Gilbert, and Marshall Islands.

Outcome of the Yom Kippur War

Led to an energy crisis sparked by OPEC's embargo (stopping) on oil of the Western world

Person who allegedly killed JFK

Lee Harvey Oswald

Who did Jefferson employ to *explore* the land gained through the Louisiana Purchase?

Lewis and Clark

What were issued to prepare for WWI?

Liberty bonds

Who did Crazy Horse defeat towards the end of the Defeat of the Sioux?

Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer

Thomas Hutchinson

Lieutenant governor who opposed the Stamp Act but felt obliged to support it once it was a law, was attacked by the Sons of Liberty when they pillaged his house and virtually destroyed it.

United Farm Workers of America

Mexican (Chicano) migrant farmers in California. Called for BOYCOTTS of grapes and lettuce.

What were political machines replaced with after the hurricane in Galveston, based on the Progressive movement's actions?

Nonpartisan Commissioners

Open shops

Nonunion workplaces, which led to the decline of the Union

What did the Native American "Ghost Dance" NOT include (ideologically)?

Nonviolence (they were violent)

Vietcong

North Vietnamese against US intervention, communists and nationalists. Hated foreign control.

North's Advantages during the Civil War

North had a CENTRALIZED government, whereas the South had trouble with the believers in STATES' rights. More people in the North, fewer in the South. North outproduced the South by a lot.

Educational differences between North and South Colonies: Colonial Times

North: Good primary and secondary schools. South: Good private tutors

What did the Erie Canal connect?

Northeast to West (Albany to Buffalo)

First action against the South made by the Republicans after seeing how badly South treated Blacks

Not giving Southern legislators seats in Congress, as many of them had participated in the Confederacy.

Where did the Mexicans consider the border to American claims and Mexican land?

Nueces River

How many votes did each state have to change legislation? Post-Revolutionary Politics

ONE ONLY :(

By how many votes did John Quincy Adams win in 1824?

ONE VOTE!!

Cause of Panic of 1819

Occurred after the "Era of Good Feeling", when there was lots of economic growth, but there was still the need for recovery from the War of 1812, and because US had lost a trading buddy in France because of the Napoleonic Wars and the fall of Napoleon himself.

Vertical Integration

Occurred during the 2nd Industrial Revolution when a company gained control of the VARIOUS ASPECTS of an industrial process (eg. from the mining of raw materials to transportation to manufacturing to distribution)

Munich Pact

Pact signed by England, France, Germany Italy. Gave the *Sudetenland* to Germany in exchange for a PROMISE of no further ACTS OF AGGRESSION. This failed, because a year later, Germany invaded Czechoslovakia.

What were the 2 plans that the Great Compromise was based on, and who made them?

New Jersey Plan (William Patterson) and Virginia Plan (James Madison)

What was New York originally called?

New Netherlands

One of the major ports that the North captured during the Civil War

New Orleans

Florida problem concerning Al Gore and George Bush

News channels predicted that Gore won the state of Florida (its votes), but it appeared that he had won the election. However, w/in a short time, these TV stations RETRACTED their predictions and said that the race w/ Florida was "too close to call". This led to 5 weeks of uncertainty, Florida ballots in dispute. Complication: Bush's brother Jeb was governor of Florida.

Which Vietnamese headed/ruled the "puppet" government in Vietnam (US)?

Ngo Dinh Diem, someone who had supporters in the old, PRO-FRENCH bureaucracy.

"Bimetallists" and "Free Silverites"

Nickname for the Populist Party, as well as Grangers and agrarian activists, because they wanted to back money with silver AND gold.

"Robber barons"

Nickname for those who participated and led the monopolistic processes (and corrupt practices) of the people in the 2nd Industrial Revolution

5th Amendent

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Weaknesses of Articles upon their Creation after American Revolution (v important)

No provisions for an executive branch, Articles lacked ability to ENFORCE laws that Congress passed.

Weaknesses of the US in the War of 1812 (Even though they won)

No real national bank, no real strategy, no real navy

What was the US's response to Franco's destroying of democracy in Spain?

No response, because they didn't wanna start a war with Spain's supporters, Germany and Italy.

Were slaves ever drafted during the Civil War?

No, but almost. However, it was never put into effect.

Ellis Island

Opened in 1892 as an immigrant-admitting station.

Guantanamo Bay and the Bush administration

Opened the Bay detainment facility, called "Gitmo", to house captives from the war on terror. Considered to be OUTSIDE US legal jurisdiction.

Did New England oppose or support the War of 1812? (Important)

Opposed it!

Unitarianism

Opposed to the Christian Doctrine of the TRINITY 3 equal and eternal parts)

Only real "binding force" between the US and USSR during WWII?

Opposition to Nazi Germany

United Auto Workers

Outcome of the sit-down strike at General Motors in 36-37

Music gathering in Monterey California 1967

Outdoor concert where British and American rock stars played along w/ Jimmy Hendrix, Otis Redding, Ravi Shankar.

24th Amendment

Outlawed *poll taxes*, was passed in 1964.

Proprietary Colony

Owned by a person or group who appointed the GOVERNOR for the colony

Social Darwinism

Owners of LARGE CORPORATIONS justified their practices this way. (survival of the fittest). Darwin had observed that in nature, those members of a species that are BEST ADAPTED to a particular environment are more likely to survive and thrive and pass on their genes to the next generation. This philosophy supported a *laissez-faire* philosophy, where the gov. played little or no role in intervening in the economy.

Did governments side more with the owners of companies or the unions during the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

Owners of big companies.

Stock definition

Ownership in the company

Nixon and Henry Kissinger began diplomatic relations with which country? And through which event?

PRC (People's Republic of CHINA), when the US and Chinese ping poing teams played each other in 1971

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Panama negotiation with the US, which granted the US the 10-mile-wide *Canal Zone*. This was actually deadly

Half-Breeds

Part of the Republican Party, led by *James G. Blaine*, anti-patronage (pro-merit)

Stalwarts

Part of the Republican Party, led by *Roscoe Conkling*, pro-patronage (anti-merit)

Constitutional Union Party

Party based on the "union as it was". Created by Ex-Whig *John Bell*

1964 Civil Rights Act (v important)

Passed after a 57-day filibuster (delay) by Southern senators. Included strong provisions for integration of public accommodations, as well as an UNNOTICED clause for women's rights. JFK couldn't pass this bill, but LBJ could, thru using sympathy concerning the assassinated JFK.

National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) [think relations=collective bargaining]

Passed after the NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) [stuff with wage and hours] was declared *UNCONSTITUTIONAL*. Recognized the right of labor to organize and bargain collectively, and it had the power to force unions and employers to engage in *collective bargaining*.

Examples of Native American nations or tribes on the Great Plains

Pawnee (think Parks and Rec), Comanche, Sioux (think Sioux Falls), Blackfoot (think Harry Potter), Crow.

Northern Democrats for peace

Peace democrats

The Nez Percé

Peaceful relations between Nez Percé and the whites until gold was discovered on Nez Percé land in 1860. Nez Percé from *Washington, Oregon, Idaho*. Their chief was *Chief Joseph*, who wanted them to peacefully leave the reservation. However, whites were misinformed about Joseph's intentions and attacked them. Nez Percé defeated overall just short of the Canadian border when they retreated.

Anti-Federalists

People against the new constitution made by the Constitutional Convention. Examples of anti-federalists: Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams. Felt like the Constitution COMPROMISED the goals of the American Revolution and gave TOO MUCH POWER to the central government (anti individualist, anti independence). Pointed out a lack of "Bill of Rights". Didn't like the SECRECY concerning the Constitutional Convention's meeting. *Also known as Democratic-Republicans*

Deists

People like Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Believed that whatever was said in the Bible and conflicted with reason should be ignored, and that G-d had in fact created the world as a "perfect universe" but had stepped back to let it operate on its own.

Neutrality Acts of 1939: Part 2 of the "Cash and Carry" system

Permitted the purchase of war materials from the US on a cash and carry basis, again clearly FAVORING the Allies. It also banned American merchant ships from traveling into *war zones*, as said by FDR.

Was there a lot of movement towards the cities or towards the suburbs or towards rural area during the 1950s?

SUBURBS!!

What did the doctrine of nullification state? (v important)

Said a state MAY repeal any federal law that it deems unconstitutional (has the POWER to "null and void")

"Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall"

Said by Reagan. Many political analysts say that Reagan ACCELERATED the process that ended the Cold War.

What did people think of Clinton's handling of Washington and his staff?

Said he was unfamiliar w/ the workings of Washington, and had an "inexperienced and incompetent" staff.

What did Independent Counsel Lawrence Walsh say about the Iran-Contra Affair?

Said it never happend.

What did the Supreme Court decisions in 1831 and 1832 concerning Native Americans say? (v important)

Said that Native AMericans could NOT SUE in federal court but affirmed their rights to land that was traditionally theirs [Remember: The idea of putting Indians on reservations was not established until 1834].

22nd Amendment

Said that a president can run for 2 terms at most!! (only violated by FDR)

"Cash and Carry" system: Part 1

Said that any belligerent nation that wished to purchase any goods, other than munitions, from the US, had to carry these goods on their own ships. This provision clearly FAVORED THE ALLIED NATIONS, because England's navy was still a THREATENING FORCE in the Atlantic (England advantage).

John Dewey argument

Said that government actions should be judged by the good they do for society.

Roe v. Wade

Said that it was LEGAL for women to get abortions during early pregnancy

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette

Said that saluting the flag at public schools was unconstitutional (1st amendment violated)

Universalism

Said that science and reason ensured that all souls would eternally PROGRESS towards salvation

Theory of Perpetual Union

Said that the Continental Congress had predated the Constitution and no state could break the Union "contract" by itself

Eisenhower Doctrine

Said that the US would send armed forces to any nation that asked for help against communist threats.

Nixon Doctrine

Said that the US would uphold its DEFENSE commitments in Asia but would not be contributing offensively (Peace with Honor, no more offensive fighting, because they were losing)

"Turner thesis"

Said that the existence of an unsettled frontier had profoundly and positively shaped the character of Americans. It demonstrated innovation and individualism and allowed for a high degree of SOCIAL MOBILITY (v important). Disagreed upon because...some people actually preferred to move from the rural West to urban cities in the 1800s.

Calhoun's justification for allowing nullification

Said that the states were sovereign and part of a compact that the Constitution addressed. States had power, is what he was saying, as they were free. He used the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions to back this up

Free Soil position

Said there should be NO extension of *slavery* to the west.

What did Bush accuse Iraq of, as a justification for invading Iraq?

Said they manufactured chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, and thwarted UN weapons inspectors.

"Trickle down" theory-Herbert Hoover

Said wealth would "trickle down" to individual workers when businesses were successful.

Conflict between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams over Henry Clay

When Adams won by 1 vote, it was believed that Henry Clay was going to be Adams' secretary of state, so the Jacksonians (supporters of Jackson) thought there was a "corrupt bargain". Adams' supporters argued against this by saying that it was just and fair that someone who agreed with Adams was SUPPORTING him. Jackson won more *popular* votes but not enough *electorate* votes. Adams didn't win enough votes either way, but the vote was sent to the House of Representatives, and Adams ultimately won.

Zimmermann Note scandal

When England intercepted a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the Mexican government that encouraged an ALLIANCE between the two countries. German pledged to support Mexico in REGAINING CONTROL OF *TEXAS*, *New Mexico*, and *Arizona*. Pushed the US to declare war on Germany.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

When Linda Brown had been denied admission to her local elementary school in Topeka because she was black. NAACP lawyers led by *Thurgood Marshall* (first black Supreme Court Justice) successfully argued the case using the results of psychological and sociological studies showing that segregation affects the ability of black children to learn.

"Checkers speech"

When Nixon admitted that a constituent had indeed sent him a gift: a black and white cocker spaniel that his daughter named Checkers. This story appealed to the masses and bolstered his reputation.

"Saturday Night Massacre"

When Nixon forced out two attorney generals because they wouldn't FIRE THE SPECIAL PROSECUTOR (one who accused Nixon).

Great Migration 1630s (sounds "cultish)

When many English settlers moved to modern-day USA or West Indies, led to increased demand for land and food by settlers, strained relations with Native American tribes. Migration occurred because of a *"new religious experiment"* where families wanted to establish new homes.

How did the oil embargo w/ the Arab nations in the 1970s really start?

When the US supported Israel, Arabs were pissed.

Agent Orange

When the US tried to defoliate the Vietnamese jungle.

What split Students for a Democratic Society into 2 factions?

When the Vietnam War didn't end after their demonstrations, some wanted to use violence, while others didn't.

Hungarian Revolution

When the communist leaders of Hungary wanted to reduce their connection with the USSR, the USSR sent in troops to quell any activity that was deemed "anti-Soviet". Many Hungarians killed. Western powers CONDEMNED the USSR, but sent NO AID to Hungary.

Fort Necessity

Where George Washington retreated to after shooting the French leader at the Ohio River in 1754

March on Washington

Where MLK gave his "I have a Dream" speech. Said there had to be equality for all!

Why did US declare war on Germany in WWI even after Wilson's attempt to maintain world peace?

Because Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917.

Other name for NY during the 1820s, why?

"Burned-over district". This was because of huge religious fervor during the 2nd Great Awakening (post-Revolution) that was happening there

Immigration Pattern of the British in 1600s-1700s

Largely British in 1600s, not so many British in 1700s

Gilded Age definition

"A thin gold veneer covering a cheap base". A period during the 1800s (and turn of the 20th century) where the wealthy elite dominated the economy and politics, while grinding poverty persisted.

What was another name for the Great Plains?

"Great American Desert"

James Monroe's renown as Prez (v important)

"Growth From Within"!

Protestant Ethic

"Hard work is encouraged within the society"

What advantages did the colonists have that led them to victory in the American Revolution?

"Home Field" advantage, incompetence of the British General William Howe, who allowed Washington's troops to escape in Battle of Long Island

What was the period in England called when they had no king, and Oliver Cromwell and some Puritans were ruling England?

"Interregnum"

What did the Americans call the territory they gained from the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo?

"Mexican Cession" (cession=giving up)

Other names for The War of 1812

"Mr. Madison's War", "Second War of Independence"

What did Richard Nixon promise when he ran for prez in the Election of 1968?

"Peace w/ Honor", said he spoke for the *"silent majority"*.

What was Walt Disney's first Mickey Mouse movie?

"Steamboat Willie"

Which two movies were the first to have sound?

"The Jazz Singer" 1927 and Walt Disney's "Steamboat Willie"

Famous radio stations of the 1930s: Name 2

"The Lone Ranger" and "The Shadow"

How much did the US pay Mexico for California?

$15 million (a lot at the time)

Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)

$750 billion. Allowed the gov to *buy tainted assets* from financial institutions and *sell* them back after the institutions stabilized.

First Continental Congress

*1774*: Group of colonists deciding on appropriate actions against the British crown. Agreed to stop trading and consuming ALL British goods. Against the INTOLERABLE ACTS that were enacted after the Boston Tea Party

Boston Massacre

*March 5th, 1770*. Scuff between Colonials and British when British wanted to go into colonials' houses w/out warrant. Total of 5 people died.

Which 2 Major French Revolution events caused tension in the USA? (Changed views of the French)

1792 France declares war on Austria, 1793 Louis XIV beheaded by his own people (beginning of Reign of Terror)

Examples of Confederate victories during the Civil War

*Bull's Run*, Seven Days, Chancellorsville

Second Great Awakening

*Charles Grandison Finney*; tent meetings, telling people to prepare for the arrival of Christ. This was the Second Great Awakening. Revivalist

What did cities replace their mayors with during the Progressive movement?

*City managers* hired by the city council.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances (Rights of Colonists)

*Protest against Stamp Act of 1765*. Also in 1765. Stated that only colonists had the right to tax colonists. Also said that British should NOT try colonial cases in admiralty courts. Admiralty=Maritime (water)

What percentage of Southern white men in the USA were in the Confederate army?

80%

XYZ Affair

1797. French demanded a payment by the Americans of $250,000 for the US's right to speak with Talleyrand. Infuriated the Americans and made them want to declare war on France. Led to the establishment of the US *Navy Department* and the *US Marine Corps*, and led to expansion of US Navy to 10,000 men.

When did the French Revolution end?

1799 (10 bloody years)

When was the Louisiana Purchase?

1803

When was the steamboat officially perfected?

1807

When did James Madison win presidency?

1808

When did construction on the National Road begin?

1811

When was the Bank of the US changed and why?

1811, because its charter expired

When was the 5th President elected?

1817

How many states approved of the new constitution (under Constitutional Convention)?

9/13

Fourteen Points: Important points

-The end of secret alliances. -Freedom of the seas. -Establishment of equality in trade. -Arms reduction. -Self-determination for nations. -The return of Alsace-Lorraine to France. -The establishment of a League of Nations as a general association to deal with world problems before these problems led to war.

What aspects of NATO and the Warsaw Pact made them seem more *offensive* than defensive?

1-More member nations in each. 2-Armed forces for both were larger. 3-Weapons were NEWER and MORE DEADLY. 4-Huge amount of distrust on both sides.

Causes of the Great Depression

1-Overproduction and underconsumption. 2-Rampant speculation. 3-Margin buying. 4-Unsound bank practices. 5-New methods of production. 6-High tariffs (bc of isolationism). 7-The severe depression in Europe.

Jimmy Carter's two biggest accomplishments

1-Returning the Panama Canal to Panama by the end of the century. 2-Negotiation of the 1978 *Camp David Accords*: Egypt recognized Israel and won the return of the SINAI.

Two events that set off the Red Scare

1-The commie revolution in Russia in 1917. 2-The strike wave of 1919 convinced some that a commie uprising was imminent, even though only a small minority were actually commies or anarchists.

What were the major points of Jefferson's Inaugural Address?

1. "Wise and frugal government" that would 2. Have a society based on Bill of Rights. 3. Equal protection under the law. 4. States' rights must be protected.

What fraction of votes was required for legislation to be passed when states voted?

9/13

Percentage of people working in agriculture during Colonial Times

90%

Clay's Compromise

1. California would be admitted as a free state. 2. Slavery would remain in Washington DC but the selling of slaves (trade) would be PROHIBITED. 3. New Mexico and Utah would have NO RESTRICTIONS on slavery, but would be decided later if they'd really have em. 4. Fugitive Slave Law strengthened. 5. Dispute settled about Texas-Mexico border

Truman Doctrine

Aimed to support any FREE NATION trying to RESIST being forcibly taken over by another power. Thus, the US sent economic and military aid to those countries fighting communist forces. *PART OF CONTAINMENT*

"Midnight Appointments"

Also known as the Judiciary Act. Allowed for a strong central government court (Federal Court system). Jefferson believed in "going around the circuit" instead, not having ONE strong, big court.

Why were WOMEN active in the Progressive movement? Give 2 reasons

1. Many women were discontented with laws and practices that discriminated against them. 2. Women were rising in status as educational opportunities opened for them, yet they were denied the right to participate in the *electoral system*.

Who did LBJ run against for his term (after replacing JFK)? How did he win?

Arizona Senator *Barry Goldwater*. Won through riding a tide of sentiment and popular support.

Effects of the War of 1812 (v v important)

1. New relations between England and USA, as seen through commercial treaty w/ England in 1815, and seen through the 1818 Rush-Bagot Agreement, involving the fortification of the Great Lakes. 2. Northern boundary of Louisiana was set. 3. USA and England agreed to occupy the Oregon Territory JOINTLY for 10 yrs. 4. Embargo that came from impressment that the US imposed led to a development of US industries (positive outcome despite complaints). 5. The freedom for the US to expand when England and Spain were absent when US bought Florida! 6. New spirit of nationalism by the US

Most famous sit-down strike in the USA

At the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan in the winter of 1936-37. Resulted in the recognizing of the *United Auto Workers*.

Missouri Compromise

1819. Missouri wanted to be part of the Union as a "slave state", which would ruin the balance of power in the Senate. However, when Main applied for admission into the Union as a free state, a compromise was reached under the leadership of *Henry Clay* (the guy who made the American System-economic). Boundary for slavery: 36 o 30' except for SOUTHERN boundary of Missouri

When did construction on the National Road end?

1838

When were the Cherokee removed from Georgia?

1838

When was Bleeding Kansas (under John Brown)?

1856

When was the Ku Klux Klan formed?

1866

When was the transcontinental railroad completed?

1869

Wabash decision

1886. The Supreme Court ruled that STATES could not set rates on commerce BETWEEN states, a damaging decision to the Granger movement.

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

1774 (one year after Boston Tea Party)British attempting to punish Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party. Led to closing of BOSTON HARBOR, Suspension of town meetings in Mass. and the charter of Mass., Quartering of colonial homes (really annoying af), Trials of British officials involved in the Party, Placement of Gen. Thomas Gage in Mass. to enforce laws. *Quebec Act*: Allowed for French Canadians to have religious freedom, and expanded Quebec itself.

Battle of Bunker (Breed's) Hill

1775, over 1,000,000 British soldiers killed.

When was the Stamp Act repealed?

1776 (Year of Independence)

When did George Washington become president?

1789 (think of 7-8-9)

When did the French Revolution begin and where?

1789, Bastille

When and why did the Puritans found the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

1630, in order to "reform" the Church of England and practice their religion freely

When was Harford founded?

1635

When did Connecticut become a colony?

1662

When did NY become "New York" and not "New Amsterdam"

1664

Molasses Act + Year

1733 (pre-F+I). Tax on Molasses. Wasn't as negative to the colonists because of "salutary neglect", where colonists smuggled molasses and laws weren't enforced

When were Townshend Acts repealed?

1770

Boston Tea Party

1773 (3 Yrs. before independence). Led by Samuel Adams. Resulted in passage of the *Intolerable (Coercive) Acts* of 1774. Dumping tea into Boston Harbor. 3 Ships: Beaver, Dartmouth, Eleanor

Tea Act (v important)

1773. Agreement between British Crown and East India Company allowed EIC to sell tea directly to colonies at reduced price. Hurt the colonies because they couldn't compete w/ such low prices w/out losing $$.

Interstate Commerce Act

1887. Aimed towards regulating the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices.

Indian Reorganization Act

Largely undid the assimilationist Dawes Act by RECOGNIZING tribal ownership of reservation lands. Showed that New Deal was fair to the Native Americans.

Atlantic Charter (v important)

Agreement between USA and England. Said: 1-Neither the US nor England was seeking to GAIN NEW TERRITORY as a result of the war. 2-There should be no territorial changes w/out the agreement of the people being governed. 3-People have the RIGHT to CHOOSE their own form of gov. 4-Nazi tyranny must be destroyed (v important) 5-Freedom of the seas must be preserved (think 14 Points) 6-Need for greater *disarmament*

Which types of goods were NOT affected by protective tariffs in the 1800s?

Agricultural goods (corn, wheat, etc.)

Charlie Chapin's "Modern Times"

Satirized the capitalist system.

General Strike: 2nd Industrial Revolution

A cessation of work by the MAJORITY of workers in every industry. Example: Great Railroad Strike 1877

Iroquois Confederation

A confederacy, meaning a political organization of tribes loosely bound together.

Weathermen: SDS

A "splinter" or faction of SDS that decided to be terrorists to prevent more "Vietnams" from happening. 4 of their members died in a townhouse explosion in NYC, end of the Weathermen.

William McKinley

A Republican who was president until he was assassinated after re-election in 1901. He was an expansionist and pro-business president.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish immigrant, had the "rags-to-riches" story, rose from being a child employee in a cotton mill to exercising control fo the steel industry. He invested money in NEW TECHNOLOGIES in his steel mills and then lowered production costs. Gained CONTROL OF ALL ASPECTS of steel production (vertical integration!) Known for his *philanthropy*, he donated his fortune to public libraries, museums, higher education, concert halls.

Panay

A US gunboat that was SUNK by the Japanese on a river in China. Japan apologized for this thru paying an *indemnity*.

Northern Securities Company

A bad and corrupt railroad company

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A bill aimed towards organizing the territory called Kansas and Nebraska. To please pro-slave + anti-slave people, he decided to let the territory decide by itself whether it would have slavery or not. However, Southern senators told Douglas that he'd have to repeal the Missouri Compromise in his bill, which made "independent Democrats" see this repealing as a "gross violation of a sacred pledge" because they believed that Kansas would become a depraved place because it would simply have "masters and slaves."

"Babbitt": Book

A book written by Sinclair Lewis about the changes (both good and bad) that came from the transition from the 19th to the 20th century.

Culture of the Quarters

A culture that slaves developed based on both their African heritage and American experience as slaves. Sometimes made fun of their masters (w/in their families) to ease the psychological pain.

Which 2 main factors indicated a leaning towards a depression during the Roaring Twenties?

A declining agricultural sector and an increased consumer debt.

John D Rockefeller

Achieved a monopoly in the *oil-refining* business through horizontal integration (getting others, one big company). His company="Standard Oil"

Maryland Act of Toleration 1649

Act passed in 1649 to ensure that there would be sustained religious freedom for the Catholics when the Protestants started moving to Maryland. However, said there would be a death penalty to those who denied Jesus's existence (bad for Jews + atheists). Eventually repealed. Very Catholic place during the American Revolution

Excise tax

Added tax on goods and services

"Exodusters"

African-Americans keen on escaping the brutality of the South after Reconstruction, who made it to Kansas and beyond, but were met with a lot of problems because organizations like the KKK re-emerged in Kansas.

Homestead Strike 1892 (think Carnegie)

Against the *Carriage Steel Company*. Was broken up by gun-wielding private Pinkerton guards (labor spies). A daylong gun battle at the Homestead plant in Pennsylvania left 10 dead. Carnegie plant reopened after National Guard was sent in. Was a thorough defeat for Carnegie's workers.

Populist Movement

Agrarian (farm, agricultural) uprising that William Jennings Bryan appealed

Did Senator Daniel Webster agree or disagree with Henry Clay's Compromise in 1850 on slaves?

Agreed

What did the 3 leaders agree on at the Teheran Conference?

Agreed to bring the USSR into the war against *Japan* once Germany was defeated. In return, the US and England agreed to open a SECOND FRONT in France, which would force the Nazis to divide their army (think of D-Day, after the conference).

From where to where did the Erie Canal stretch?

Albany to Buffalo

Who was the secretary of the treasury under Thomas Jefferson?

Albert Gallatin (the guy who created NYU!)

Fair Employment Practices Commission

Allowed for equal opportunity regardless of race when in the *armed forces or in war jobs*.

Vice-Admiralty Courts

Allowed for the British control concerning the enforcing of trade laws so that the colonists would not import and export freely. This took place during the period of "Salutary Neglect"

12th Amendment

Allowed for the necessary differentiation between choosing to be president and vice president. Runner-up in an election would NOT be VP.

Grandfather Clauses: Post-Reconstruction in the South

Allowed men to vote if their GRANDFATHER was a voter before Reconstruction. This enabled UNEDUCATED WHITES to get around the literacy tests.

Installment Plans/Consumer Credit: 1920s USA

Allowed people to put some money down and pay the rest, with INTEREST, later. Might've shown "superficial prosperity".

Linotype Machine significance: Gilded Age

Allowed printers to create type for PRINTING QUICKLY. Greatly reduced the cost of producing newspapers and magazines.

Adams-Oins Treaty 1819

Allowed the US to make Florida its own. Britain and Spain notably absent, makes it easier for US to expand

Judicial Review (v important)

Allows the Supreme Court to declare acts of Congress and the president unconstitutional (more power to the Supreme Court, even calling out big figures like the Prez).

King Philip's War

Also First Indian War/Metacom's War. Between Native Americans and New Englanders. New Englanders won!

Citizen Genêt

Also known as Edmund Genêt. French nationalist who tried to recruit Americans into the Army in order to INVADE Spanish Florida (the Spanish part, some already owned) and Louisiana. Embarrassment for French supporters and a *fail*

Compromise of 1877 (v important) [Post-Civil War]

Also known as the Hayes-Tilden Compromise, stated that if Radical Republicans withdrew federal troops from the South, the Democrats would vote for Hayes. This ended RECONSTRUCTION!!

James Weldon Johnson

An African American from the Harlem Renaissance

Freedman's Bureau

An agency created to HELP freed men and women adjust to their new lives

Capitalism

An economic system where the production and distribution of goods is determined by individual consumer preference, characterized by the free-enterprise system, competition, PROFIT MOTIVE, and pricing based on the laws of SUPPLY AND DEMAND.

Dominion of New England (bad)

An intercolonial union (dominion) under British Crown in 1686. Restricted TOWN MEETING, controlled courts, press, schools. Taxed colonies w/out consent and enforced the NAVIGATION ACTS

Antonin Scalia

Appointed by Reagan to the Supreme Court.

Where did Lee ultimately surrender during the Civil War?

Appomattox Courthouse

Ratification definition

Approval (y)

The Peace Corps

Approved by Congress, was designed to send American civilian volunteers to DEVELOPING NATIONS. Volunteers would aid citizens in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in education, health, technology, agriculture. Successful.

Congress's reaction to the 14th Amendment

Approved of it and sent it to the states for ratification

When was Abe Lincoln killed?

April 14th, 1865

Lexington and Concord

April 17th, 1775. Marked by horse ride by William Dawes + Paul Revere. Colonists used *guerrilla warfare*, its quality surprised the British :)

When did Lee ultimately surrender during the Civil War?

April 9th, 1865

Alfred T Mahan

Argued that American needed to expand its military, especially its navy, in order to protect shipping lanes. He urged the government to establish *coaling stations* throughout the world (such as Hawaii), to establish *military bases in the Caribbean*, to *build a canal through Panama*, and to build a modern navy.

Oliver North and the Iran-Contra Affair

Arranged for arms to be sold to Iranians, who would intervene w/ the Lebanese to release hostages. Then used this money to fund the ant-Sandinistas (Contras) in Nicaragua. Was able to conceal his actions by SHREDDING up documents. North's conviction for his actions was OVERTURNED on a technicality.

Henry Kissinger: Vietnam War

Arranged invasions and bombings of *Cambodia and Laos*, designed to destroy the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

Peter Zenger

Arrested in 1734 for seditious libel (against the royal gov. of New York). Was the publisher of a newspaper that criticized the royal governor of NY. Was found NOT GUILTY in 1735, showed a victory for *freedom of the press*, showing that colonists could speak more freely about what they thought was bad or unjust.

How were detainees at "Gitmo" categorized? (important)

As "unlawful combatants". A special type of enemy combatant. They represented NO NATION and didn't adhere to ACCEPTED RULES OF WAR, so they weren't entitled to prisoner-of-war protections of the 1949 Geneva Convention, which include civilian trials (a "right").

Alexis de Tocqueville

Assigned by the French gov to study US prisons. He was impressed by the level of interest that the general public took in POLITICS, and liked the IMPERMANENCE of social hierarchy in the US. Wrote "Democracy in America"

Where did Crazy Horse defeat the white general towards the end of the Defeat of the Sioux?

At Little Bighorn in Montana (Little-big=oxymoron)

Pontiac Significance: Colonial Times

Attacked the British by the Ohio River because of issue w/ Appalachian Mountains, but was DEFEATED (as per usual, British won)

Dred Scott case

Attempt to resolve all the conflicts over SLAVERY. Said that the slave was NOT a citizen, Scott's sojourn could not make him a free slave officially, and Congress could NOT prohibit slavery in the TERRITORIES. Case took place in 1857.

MucCulloch v. Maryland 1819

Attempted to destroy the Bank of the US. Maryland imposed a TAX on BUS as an attempt to destroy it. *Chief Justice John Marshall* declared the Bank as constitutional through the implied powers clause, thus validating BUS.

Craft Unions

Attempted to organize skilled workers IN A PARTICULAR FIELD

Clayton Antitrust Act 1914

Attempted to provide the government with a tool to challenge *monopolistic* practices (anti-trust) and was stronger than the Sherman Antitrust Act. Welcomed by organized labor because it specifically stated that it shall not be used against labor organizations.

What did California do during the 1980s concerning Mexican immigrants?

Attempted to stem the tide of immigration from Mexico by voting to DEPRIVE illegal immigrants of BENEFITS such as education and health care (making immigration less desirable).

Helen Hunt Jackson

Author of "A Century of Dishonor", drew peoples' attention to the plight of Native Americans.

Roger Williams

Banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for his SUPPORT of a complete break from the Church of England and his disagreement about Massachusetts policy of "no compensation for land acquired from Native Americans". Anti-Church, not a racist.

Anne Hutchinson

Banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638 when she CHALLENGED THE BELIEF THAT A HOLY LIFE WAS A SIGN OF SALVATION

Supporters of early recharter of the Second Bank of the US

Bank president Nicholas Biddle, Senators Henry Clay and Daniel Webster

18th Amendment

Banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages. Took effect in 1920.

At which battles were the British defeated w/ Washington's help??

Battle of Trenton and Battle of Princeton

Madeleine Albright

Became the first woman secretary of state under Clinton.

Great Awakening

Began in 1730. Was in the 1730s-40s. A religious revival in Massachusetts. *Jonathan Edwards*, "foremost American theologian" at the time was influential here. *George Whitefield* also spread his ideas of "religious revival" here. Led to a loss of *CLERGY* power, splitting the clergy into 2 groups. Led to development of new religions, *New Light* colleges being formed (Brown, Princeton, Rutgers, Dartmouth), led to American theology to Europe thru Jonathan Edwards

Jimmy Carter's tasks concerning oil

Began the process of DEREGULATING the airline industry, because inflation had risen to 13 PERCENT and oil prices soared as OPEC limited production and Americans' were obsessed w/ using their cars, so gas was used up. He talked about the wastefulness and consuming nature of the nation when looking at oil stuff, but was not well supported.

Trail of Tears

Beginning with the Choctaw in 1831, Native Americans were forced to trek 1200 miles, burying their dead.

Josiah Strong

Believed in the superiority of the Anglo-Saxons (racist af). Said that nonwhite peoples were incapable of governing themselves.

Daniel Webster's view on nullification?

Believed it could segue into an argument/discussion w/ Hayne about slavery

What did Fundamentalists believe in, in terms of the Bible?

Believed it should be interpreted literally.

What did Fundamentalists believe in, in terms of Darwinian theory?

Believed it was a threat to their belief system.

John Locke

Believed that a government should have limited power and they should choose things based on POPULAR CONSENT (like a democracy). A lot of his ideologies and philosophies were the basis for the Declaration of Independence.

Robert Y Hayne's view on Nullification?

Believed the Compact Theory ("Null and Void") to be good, thought that South Carolina could "null and void" the Tariff of Abominations

Monica Lewinsky scandal

Bill Clinton's mistress. Clinton had to testify before a federal grand jury about this relationships w/ Lewinsky. ACCUSED OF LYING UNDER OATH! Kenneth Starr turned attention to the affair (said justice was obstructed and he tampered w/ witnesses). House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton on charges of *perjury* and *obstruction of justice*. Clinton ultimately acquitted of charges and remained prez.

The "contingent" that led the 4 reluctant states to ratify the Constitution

Bill of Rights

Wade-Davis Bill

Bill proposed by the Radical Republicans after the Civil War saying that they wanted Congress to deal with Reconstruction rather than the President. Lincoln vetoed it, though.

Eugene "Bull" Connor and the incident in Birmingham, Alabama

Birmingham's Commissioner of Public Safety. Used fire hoses and attack dogs to disperse demonstrating students against the "white only" signs in the city. Conflict shown on national television. MLK arrested for this.

Which religious group assassinated Malcolm X?

Black Muslims.

Anita Hill

Black law professor who accused Clarence Thomas of sexually assaulting her.

What was true of Black soldiers in the United States Army during the First World War?

Black soldiers served in segregated units often commanded by White officers.

Muddy Waters

Blues singer, who got recognized when Mick Jagger explained that he had named his band "The Rolling Stones" after one of Waters's songs.

What happened in the midterm election of 2006 (when Bush Jr. was still in office)?

Characterized as a referendum on the Iraq War. Democrats gained control of the House and the Senate for the first time since 1994. (y)

In which city did the first subway open up?

Boston

Sons of Liberty

Boston mob against the *Stamp Act* that terrorized stamp agents and burned stamps (aggressive). Even attacked pro-British people.

Red Scare

Both a government attempt to expose and punish communists, anarchists, and radicals, and a grassroots fear of the spread of a worldwide communist revolution.

Harding's "return to normalcy"

Both a rejection of the ACTIVIST GOVERNMENT of the Progressive era and a call to ISOLATE.

Similarities between the First and Second Great Awakenings?

Both made use of REVIVALS to attempt to convert the sinful.

Why was there tension between British and colonials immediately after F+I War?

British lost so much $$$, needed money, could only get them from the colonials.

Lord Grenville

British minister who enacted the Sugar Act in 1764

Jay's Treaty

British promised to withdraw forces from US soil that had perviously remained in the Northwest even AFTER the US won the American Revolution. US in turn promised to pay all debts to British merchants from the Revolution. However, NO AGREEMENT ABOUT IMPRESSMENT AND FREEDOM OF THE SEAS (crucial after Britain's action against US). Many people disappointed by Jay's Treaty, but it prevented war.

Did Judge Earl Warren take a "broad" or liberal approach, or a narrow and "conservative" approach in deciding cases concerning the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments)?

Broad/liberal!!

Dayton Accords

Brought an end to years of civil war among the Muslims, Croats, and Serbs in BOSNIA.

Ravi Shankar

Brought the classical music of India to the US, when people were really fascinated by Eastern philosophy in the 1960s.

Pullman Palace Car Company

Built luxurious sleeper cars for the railroads. Its workers lived in a "model community" near Chicago. When Pullman announced a wage cut, workers were pissed.

What did the Vietcong do with *tunnels* during the Vietnam War?

Built them many of hundred miles long for hiding, storing supplies, and living for months at a time.

Interstate Highway Act

Built thousands of miles of INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS and facilitated the commute from suburb to city. :) Accompanied by a dramatic increase in CAR OWNERSHIP.

British victories in the War of 1812

Burned Washington DC and gained control of much of the Ohio River

Economically, how were the Roaring Twenties?

Characterized by a seemingly strong economy, but there were some dangers underway, like a struggling agricultural sector and increased consumer debt.

Bush Jr. and Alaska

Bush Jr. wanted to explore preserved lands in Alaska to find NEW SOURCES OF OIL. Environmentalists feared that this exploration would destroy the pristine environment of this area.

No Child Left Behind Act

Bush success. Required schools to prove through skills assessments that students are LEARNING. If scores went down, FUNDING WAS CUT.

"War on Terror"

Bush's proclamation. Against terrorists and the nations that support them, while emphasizing respect for the religion of Islam and for Muslims. Bush prepared the US fora PROTRACTED BATTLE against terrorism thru-out the world.

"The Good Earth"

By Pearl Buck. Was a story of peasants in China.

"It Can't Happen Here": Book

By Sinclair Lewis. Anti-fascist, kinda communist.

"De jure"

By right/by law

How did Woodrow Wilson disappoint African American leaders?

By segregating government offices.

How did President Johnson challenge the Tenure of Office Act?

By suspending the Secretary of War and Radical sympathizer Edwin Stanton

What came after the horse-drawn carriage?

Cable Cars (1880s)

Pinckney's Treaty of 1795

Came out of Spain's fear that England and USA were forming an alliance (after Jay's Treaty). In Pinckney's Treaty Spain gave up its land EAST of the Mississippi River and north of Florida, w/ 31st parallel as Northern boundary of Florida. (US benefits, economic gain). "Friendship treaty" between US and Spain

Horace Mann

Campaigned for the development of public common schools as well as normal schools for teachers (think education)

Chief of the Nez Percé

Chief Joseph

Who were US forces led by in WWII?

Chief of Staff: George Marshall Commander of the European Front: Dwight D. Eisenhower

Which immigrants built the Transcontinental Railroad?

Chinese and Irish immigrants

"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

Clinton's amendment concerning gays in the military, because he had initially supported them but people were pissed about that.

Berlin Wall 1961

Closed off the border between the free area and the communist area of Germany and aimed to prevent East Germans from FLEEING to the West. A stark symbol of communist oppression, but the West did nothing to IMPEDE its construction.

Treaty of 1868 (Important)

Closed the Bozeman Trail and stipulated that the Sioux live on a reservation along the Missouri River in South Dakota. Treaty declared after the Defeat of the Sioux. But did not end the clashes between Sioux and whites.

Where did Students for a Democratic Society get a lot of membership?

College campuses

Stimson Doctrine

Condemned Japan's invasion of Manchuria, noted that these actions violated existing treaties, and IMPOSED SANCTIONS against Japan, which were IGNORED by other countries.

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Conference with major powers with interests in Asia (not including commie Russia). The US, England, Japan, France, and Italy agreed to scrap a percentage (limit the number) of their existing battleships, cruisers, and aircraft carriers [*Five Powers Pact*]. *Reflected the naive hope that US could avoid international entanglements thru dramatic gestures and good intentions.* Several important treaties were signed here, including one to protect the territorial integrity of China and to respect each nation's possessions in the *Far East*.

Defeat of the Sioux (1865-1890)

Conflict between whites and members of the Sioux nation after the US government built the *Bozeman Trail* in Wyoming through Sioux hunting grounds.

Before the Panama Canal was created, which country controlled Panama?

Colombia

Why did the US support Panama's war of independence against Colombia? (primarily)

Colombia was asking TOO HIGH A PRICE (and taking too long to decide) for control of the projected Atlantic-Pacific (Panama) canal.

The Sand Creek Massacre 1864

Colorado militia, led by Colonel John M Chivington, massacred over 400 men, women, and children of the Cheyenne nation at the village named Sand Creek in Colorado.

Important US military figures who helped to win Spanish-American War

Commander George Dewey, rebel Emilio Aguinaldo, and Theodore Roosevelt

General Douglas MacArthur

Commander of the American forces in the *Pacific*, had been forced from the Philippine Islands.

General William Howe

Commander-in-Chief of British Army during American Revolution

George Washington's Role in the American Revolution

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army

Intrastate Commerce

Commerce within the state. Remained under the control of the states in the 1800s.

Was Nixon fully aware or completely oblivious about the Watergate Scandal activities?

Completely aware, despite multiple denials.

Original Intention

Concept claiming that a justice could know the IDEAS of the FRAMERS of the constitution and have no authority to change these. Believed in by Antonin Scalia.

Amendment X

Consisted of the protection of states' rights. Said that any power not specifically delegated to the Congress or specifically denied to states by the Constitution was reserved to the states. (states have power)

How were the NUMBER of representatives determined for the *House of Representatives*?

Determined by population

Iran-Contra Affair

Developed a scheme in 1985 to arrange the RELEASE OF HOSTAGES in Lebanon and at the same time give aid to the ANTI-COMMUNIST Contras in Nicaragua. In conjunction w/ the CIA, *Oliver North* arranged for arms to be sold to Iranians, who would intervene w/ the LEBANESE to release hostages. Oliver North then used the money to fund the *anti-Sandinista* (Contras) in Nicaragua. This broke Reagan's PLEDGE that he would NEVER NEGOTIATE W/ TERRORISTS and violated the *Boland Amendment*, which forbade military aid w/out congressional approval.

Alexander Graham Bell

Developed the "talking telegraph" or TELEPHONE! in 1876

Gideon v. Wainright

Decided that a person who cannot afford a lawyer has the RIGHT to have the STATE furnish him or her with one in a criminal case. (+)

Furman v. Georgia

Declared the *death penalty* unconstitutional

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

Declared the Jim Crow laws constitutional. Stated that by the "separate by equal" doctrine, this could be legal.

Did immigration to the US increase or decrease during WWI?

Decreased a lot.

United States v. Nixon

Deemed Nixon guilty for Watergate scandal.

New techniques developed on the Great Plains in response to *sod*

Deep plowing

Pizarro

Defeated the Incas of PERU

Federalists

Defending the Constitution under the Constitutional Convention. Examples of Federalists: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay. Defending by saying that Constitution prevents a tyranny of power. Believe in a STRONG central government, despite what anti-federalists believe about tyrannical ideas.

Were the Democratic-Republicans or Federalists sympathetic w/ the French during the French Revolution?

Democratic-Republicans. They believed that the 1778 Treaty of Alliance w/ France and USA should be honored.

Was the Populist Party more in line with the Republicans or the Democrats in terms of line of thought?

Democrats

Consequence of bombing the Ho Chi Minh Trail

Demonstrations, such as the one at *Kent State University* 1970, where 4 students wer killed.

Virginia Resolves

Denied Parliament's (England's) right to tax the colonies under the Stamp Act.

Foraker Act 1900

Denied US citizenship to Puerto Ricans (since Puerto Rico not part of US), while allowing the president of the US to *appoint Puerto Rico's governor* and members of the upper house of the legislature.

"Mr. Smith goes to Washington"

Depicted the triumph of a decent, "everyman" politician.

French Acadians

Descendants of French colonists (born in USA, mom or dad is French)

"Sexual Politics" by Kate Millet

Described the Oppression of housewives and how women were portrayed in literature and psychology.

"Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson

Describes the threat of pesticides. [Earth Day stuff]

Department of Housing and Urban Development 1966

Designed to coordinate federal involvement with housing improvements and urban development projects.

Homestead Act of 1862

Designed to encourage settlement in the West by offering *160 acres* of land at no cost to homesteaders who paid $10 filing fee and agreed to live on the land for 5 years.

Lincoln's "10 Percent Plan"

Designed to let states RE-ENTER the Union if 10 percent of the state's *voters* swore allegiance to the US (by population)

Manhattan Project

Designed to make the atomic bomb which would be dropped on Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki, specifically)

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

Designed to reduce unemployment by asking employers to spread out the work as much as possible. NIRA asked industry to *reduce competition* and to *regulate* wages and hours. Labor granted the right to organized and BARGAIN collectively. SUPREME COURT DECLARED THIS *UNCONSTITUTIONAL* in 1935

Manifest Destiny

Desire to expand westward and occupy the lands from the Atlantic to the Pacific (expansionist). Was halted during the first half of the 1800s when slavery was more of a priority and Monroe didn't want to expand and cause more conflict. Said that *democracy would be effectively spread if we keep expanding*

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Developed the field of scientific management known as Taylorism, aimed towards increasing *EFFICIENCY* in the Roaring Twenties. Winslow Taylor ---> efficiency. Much like Henry Ford.

How did Italy's Benito Mussolini implement Fascism?

Did this through dissolving labor unions, abolishing opposing parties (one-party state), and suspending freedom of the press (censorship).

Crispus Attucks

Died in Boston Massacre, a colonial black

Treaty of Wang Hya

Diplomatic agreement between US and Qing-dynasty (old) China. *Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce*

"No Irish Need Apply"

Discrimination in the US against Irish immigrants

Federal System: Post-Revolutionary Politics

Division of Powers between states and central government. Both the states and central gov. would be given specific powers by the new constitution.

Examples of cities where cowboys led their cattle to in the 1800s

Dodge City, Kansas. Cheyenne, Wyoming

Major flaw in Andrew Johnson's reconstruction?

Doing little to help *freed slaves*, lacked "political skills" that Lincoln had

Abdel Nasser

Egyptian President who sought assistance from BOTH the US and the USSR to construct a large dam on the Nile River at Aswan (Aswan Dam). Led a "third world" nation, claimed to be in neither the Free World bloc nor the Communist bloc. But also smartly recognized the competition by both blocs to win favor in third-world countries. He also attempted to nationalize the *Suez Canal*, which led to WAR.

What came after cable cars?

Electric Trolleys (1890s)

Who invented the cotton gin?

Eli Whitney

Who created the idea of interchangeable parts?

Eli Whitney (guy who created the Cotton Gin)

Who invented the SEWING MACHINE?

Elias Howe

Defoliate definition

Eliminate, extinguish

Who led the rebellion in the Philippines against the US?

Emilio Aguinaldo (the rebel who fought WITH the US against Spain in the Spanish-American War)

Workers Progress Administration (WPA)

Employed manual laborers to build roads, bridges, and public buildings. Supported the arts + literature w/ the Federal Writers Project, Federal Music Project, Federal Arts Project, Federal Theater Project (Federal [insert art name] project].

Lowell system

Employed women exclusively, took away the dehumanizing aspects of industry work. Used in the textile industry.

Currency Act

Enacted in 1764. Forbade the colonies from issuing their OWN paper money. :( Colonies also had to pay all taxes in GOLD or SILVER. Colonies=poor

Continental System

FRENCH seizure of US ships that stopped in British ports (not only the British were seizing ships)

War Manpower Commission

Established along with the *Office of Scientific Research and Development*

Bank Holiday

Established by FDR. Examined *bank practices* before reopening the banks.

Settlement House Movement

Established centers in many cities to help the *poor*. College-educated women ran these movements.

St. Augustine

Established in 1565. Is modern-day Florida and was settled by the Spanish. Is the OLDEST permanent European settlement in the USA.

Hamilton's Financial Program

Established in 1791. Aimed to re-establish the credit of the US. It was based on "funding and assumption", the development of "trade and commerce", and the establishment of a *national bank*! US would repay old debts (another goal) through exchanging OLD BONDS for NEW BONDS, which would be REDEEMED at a future time (funding). US gov would "assume" its debt (debt that states owed to foreign nations). Funding and assumptions gave bondholders, both domestic and foreign, a stake in the SUCCESS of the USA. Excise taxes and tariffs were imposed to RAISE MONEY. Tarrifs encouraged the growth of industry and commerce by DISCOURAGING purchases of *foreign goods* (increasing demand for domestic goods).

Committee of Public Organization/Creel Organization

Established in the face of WWI. Meant to influence *public opinion*. Created enthusiasm among Americans about American participation.

OEO (Office of Economic Opportunity)

Established job and work training classes and provided loans to small businesses that hired the unemployed (+)

10th Amendment

Established the *reserved powers* of the States. Ensures no tyranny or centralization of power

War Production Board

Established to *convert* US's production from PEACETIME to WARTIME.

WAR FOOD ADMINISTRATION

Established to handle the food supply for troops and civilians.

Office of War Mobilization

Established to monitor the industrial production of the nation (during the war)

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Established under the NIRA. Secretary of the Interior *Harold Ickes* distributed over $3 billion in work relief programs for *roads and public buildings*.

Emergency Relief Appropriations Act (ERAA)

Established work programs financed by the federal government. This included *Workers Progress Administration* (WPA)

The overarching aim of French activity in the Americans from 1492-1700

Establishing TRADE relation with the Native Americans

What was Jefferson's justification for the Louisiana Purchase (despite its contradiction to the Constitution)? (v important)

Even though he was a strict constructionist who wanted to adhere strictly to the Constitution, he justified his purchase through the "Elastic Clause", said that there were "implied powers". This was how Hamilton justified the existence of the Bank of the US. Elastic Clause DICTATED THE IMPLIED POWERS!

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Examined and developed the resources in the Tennessee Valley.

Waterboarding

Example of punishment to "unlawful combatants" at Guantanamo Bay, Dick Cheney made sure these punishments were enacted.

Horatio Alger

Example of writer who wrote about "rags-ro-riches" stories.

Sectionalism

Excessive regard for *sectional or local interests*; regional or local spirit, prejudice, etc.

Did Andrew Johnson include or exclude old slaveholders in re-entering the Union?

Excluded

New Government Branches: Post-Revolutionary Politics

Executive branch (enforced laws), legislative branch (to write laws), judicial branch (interpret laws).

"Contract with America"

Exemplified the thinking of the *conservative Right wing*. This proposed that such things as 1. congressional term limits, 2. an amendment to the Constitution requiring a BALANCED BUDGET, and 3. various tax cuts. The debates over this highlighted the differences between the DEMOCRATS and REPUBLICANS. Clinton *refused* to support this contract, resulted in a battle over the BUDGET in 1995, leading to the virtual SHUTDOWN! of the gov.

What was significant about Dwight D. Eisenhower in terms of Cold War policy?

Expanded NATO with the creation of the *Southeast Asia Treaty Organization* (SEATO). Modeled after NATO.

Explain the WWII draft

First *peacetime draft* made. Men between ages 21 and 35 were required to serve in the military for ONE YEAR.

Elizabeth Blackwell

First American woman to get a medical degree

Sandra Day O'Connor

First female justice

Geraldine Ferraro

First female vice-presidential candidate.

What was a "first" in the campaign w/ Obama and McCain?

First tie that two sitting senators ran against each other. First time the Republican Party nominated a WOMAN (Sarah Palin) for vice president.

Significance of 1928 election in terms of media

First time the prez candidates could be heard on the radio.

Nancy Pelosi

First woman Speaker of the House.

Janet Reno

First woman attorney general under Clinton.

Economic Renown of New Hampshire

Fish, Fur, Shipbuilding

Huey Long

Flamboyant populist governor and senator from Louisiana, with his "Share our Wealth" Society, which proposed *breaking up the fortunes of the rich and distributing them to everyone else*. Planned to run against FDR but was assassinated in 1935.

Beat literary movement

Fluanted convention and embraced spontaneity, jazz, alcohol, and drug use, as well as open sexuality.

Boland Amendment

Forbade military aid w/out congressional approval!

Johnson Debt-Default Act

Forbade the sale of US *securities* to any nation that failed to PAY ITS WAR DEBTS to the US. This created economic hardship in Germany, which, in its state of weakness, opened the way for Hitler to gain power.

Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star Wars")

Forced the failing USSR to keep pace w/ American arms buildup. Maybe accelerated the end of the Cold War. (+).

Model A Ford

Ford's following of General Motor's improvements of his Model T Ford. In a variety of colors.

Where did the first battle of the Civil War take place?

Form Sumter

Trust: 2nd Industrial Revolution (think monopoly)

Formed when competing companies would create a SINGLE BOARD of trustees to oversee operations of the various companies. Competition reduced.

John Mitchell and the Watergate Scandal

Former US attorney general and head of Nixon's 1972 campaign, one of the "burglars" who had worked for the

Where was the ultimate victory in the War of 1812?

Fort McHenry in the Baltimore Harbor

Battle of Fort Sumter: Explanation

Fort Sumter, in Charleston, was still loyal to the Union. However, Major Robert Anderson REFUSED TO SURRENDER to the state militia, but needed supplies. Lincoln tried to avoid a fight, so he had supplies but NOT troops sent. Anderson held out and tried not to surrender for *34* hours before surrendering.

American Railway Union

Founded by Eugene V Debs. Another industrial union. Industrial unions not successful until the 1930s.

What made the English reinstate authority and neglect "salutary neglect"?

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Bank of the United States (BUS)

Funded through a sale of stocks in the bank. Established by Hamilton in his Financial Program. BUS would issue bank notes and serve the government as ITS BANK. Owned by PRIVATE investors.

Only colony that received = funding and why?

Georgia. Received defense to act as a "buffer" against SPANISH in Florid and FRENCH in Louisiana.

Eugene McCarthy's campaign tactic: Election of 1968

Gathered support by having his workers go door to door all over the country, started a youth campaign to end the Vietnam War. Made LBJ decide to NOT NOT NOT run for reelection.

19th Amendment

Gave ALL women the right to vote, was ratified in 1920.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Gave FEDERAL money to the states and cities to *FEED THE NEEDY* and pay for public works projects

What was Bush Jr.'s comprehensive immigration bill made up of?

Gave millions of ilegal immigrants *already in the country* a path to citizenship and encouraging them to ASSIMILATE, introduced a guest worker program, beefed up border security, penalized employers who knowingly hired illegal workers (like the Immigration Reform and Control Act).

"The Sane Society" + "The Art of Loving" by Erich Fromm

Gave psychological permission to the *baby boomers* to express their *authentic* feelings against what they saw as a puritanic and shallow capitalist society in which everything was for sale.

Platt Amendment (v important)

Gave the US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to maintain a naval base on the island. Violated Cuban independence.

Patriot Act

Gave the gov a slew of NEW POWERS to gather INTELLIGENCE, including the ability to search personal records ranging from phone bills to medical records w/out the subject's knowledge or consent. Toned-down version of this renewed in 2005 after people thought this was crazy.

Alien Act 1798

Gave the president the power to DEPORT foreigners deemed DANGEROUS to the safety of the US. (Most Democratic-Republicans were immigrants)

19th Amendment (ratified in 1920)

Gave women the right to vote. However, didn't create PROFOUND CHANGE in the political climate, as women DID NOT VOTE AS A *BLOC*.

Issues that Clinton had to deal w/ upon becoming prez

Gays in the military, health care reform, welfare reform, AIDS.

Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794

General "Mad" Anthony Wayne crushed Miami Confederacy Indian tribes, final battle against the Miami Confederacy

Excellent Organizer of Troops for the Union during the Civil War

George McClellan! He was, however, reluctant to put so many troops into battle at a time

Proclamation of Neutrality 1793

George Washington's decision that US should favor NEITHER England NOR France, such that Americans should not take sides in the conflict between the two nations.

Sioux religious movement

Ghost Dance

Kyoto Protocol

Global pact initiated in 1997 and put into force in 2005 to REDUCE GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS to nonthreatening levels, Bush Jr. refused to participate in this.

Teller Amendment

Guaranteed Cuban independence if the US defeated Spain in the Spanish-American War.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Granted the use of affirmative action (positive discrimination, favors those accused). Used race as a factor in college admissions

Town Meeting

Great example of *direct democracy*

How did internal issues make the British want to see the New World?

Greater population growth, need to expand and sustain, economic hardships consequence of greater population

Where were there communist rebellions, some with Soviet assistance/help, during the early years of the Cold War?

Greece, Turkey, Iran

Virginia as a Colony

Grew out of *Jamestown*, which was founded by the Virginia Company of London. Was a *proprietary colony until 1624, when it became a ROYAL colony*. Warm climate and fertile soil. Leading producer of TOBACCO. Had a *one-crop economy*. Tensions between settlers and Natives increased here because tobacco depleted soil and settlers wanted MORE LAND.

Vietnam Day Committee (VDC)

Grew out of the Free Speech Movement. Anti-war organization.

Dumbbell Tenement

Grew out of the Tenement La, wherein buildings were designed to conform to the standards (given by the Law) by cramming the largest number of people into the smallest amount of space.

FDR's "black cabinet"

Group of advisers and then banned discrimination in government jobs. Remember, FDR was a *democrat*, and this made many African Americans switch their allegiance from the Republican (Lincoln's party) to Democrat Party.

Coxey's Army 1894

Group organized by Jacob Coxey to march to Washington DC, to protest President Cleveland's seeming insensitivity (arguable whether Harrison or Cleveland started the Panic of 1883). The army was formed in the wake of the Panic of 1883. [Economic dissent].

Cult in Waco, Texas: Clinton Administration

Growing antigovernment movement developed, which led to a 1993 confrontation in Waco, Texas, where gov agents stormed the compound of an ARMED RELIGIOUS CULT.

Which countries had Japan gained control over during WWII before it was defeated?

Guam, Wake Island, The Dutch East Indies, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, French Indochina, Hong Kong.

Civil Rights Act

Guaranteed African Americans CITIZENSHIP.

15th Amendment

Guaranteed African Americans the right to VOTE.

Michael Dukakis and George HW Bush conflict

HW Bush accused Dukakis of being a "card-carrying" member of the American Civil Liberties Union (remember w/ Scopes and stuff?), but Dukakis never answered well enough to this.

Desert Storm invasion

HW Bush forced Hussein out of Kuwait.

Robert E Lee skills as general against the Union

Had "flexible" tactics and noticed that Union generals, such as George McClellan, overestimated the size of Lee's army, and that the Union army "didn't follow up" on its victories.

Marcus Garvey

Had a "back to Africa" movement which gained some following among African Americans, during the Harlem Renaissance.

James Madison and the Constitutional Convention

Had journals about the Convention. He was called the "Father of the Constitution".

Weaknesses of Congress upon its Creation after American Revolution (v important)

Had no power to collect taxes, raise a military, coin money, or regulate interstate commerce. ($$)

Taliban regime and George Bush

Had supported Al Qaeda training camps and harbored bin Laden. Bush demanded the immediate closure of all camps, the opening of camps to US inspection, the release of all FOREIGN PRISONERS, and the transfer of all terrorists to US custody. Taliban refused to cooperate, which led to *Operation Enduring Freedom*.

James Meredith

Had to be protected by 5,000 federal troops under JFK when he went to the University of Mississippi.

Reasons that the South participated less during the 2nd Industrial Revolution, even though they wanted the "New South"

Had to recover from the Civil War, the South had fewer cities and lacked money to invest in industry. Fewer European immigrants went there. South remained AGRICULTURAL, with Northern-owned railroads and Northern corporations resisting competition from the South (Northern domination/monopoly)

What was the result of a lack of immigrants to the US on African-Americans?

Half a million of them made the move from the *rural South* to the *urban North* in the 1910s. - known as the *Great Migration*

How did James A Garfield die? Why was it significant in the context of the Gilded Age?

He was assassinated. He was assassinated by a party loyalist who felt he had been PASSED OVER for a position (in the spoils system). Assassination brought the SPOILS SYSTEM to the forefront.

Shenck v. United States 1919

Happened because of the Espionage and Sedition Acts. Charles Shenck, general secretary of the Socialist Party, distributed leaflets in front of an army recruiting station in an attempt to DISCOURAGE men from entering the military. Shenck claimed that he had the right to do this because he was protected by the *1st amendment* (freedom of speech). Supreme Court Justice *Oliver Wendell Holmes* disagreed. Schenck proclaimed guilty.

Teach-ins during the Vietnam War

Happened during the Vietnam War, when people were trying to learn about Vietnamese history and the role of American in the world.

Katherine Harris and the recount

Harris was secretary of state of Florida and a Republican. Gore asked for a recount of certain counties' votes, while Bush's team challenged the recount as well as the decision the Supreme Court of Florida made in ordering a recount. Votes remained in dispute.

William Lloyd Garrison and David Walker's views on Henry Clay's American Colonization Society

Hated it.

Did Andrew Jackson like or dislike the Second Bank of the United States?

Hated it. Called it a "monster".

What was one of Richard Nixon's "ethical lapses" when he was running against Ike, which got people suspicious of him?

Having a secret slush fund (reserving money for illicit purpose)

Queen Liloukalani

Hawaiian ruler who challenged the growing power of the planters in Hawaii, but the planters responded to this by rebelling, and the US military intervened on the behalf of the planters.

What were George Bush's views on Social Security and health care?

He advocated PRIVATIZING Social Security, encouraged health care REFORM.

William Levitt

He applied mass production techniques to housing, building communities of nearly identical houses on former agricultural land near big cities.

Did Al Gore have strong, long-standing connections w/ Washington DC or not?

He did!

Did Reagan get along well with the religious right wing or not?

He did, very well, actually.

What did C Everett Koop do w/ AIDS and health?

He fought for the protection of children and adults from AIDS and the EFFECTS OF SMOKING.

William Jennings Bryan's thoughts on evolution

He led a group of conservative fundamentalist Protestants in pushing for the ELIMINATION of evolution from high school biology curricula.

How did Truman hurt workers and lead to a 4.6-million-people strike in 1946?

He lifted wartime price CONTROLS, and prices soared! However, wages DIDN'T go up, so there were huge strikes. These strikes were successful in bringing higher wages.

How did Reagan persuade voters that he would be better than Carter?

He said that he'd REDUCE government and RESTORE America's respect for the world.

Lincoln's Views after the Civil War on Confederate Secession from the Union

He said that since the Union had won the war, the states that had seceded had not truly done so, but had only threatened to.

Why did Thomas Jefferson hate BUS?

He saw BUS as an organ of the *upper class* that would weaken *states'* power but would strengthen central gov power, thus leading to tyranny. Argued that the BUS favored the NORTH, not the SOUTH, because most Southern states already paid their debt and most INVESTORS were from the NORTH. Most Important: No

What was Hoover's first step in his attempt to help people get out of the Depression?

He sent aid to railroads, banks, and rural credit corporations with the hope that these industries would RECOVER and relieve UNEMPLOYMENT.

What did Calhoun think about Clay's Compromise?

He thought it would be BETTER if the South was able to veto over all sectional questions, but Webster told him that the compromise was the way to go.

How did Napoleon Bonaparte trick James Madison concerning Macon's Bill?

He tricked Madison into thinking that France would truly stop harassing the US and their ships.

What did James K Polk do as soon as he became Prez?

He tried to buy California (very expansionist move!)

Was Eisenhower a Democrat or Republican? Why was this significant?

He was a Republican. Significant because it was the first time in 20 years that a Republican had run.

Ella Baker

Helped to establish the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) after a bunch of sit-ins against SEGREGATED LUNCH COUNTERS in Greensboro, North Carolina.

WEB DuBois

Helped to found the NAACP in 1910. Argued that African Americans should press for an IMMEDIATE end to segregation and for economic and political justice. Urged the "talented tenth" (African American individuals) to take lead in the struggle

Who started "Time" magazine and what did this magazine do?

Henry Luce, attempted to interpret current events.

"A chicken in every pot"

Herbert Hoover's call/idea. Tapped into the seeming prosperity of the decade and contributed to his victory in the 1928 election.

Define "Rugged Individualism"

Herbert Hoover's idea that individuals have the ability to improve their lives with LITTLE INTERFERENCE from the government ("individualism").

Explain the idea of "high tariffs" as a cause of the Great Depression

High tariffs made US products unwelcome abroad (fewer exports=less money for the US)

Stagflation definition

High unemployment and high price level.

How did the hijackers involved in the 9/11 attacks hijack?

Hijacked 4 passenger jets using knives and small tools.

Contentment

Hippie word for "reaching inner peace"

Notable African-American who was part of Congress during the period of Reconstruction

Hiram Revels, a senator from Mississippi

Scandal at Enron 2001

Houston-based energy company Enron was discovered to have DOCTORED its books, USING ACCOUNTING TRICKS to hide billions of dollars in debt. Its stock sank from $90 per share to less than $1 per share. Employees lost BILLIONS IN STOCKS AND PENSIONS, and *Kenneth Lay* and others at Enron sentenced to prison.

Who was the Democrat candidate for the Election of 1968?

Hubert Humphrey, who felt it necessary to defend his role as VICE PRESIDENT. Promised NEGOTIATIONS w/ the Vietnamese when many of his liberal colleagues were trying for IMMEDIATE withdrawal.

Did a lot of the New Deal programs embrace or ignore African-Americans?

IGNORED :( For example, the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) didn't help TENANT FARMERS. FDR was leery of losing support from the Southern wing, so that was why he didn't pay much attention to African Americans. FDR also didn't endorse ANTI-LYNCHING.

Who "perfected" the sewing machine?

IM Singer

Who perfected the basis for the garment industry after the Civil War?

IM Singer (the guy who perfected the sewing machine)

Connecticut Compromise

Idea of a Senate (as opposed to House of Representatives, representing by population) that was based on equal representation (no matter how many people lived in each state).

Popular Sovereignty

Idea proposed by Stephen Douglas in the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 to have people within the territories becoming independent states to decide whether they have slaves or not.

Clinton's "New Democrat"

Idea that appealed to Democrats, until the Democrats thought it was more MODERATE than they desired. So they felt "sold-out".

Johnson's Plan for States' Re-entry into the Union

If the states that were to re-enter RATIFIED the 13TH AMENDMENT, and pledged allegiance to the Union

Who created the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Illinois Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas (think Douglas=popular sovereignty=Kansas-Nebraska Act)

Wagner Act

Implemented after NIRA was shot down by the Supreme Court. It legalized *union membership* in the US. Led to a surge in union membership.

"Dollar Diplomacy"

Implied that business interests drove US foreign policy; said by anti-imperialists

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

Important publishers during the Gilded Age, who printed sensational and sometimes fictionalized accounts of events.

Where did political philosophy (relating to democracy) begin? Who began it?

In Ancient Greece, Aristotle.

When were all schools desegregated officially? (which decade)

In the 1970s

Quebec Act

Indirect British response to the Boston Tea Party (part of Coercive/Intolerable Acts). Allowed the French Canadians religious freedom, but colonists found timing to be BAD

Main causes of US Imperialism going into the 1900s

Industrial development (Industrial Revolution), Military considerations, social reasons, pro-imperialist presidents

"Dime novels"

Inexpensive novels with themes of adventures, crime, or the West.

What happened to inflation and unemployment thru Reaganomics?

Inflation went down to 4%, but unemployment went way up to 11%.

What was the economic consequence of the Vietnam War on the US?

Inflation, but specifically, STAGFLATION

What had Gerald Ford done in terms of the Watergate Scandal?

Initially said that the Watergate Scandal was a "nightmare", then forgave Nixon!

What were George HW Bush's views on Keynesian economics?

Initially supported it.

What were George HW Bush's views on abortion?

Initially supported it.

*Federal* Employee Loyalty Program

Initiated by Truman. Investigated federal employees for communist ties and a response to quiet Republican critics who accused him of being "soft on communism".

Dawes *Act* 1887

Inspired by assimilation. Designed to break up tribal units, give individual families a small plot of land and make them US citizens 25 years later. Was a failure and was abandoned in the 1930s.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Insured bank deposits up to $5,000 to *encourage people to use the banks*.

Was George Washington interested or disinterested in having a military career?

Interested :)

"Doors of Perception" by Aldous Huxley

Introduced hallucinogenic drugs to the baby boomers.

Operation Enduring Freedom

Launched by US, England, and Afghan Northern Alliance forces, response to Taliban refusing to cooperate w/ Bush's requests. Taliban crumbled quickly, Taliban fell.

"Palmer raids"

Investigations of labor leaders and radicals, named after US Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer. Gov agents raided homes, union halls, offices, and meetings, often *without warrants* in their search for communist subversion.

Fletcher v. Peck 1810

Involved a contract between a STATE and INDIVIDUALS concerning a *land grant*. Marked the first time the Court declared a state law unconstitutional, stating that a state cannot pass laws that violate the federal Constitution. Thematically: Solidifies power of the central gov.

Gibbons v. Odgen 1824

Involved a contract for a ferry service on the Hudson River. Court established the federal government's power to regulate Interstate Commerce (commerce among states)

Teapot Scandal 1921-1923 (v important)

Involved bribery and the transfer of rights to *precious oil reserves* at TEAPOT DOME, WYOMING. The fallout included the conviction of US Interior Secretary Albert B Fall (He took the "fall"), who had accepted $400,000 in "gifts" from the owners of the companies to whom Fall had leased the oil reserves. The Scandal demonstrated Harding administration's shaky ethical foundation, as well as its PRO-BUSINESS slant, even though Harding wasn't personally involved.

Fallujah

Iraqi insurgents that attacked a convoy operated by Blackwater Security Consulting-a private paramilitary force hired by the US. Killed 4 of the Blackwater employees.

June (Six-Day) War 1967: Why was it significant to Johnson?

Israel achieved an astounding victory over several Arab nations bent on its destruction (!) During this war, Johnson spoke w/ Soviet Premier Alexi Kosygin in the first use of the *"hotline"*. Hotline=Link between Moscow and Washington DC in emergency situations.

Direct Primary: What did it allow? (v important)

It allowed PEOPLE, instead of parties, to decide who the candidates would be for general elections. This *initiative* alowed citizens to introduce legislation directly through VOTING on ballot questions. The *recall* allowed citizens to cut a president's term short by calling for a special election.

What was advantageous about the steamboat in the 1800s?

It allowed for more rapid transportation on rivers and lakes.

What did the first "no" assert in the Dred Scott Case?

It asserted that slaves were property, not people, not worthy of respect.

What did the USSR do to Finland in 1940 and why?

It attacked Finland in an effort to use it as a buffer AGAINST HITLER.

What was convenient/good about the Erie Canal?

It connected NYC via the Hudson River, and created sites for cities like Rochester, NY, which produced food, houses, and schools. Jobs also grew a ton.

What was Uncle Tom's Cabin about?

It depicted the fate of runaways and the experience of slavery in "heart-wrenching" language.

Why was the Louisiana Purchase such a great idea?

It doubled the size of the US, and the US now had control of the *Mississippi River*, which was VITAL to Western development! :)

In what ways was Reconstruction *good*?

It gave African Americans public education, and some were given government positions. Potentially inspired the Civil Rights Movement a century later

In terms of injuries to workers, what did "The Jungle" inspire?

It inspired many states to pass workers' compensation laws, which provided money to workers injured in industrial accidents. Laws were also passed to limit hours worked, call for factory inspections, and create more sanitary conditions.

Responsibilities of the Second Bank of the US (Why it was hella useful)

It kept the currency STABLE, had a standardized form of paper money, and it issued loans to ENTREPRENEURS :)

Why was the transcontinental railroad significant?

It lent a hand to Western settlement, but played a major role in the destruction of the *buffalo*, as many of them were shot for sport from train windows :(

What happened to the Bank of the US (BUS) during Thomas Jefferson's presidency?

It remained unchanged/untouched.

What happened to the economy overall under George Bush (Jr.)?

It slid into a RECESSION and UNEMPLOYMENT grew. :(

Why was the summit in Paris between Khrushchev and Ike cancelled? What was the consequence of the action?

It was cancelled because of Russia's capture of an American *U-2 spy surveillance plane* over Soviet territory. K. demanded an apology, but Ike refused. However, Ike promised to suspend such SPY missions.

Why was it IRONIC that New England opposed the War of 1812? (important!!!)

It was ironic because New England was a central place for shipping and commerce, and the problems between England and USA led Jefferson to make USA very isolationist, which hindered commerce, trade, and shipping.

What happened to the real estate market in the 1980s under Reagan? What was its effect?

It went to shit. Caused a lot of the savings and loans banks to FAIL.

What happened to the national debt during Bush Jr.'s presidency?

It went up sooo much because of the war on terror and the reducing of individual tax rates as part of lowering taxes for the Americans (bad idea considering international affairs).

What was the Harding Administration best known for?

It's policy of isolationism, its ties with big business, and its scandals.

Who killed Abe Lincoln?

John Wilkes Booth, a Southern sympathizer

Who overpowered John Brown in the Raid on Harper's Ferry?

JEB Stuart and Robert E Lee

Who killed Lee Harvey Oswald, and where?

Jack Ruby, in jail.

Bank War

Jackson's expression of hatred of the Second Bank of the US. This "War" was escalated thru Jacksons' veto of the *Bank Bill*.

Who did the Southerners choose as their leading candidate in the Southern Democratic Party?

James Breckenridge of Kentucky!

15th US President

James Buchanan

Man who the Political Abolitionists wanted to run for Prez

James G. Birney

11th US President

James K Polk

1844 Top 2 Candidates

James K Polk and Henry Clay

Which Democrat candidate did Harding defeat in the election of 1920?

James M Cox

4th US President

James Madison

Who was the Secretary of State under Thomas Jefferson?

James Madison

Who was Thomas Jefferson's secretary of state during his presidency?

James Madison ("Father of the Constitution")

Under whose presidency was the Erie Canal completed?

James Monroe

When was gold discovered in California?

January 1848.

John Coltrane

Jazz virtuoso and innovator, heavily influenced by *Indian* music. Sang about seeking justice and personal truth.

The Roeblings

John and Washington, father and son who designed and completed the Brooklyn Bridge.

Johnson's Reaction to the Freedman's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act, and Congress's Reaction to Johnsons' Reaction

Johnson vetoed this, saw it as a THREAT TO HIS POWER. But Congress overrode the veto.

Who wrote *Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God*?

Jonathan Edwards. A religious book "fire-and brimstone sermons".

The Top 3 Candidates in the Election of 1824

John Quincy Adams (Sec. of State to Monroe), Andrew Jackson, William H Crawford (Sec. of Treasury to Monroe)

Who replaced Chief Justice William H Rehnquist after he died?

John Roberts Jr.

10th US President

John Tyler

President who replaced William Henry Harrison after he died in 1841

John Tyler

Shuttle Diplomacy

Kissinger's ideas to help dampen the tensions during wars in 60s and 70s that Israel was involved in. Traveling back and forth among the combatants, not actually choosing sides.

What was Rhode Island known for and why was it "ironic"?

Known for its freedom of opportunity and separation of church and state (by Roger Williams), but was the LEADING IMPORTER of slaves

Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1965

LBJ provided federal aid of over $1 billion to school districts so that every child could be education (+). The bill also required that schools accepting the money make good faith attempts at INTEGRATION.

Timothy Leary

LSD Guru (leader in hippie speak), readers of the Eastern philosophies of HINDUISM, BUDDHISM, TAOISM. Believed that "we are all ONE".

John L Lewis

Labor leader of the United Mine Workers, wanted the American Federation of Labor to do more with the growing sector that was made of unskilled labor. He formed the Committee for Industrial Organization WITHIN the AFL. However, Lewis's plan to organize basic industries was not approved of by the AFL, so they disbanded.

Free Labor definition

Labor where the worker can leave whenever he or she wants to, different and less binding that slavery

Patroonship

Large plantation-type farm established by the Dutch along the Hudson in the 1600s (NY)

"Letter from Birmingham Jail"

MLK explained that WAITING for segregation to end would only prolong the suffering of his people ("act now!") Said that activists were willing TO break UNJUST LAWS and serve jail time since they were doing the right thing.

Was Pennsylvania more or less friendly with the Indians than other colonies were?

MORE MORE MORE MORE. Because of compensatory land policies (?)

Did Lincoln put MORE or LESS priority on border states during the Civil War?

MORE!

Under Nixon, was there more or less segregation in schools?

MORE!

What did Truman and General MacArthur disagree about concerning the Korean War?

MacArthur wanted to carry the Korean War into China (since China was an ally of North Korea). However, Truman, through being a constitutional commander-in-chief, said no to it.

Examples of department stores that opened up during the Gilded Age

Macy's (NY), Wanamaker's (Philadelphia), Marshall Field's (Chicago) [think Marshall's]

14th Amendment

Made all people "born or naturalized in the US" citizens of the country. Insisted that the states guarantee all people EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW. Did NOT guarantee African-American suffrage (voting rights).

Committees of Correspondence!

Made by colonists to spread propaganda and disseminate information (anti-Brit)

Comstock Law (1873)

Made it illegal to send material deemed obscene, including information about birth control, through the MAIL.

Lend-Lease Act

Made the US the "arsenal of democracy", as the president was given the power to "lend, lease, or exchange" war materials w/ nations whose struggle against aggression was seen as VITAL TO THE SECURITY of the US (self-interest). Later on, FDR allowed for convoys to escort lend-lease ships, and then merchant ships to be armed.

Persian Gulf War 1991

Major event of the HW Bush administration. Saddam Hussein of Iraq had threatened to invade oil-rich Kuwait. Bush saw a threat to USA's ally, Saudi Arabia. HW Bush didn't use sanctions, but submitted a resolution to Congress under the *War Powers Act*.

Explain the Tet Offensive and why it was a turning point in the Vietnam War

Major offensive attack by North Vietnamese on South Vietnam, including Saigon (capital city). Attack/takeover of the CIA and US radio station there. SHowed that the Vietnamese clearly had the upper hand, despite what Americans at home thought.

Seditious Libel

Making a false accusation

Charles Lindbergh

Man who flew across the Atlantic by himself, experienced a lot of sensationalized press about it.

Tenement Law 1879

Mandated that every room in an apartment had an OUTSIDE WINDOWS and that buildings meet PLUMBING and VENTILATION standards.

How was "yellow journalism"/sensationalism a cause of the Spanish-American War?

Many Americans who read about the struggle for independence in Cuba against the Spanish had a lot of sympathy for the Cubans, and many recalled USA's own struggle for independence against England.

"Gone with the Wind"

Margaret Mitchell's account of the *Old South* (Civil War-era)

Paul Revere and William Dawes + Samuel Prescott

Marked the start of the American Revolution with the British attack on Lexington and Concord (1775). "Midnight ride".

8th US President

Martin Van Buren

Antietam state

Maryland (Think A-Annapolis, A-Antietam)

From which state to which state was the national road?

Maryland to Illinois

Where is John Kerry from?

Massachusetts

Where was JFK born/from?

Massachusetts

John Winthrop (religious)

Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, established a theocracy (church-state) there. (Religious Fanaticism)

Second Continental Congress

May 1775 (one month after battle of Lexington and Concord). Meeting after the First Continental Congress (duh)

Most successful restaurant chain from the 1950s onwards

McDonalds

National Conservation Committee

Meant to conserve nature. Created by Theodore Roosevelt.

Civilian Council of National Defense

Meant to coordinate resources and industry in support of the war effort, including the coordination of transportation, industrial and farm production, financial support for the war, and public morale.

Security Exchange Commission (SEC)

Meant to police the activities of the stock market.

How did Clinton paint himself, ideologically speaking?

More conservative than the liberals in the Democratic Party, a "Washington outsider".

Whig + Fed/State Focus (v important!!!)

More focused on improving the nation AS A WHOLE, and making internal improvements. Pro-Bank of the US

Democrat + Fed/State Focus

More focused on improving/helping individual states

What happened when there was an increase in *supply* of precious metals during the 1800s? (Gold Rush)

More immigration, the rapid incorporation of some western states into the Union, like Nevada, and a *political crisis* over the value of currency in the 1890s.

Impact of the automobile on American civilians

More independence for women, more people didn't have to live in urban areas or near a suburban train station, more independence for young people, reduced sense of ISOLATION for rural families :)

Anthony Comstock

Most well-known crusader AGAINST gambling, prostitution, and obscenity. Mad at the increase in divorce rates and the availability of birth control (AKA your typical Republican nowadays).

Plurality definition

Most, majority

Demographics of the Cowboy

Mostly white, 25% black, 12% Mexican

Did a lot of African Americans stay in the South or move up North during WWII?

Moved up North to help with the war effort and get some $$

Even though the Wagner Act made unions legal, did unions have a lot of power over the employers of businesses?

No, they didn't. Employers could technically do whatever they wanted w/ these union members.

Differences between North Carolina and South Carolina

NC less religious than SC, NC didn't need slaves as much, NC had more rugged mountain terrain, NC had smaller farms. NC leads anti-British movements in 1700s (NC is the "cooler" younger brother to SC)

Was the purchase of Louisiana allowed based on what the Constitution said?

NO!

Did Brown v. Board of Education ensure change?

NO!! Just protests/demonstrations

Were the civil rights acts of 1957 and 1960 ENFORCEABLE OR NO?

NO!!! :(

Was Jefferson interested in intervention or non-intervention concerning foreign policies as Prez?

NON-INTERVENTION

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

NOT A DECLARATION OF WAR, but permitted LBJ to bomb North Vietnam, which he did right away. LBJ used the Gulf of Tonkin incident to justify the major escalation ot the war.

Who ran against Herbert Hoover in the election of 1928?

NY governor Albert Smith, democrat.

Which 4 states almost didn't ratify the Constitution, and why did they?

NY, Rhode Island, Virginia, North Carolina. Did it because of a "need" for unity, and because of the Bill of Rights that persuaded them a bit more.

Know-Nothings

Name for people in the American Party, because whenever they were asked about the party, they'd say, "I know nothing."

Where was the armistice for the Korean War?

Near the village of *Panmunjoun*

The Voting Concerning the Bicameral Houses in Colonial Times

One house: Leader appointed by king. Other house: Leader appointed by the citizens (colonists)

Prince Henry the Navigator

Opened a school for navigation and geography in 1416.

Olive Branch Petition

Petition sent by colonists to King George III declaring peace, but King George III refused to read it. Olive Branch=symbol of peace

Which two Northern cities were the leaders in letting African-Americans move there from the South in Great Migration?

Philadelphia and NYC

War Powers Act 1973

Prevented the president from sending troops to a foreign country for MORE THAN 60 DAYS w/out a vote from CONGRESS.

Consequence of Operation Enduring Freedom

Pockets of INSURGENTS in the mountainous area on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, protracted struggle for the US.

Allen Ginsberg

Poet who wrote "Howl", a long poem attacking contemporary American society. It was confiscated by the POLICE for obscenity. An important "Beat movement" text.

Emma Lazarus

Poet who wrote the poem about America's ability to give immigrants a home, as written on the Statue of Liberty

Anti-Imperialist League

Pointed out the racist assumptions in the belief that *native people could not govern themselves*. Argued that US policy should not function to protect the investments of the WEALTHY.

Bartholomeu Díaz

Portuguese explorer who explored the SOUTHERN TIP of Africa

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who reached India AROUND Africa!

Where did the third (and final) post-WWII conference take place? When?

Potsdam, August 1945.

Delegated Powers

Powers given to the national/federal government that are specifically stated in the Constitution, Article 1 Section 8.

Suez Crisis

President Nasser tried to nationalize the Suez Canal, which led to war. England and France, owners of the canal, attacked Egypt. Israel, which had suffered a ton of terrorist raids by *Egypt* along its borders, joined England and France. Ike was angered by this action, since the US was NOT consulted beforehand by England and France. Ike also feared that the USSR would send military aid to help Egypt, since Egypt was at a huge disadvantage. There was ultimately a ceasefire, and REMOVAL of foreign forces from Egypt.

Checks and Balances System

Prevents one branch (executive, legislative, judicial) from becoming too POWERFUL!!

Was Ike pro-business or pro-union/people?

Pro-Business

How did Calvin Coolidge run the country? (ie. pro-business, anti-business?...)

Pro-business, conservative, laissez-faire

New Lights

Pro-revivalism. Pro-Great Awakening.

How was steel produced during the Second Industrial Revolution?

Produced by removing IMPURITIES from iron and adding alloying elements.

The separation in Republicans: Progressive Era

Progressive Republicans v. Conservative Republicans

Referendum (important)

Progressive-era reform that created a mechanism for voters to approve or reject legislation placed on the ballot; designed to weaken the power of political machines. MORE POWER TO THE PEOPLE!

Jimmy Carter's goals upon entering office

Promised "never to lie" and planned to cut government spending and waste.

What were some good things that George HW Bush promised?

Promised no new taxes :) and a "kinder, gentler" nation. Charity would be prominent, would substitute "tax-and-spend" habits of the *Democrats*.

Where did the people working eastward and westward on the Transcontinental Railroad finally meet in 1869?

Promontory Point, Utah!

Henry Clay

Promoter of the American System. Stated that the Industrial North would be the MANUFACTURING CENTER of the US, while the South and West would raise the raw materials and food supply of the country (industry v. agriculture)

Breckenridge's National Slave Code

Proposal by Breckenridge to make slavery legal in ALL THE STATES. (bad)

Francis Townsend

Proposed a tax to generate enough money to give everyone over 50 yrs a *MONTHLY STIPEND*. (Left-wing)

Upton Sinclair's thoughts on the New Deal

Proposed more sweeping, socialist changes, as he ran for governor of California. Was under the banner of *"End Poverty in California"*.

Tariff of 1816

Protective tariff that was not particularly high, but was considerably higher by 1828

Who was Robert Y Hayne?

Protege of John C. Calhoun, debated with Massachusetts senator Daniel Webster over slavery and nullification ("Null and Void").

Great Compromise (Think 2)

Provided for a bicameral legislature (two houses), consisting of a *Senate* and *House of Representatives*. Based on the New Jersey Plan proposed by William Patterson and the Virginia Plan proposed by James Madison.

Banking Act of 1933 (Glass-Steagall Act)

Provided for banking reform and set up the *Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation* (FDIC)

Sedition Act 1798

Provided for fines or imprisonment for anyone who used LANGUAGE that stirred discontent or rebellion in the gov.

Social Security Act

Provided for gov payments and to individuals who were unemployed, disabled, blind, or old. Also helped dependent mothers and children. (Helps the helpless=social security)

Farm Security Administration (FSA)

Provided low-interest, long-term loans to tenant farmers to help them BUY THEIR OWN HOMES.

Sussex Pledge

Provided that no more attacks by Germans would take place on unarmed vessels, but ONLY if the US could *persuade England to lift the blockade on the German coast*.

Thomas Paine

Published *Common Sense* in 1776 (Year of independence), arguing that colonies deserved INDEPENDENCE. Second Continental Congress agreed w/ this by June 1776.

Immigration Reform and Control Act 1986

Punished EMPLOYERS who hired undocumented workers.

Gadsden Purchase

Purhcase by James Gadsden of disputed territory between US and Mexico that was the southwest of Arizona and southwest of New Mexico

Quaker Ideology

Questioning religious + civil authority, wouldn't support Church of England, pacifists, nonviolent

Were the FBI pro-equal rights or anti-equal rights during the Civil Rights Movement?

REALLY anti-equal rights. Sometimes allied w/ the KKK. :(

Was Johnson ultimately impeached? Why or why not?

Radical Republicans in the House of Representatives had VOTED for him to be impeached, but they were one vote short of the necessary 2/3 to oust him, so he stayed in office.

Shays's Rebellion

Rebellion led in *1786* by Daniel Shays, who was about to have his farm foreclosed, so he wanted more cheap paper money, lower taxes, and lower likelihood of having mortgage foreclosures. Protesting against the Mass. government. Crushed by the Mass. militia (a failure). However, served as a CATALYST for change that led to abandoning the Articles of Confederation completely!!

Military changes under Thomas Jefferson as Prez

Reduced the regular army and the navy, improved the quality of the state militias (state=important. Quality over quantity)

Young Men's Christian Association 1851

Reflected the concern both for PHYSICAL FITNESS and MORAL uplift

Antebellum reform movements

Reform movements during the 1800s, wanted better schools, prison reform, temperance, ABOLITION. Summary of reform movements before the Civil War (1820s and 1830s)

Who was James II replaced by in 1688-89 and why?

Replaced by William and Mary because of the Glorious Revolution (meant to overthrow James II)

Black Codes: Reconstruction

Represented an effort to define a new legal status for African Americans as SUBORDINATE to whites. Restricted African Americans from carrying weapons, starting their own businesses, owning land, marrying whites, traveling without a permit (very harsh). Restored many aspects of SLAVERY :(

Was Abraham Lincoln a Republican or Democrat?

Republican

Was Herbert Hoover a Republican or Democrat?

Republican

Was Warren Harding a Republican or Democrat?

Republican

What were some fundamental differences between Democrats and Republicans after the issue of slavery was terminated?

Republicans: Anti-immoral behavior (ie. drinking). Were in favor of immigration restrictions. Democrats: More supportive of immigrants and workers. Opposed laws limiting "immoral " behavior, which were called *blue laws*. Favored a LOW tariff and liked to limit the role of government.

Naturalization Act 1798

Required that a person must be in the US for 14 years before being considered as a naturalized citizen. This was effective in weakening the Democratic-Republicans because most D-R were immigrants

Andrew Jackson's Response to South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification

Responded with the *Nullification Proclamation* of 1833, saying that "Null and Void" by one state was "secession and treason"

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (v important)

Response to the Alien and Sedition Acts by James Madison (Virginia) and Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky). Published in 1798-1799 (same yr and 1 yr after Alien and Sedition Acts). *Virginia* said that the states have the right to judge how constitutionally the laws being passed by the central government were being passed. *Kentucky* furthered this by saying that states could "declare a law null and void" [nullification] against laws passed by central gov.

Escobedo v. Illinois

Resulted in the ruling that a person charged w/ a crime has the right to be told he or she can HAVE A LWEYER prior to being questioned.

"Smoking Gun" tape

Revealed that Nixon had ordered the CIA to stop an independent FBI investigation into Watergate matters. Meant that he could now be charged with OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE. Nixon said that executive privilege PERMITTED him to withhold them from Congress and the courts.

Daniel Ellsberg

Revealed the "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War.

George M Cohan: Singer

Sang "Over There", which inspired Americans to join the war in the name of "democracy".

Who perfected the design of the steamboat?

Robert Fulton

Operation Torch: WWII

Saw the defeat of German *General Rommel's Afrika Korps* in North Africa. Led the Axis Powers to lose control of Africa and the Mediterranean.

Two most significant strikes after WWI (after Americans were forbidden from striking)

Seattle general strike + Boston police strike

Speakeasies

Secret clubs that served alcohol during Prohibition.

George Washington and the French and Indian War

Sent by Virginian governor in 1754 to go to Ohio River, shot French leader, retreated to Fort Necessity. Then he and his men were captured, English found out and uprooted the French Acadians (people) and scattered them around the colonies.

John Jay

Sent to London to negotiate a peace with England after England seized American vessels and utilized impressment upon US soldiers to make them fight for GB against the French in the French Revolution. [Think of swimming pool, going ACROSS an ocean (big pool)]

Major General Edward Braddock

Sent to work alongside George Washington to stop the French threat during the French and Indian War

Battle of Saratoga Date: American Revolution

Sept 19th and October 7th, 1777 (2 battles)

Miranda v. Arizona

Set the precedent that the police must inform a person accused of a crime of HIS OR HER OWN RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT (think "21 Jump Street" lol), as well as other rights.

"Women's professions" during the 1920s

Social work, office work, teaching

Loose Constructionist

Someone who believes that there was flexibility within the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton

Frederick Jackson Turner

Someone who supported expansionist whites going to the West. Wrote this in his "Turner thesis"

Aid to Dependent Children: Clinton Administration

Something that Clinton really supported, but that Congress tried to end. Was a means of welfare reform.

McCain-Feingold Bill

Sought to introduce campaign finance reform by focusing on: 1-Forbidding political parties from raising or spending "soft money" ["soft money"=Unlimited funds given to political parties or organizations rather than DIRECTLY to the candidates] 2-Required candidates to claim responsibility for their ADS by appearing in them or including a message at the end ("I approve this message") 3-Prohibited CORPORATIONS from funding any issue advocacy ads, whether or not a politician was mentioned. Criticism: Argued that it INFRINGED ON THE 1ST AMENDMENT (freedom of speech).

Ordinance of Nullification

South Carolina's "Null and Void" of the Tariff of 1832 under Andrew Jackson

National Liberation Front

South Vietnamese who were against the "puppet" government, communists and nationalists. Hated foreign control.

In which regions of the US was the KKK prevalent? Which of the regions was it the most popular?

South, Pacific Northwest, Midwest. Most popular in the South.

Scalawags

Southern whites sympathetic to the new order after the Civil War (during Reconstruction)

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer, the FIRST to circumnavigate the globe!

Enrique Dubuy de Lome

Spanish minister to the US who criticized President McKinley for being "weak and ineffectual", to the anger of the US.

Newt Gingrich

Speaker of the House of Representatives during the Clinton Administration.

Unintended consequence of the Homestead Act of 1862

Speculators who sold the land for profit afterwards/Instead just for large agricultural firms.

"Cross of Gold" Speech

Speech made by William Jennings Bryan that attacked the gold standard.

Who was Nixon's long-term Vice President?

Spiro Agnew

Where did the Soviets defeat the Germans (specifically in the USSR)?

Stalingrad

Free Speech Movement

Started at UC Berkeley. Grew directly out of the civil rights demonstrations at hotels in San Francisco. UC Berkeley suspended some students for *distributing pro-demonstration* stuff. In protests, hundreds of students took over the main classroom building.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) 1972

Stated that "Equality of rights under law shall not be abridged by the US or any state on account of sex". Only 35/38 necessary votes were for this in 1978.

Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise

Stated that Congress could intervene concerning foreign trade, but was forbidden from interfering w/ the slave trade for TWENTY (!) YEARS and couldn't place taxes on *exports*. However, Congress could place a $10 import tax on each slave. The SOUTH wanted taxes on exports, however (more profit). Led to disunity

Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890

Stated that any attempt to interfere with FREE interstate trade by forming TRUSTS was illegal. Hard to enforce, though. Ironically, this was used more against labor unions than against trusts, with the justification that labor unions were going against the system of "free trade."

Henry Clay's American System

Stated that the Industrial North would be the MANUFACTURING CENTER of the US, while the South and West would raise the raw materials and food supply of the country (industry v. agriculture). This was accomplished through the creation of a *national banking system and through protective tariffs* (strengthening from the inside)

Macon's Bill

Stated that the US would resume trade with the first nation, either England or France, that promised to end harassing US ships.

Geneva Summit

Summit held by Eisenhower and the leaders of England and France w/ Khrushchev. A breakthrough in trying to resolve the East-West tensions that had existed since the start of the Cold War (in 1945).

Arthur and Lewis Tappan

Supporters of immediate abolitionism, creators (w/ William Lloyd Garrison) of the *American Anti-Slavery Society*

Al Gore was a senator of which state?

Tennessee

Jay Gould (think gold)

The "most ruthless" business owner of the 2nd Industrial Revolution. Bribed, thieved, and conspired against competitors.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

The "offspring" of the Committee for Industrial Organization. This succeeded as an independent group. Ended up having immense growth, more members than the AFL had.

"Custer's Last Stand"

The Sioux (Crazy Horse) defeat of US Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer

Wesberry v. Sanders

The Supreme Court held that congressional districts in a state must contain "as nearly as practicable" the SAME NUMBER of voters. Established *"one person, one vote"*.

What happened concerning the Taliban and the US after the US invaded Iraq in 2003?

The Taliban took advantage of limited US resources and began to recapture large swaths of the countryside in southern Afghanistan.

Which nation led the United Nations when they went to war in Korea after the North Koreans had invaded South Korea?

The US!

Which event triggered US entry into the Vietnam War?

The attack on the Maddox at the GULF OF TONKIN. Vietnamese had shot at the US boat, the "Maddox". The weird thing was, this attack probably never happened, as there was no damage to the ship and no proof of this happening.

What was the consequence(s) of the high demand for stocks and bonds? (v important)

The decrease in demand for CORPORATE LOANS. :( This meant that banks invested their funds in the stock market.

Social Gospel movement

The belief that religious institutions should work to improve society, as well as attend to people's spiritual needs. Developed during the Progressive movement, because some of the Progressives were religious.

What was the significance of the Potsdam conference/what was discussed?

The issue of Eastern Europe was still an issue. There were VAGUE assurance about free elections in E Europe (since Stalin was a dictator).

Did the majority of freed slaves stay in the South or go to the North after the Civil War? Why? What did they do there?

The majority stayed in the South. They worked as sharecroppers (a tenant farmer who shares some crops for rent). Freed slaves had little to no education and had no money to go North, so the majority just stayed in the South.

Panic of 1883

Thousands of businesses collapsed, banks closed their doors, and unemployment soared. Laissez-faire showed how it was actually failing in the face of the Panic.

Power of the Purse

The power of the purse is the ability of one group to manipulate and control the actions of another group by withholding funding, or putting stipulations on the use of funds. The colonists used this against the governors that the British had appointed at one point, until the 1770s when the British started paying these governors directly instead. "Purse"=money.

What was the Civil Rights Movement PRIMARILY focused on?

The removal of barriers to equality and respect for black Americans.

Joseph McCarthy

The representative of "McCarthyism". Claimed to have a list of State Department officials who were communists. Had wild accusations against anyone who disagreed w/ him. Crazy guy. The Senate passed a censure motion against him in 1954.

Compact Theory (important af)

The states COULD dissolve it or make it "Null and Void", since this federal law (the tariffs) were contrary to their interests). First advocated in the 1798 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Virtual Representation

The way in which the colonials were represented by British Parliament, despite colonials arguing that they weren't part of Parliament (as a way to avoid taxes). Virtual Representation: Each member of Parliament represents all British subjects, no matter where they live (you're still a part of this!!)

"Trustbuster"

Theodore Roosevelt's nickname, because he was enthusiastic about the way he went after conglomerates using the *Sherman Antitrust Act* (which had bad consequences.

Hepburn Act 1906

Theodore Roosevelt's successful attempt to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) of 1887.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Took effect because of Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle". Aimed towards protecting consumers from unscrupulous or dangerous business practices.

What do protective tariffs protect?

They are a tax on imports that PROTECT domestic products (so that people within that domestic country will buy these domestic goods). For instance, New England cloth was protected by this protective tariff, as cloth made in England or France was taxed (w/ the tariff) so that more people would by the New England cloth, thus protecting it. Goods like corn, wheat, and cotton didn't need these protective tariffs, because these goods were DOMINANT in the American economy.

Why did the Americans attempt to take Canada during the American Revolution?

They believed they could get French support

What were Jackson and Martin Van Buren's reactions to spreading abolitionist sentiments via mail?

They blocked the mail from going to the South

What did a lot of Mexicans do during WWII in terms of war effort?

They crossed the border to help w/ the war effort, some of them joined the armed forces.

Union naval blockades during the Civil War: were they effective?

They did not prevent all shipping, but the North captured major ports, including New Orleans

How did the other Allies feel about the Fourteen Points, in general?

They didn't really like them, because they just wanted to get revenge against Germany, but they accepted a few of the points.

Did Southerners like or dislike the Democrat Stephen Douglas?

They disliked him so much that they formed their own Southern Democratic Party

What did the US fear when Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815?

They feared that Spain and Portugal would want to regain land in the US that was now independent, and feared Russian expansion into Alaska and California (closing in)

Why did New Englanders oppose America's involvement in the War fo 1812?

They feared the diminishment of their power in Congress as NEW Western states were admitted to the Union.

What were the rights of unmarried or widowed Anglo-American women during the Colonial times?

They had the right to own property or executive legal documents.

What happened to Truman's left wing in the election of 1948 (second term)?

They left and had *Henry Wallace*, FDR's third Vice President, run for office. They were a progressive party.

Yellow-dog contracts

They mandated (made sure) that employees agree not to join unions.

In what way did American businessmen influence the Hawaiian king's decisions?

They pressured him to give sugar planters special privileges.

How did abolitionists view John Brown?

They saw him as a hero like Nat Turner, as they had both been "called upon" by God

What do a bunch of present-day conservatives think of the Vietnam War?

They think that the US pulled out without really fighting hard enough.

Why did the Federalists support the British instead of the French during the French Revolution?

They though that the US had "no business" supporting the French, especially after the French declared war on GB in 1793.

Why did some conservatives hate the New Deal?

They thought it was "socialism in disguise".

What did the founders of the Constitution believe the Constitution was able to avoid from happening?

They thought the Constitution would avert the existence of political parties

What did the founders of the Constitution have in mind when making the Electoral College?

They wanted to prevent mobocracy

Why did the founders of "Students for a Democratic Society" call themselves a New Left group?

They were differentiating themselves from the futile socialist organizations of the 1930s and 50s that had a heritage of Stalinism and old disputes.

What did the US initially think about Castro's government?

They were initially fine with it, because Castro wasn't showing communist inclinations.

How aware were Americans about Hitler's Third Reich?

They were pretty aware, through "Mein Kampf" and stuff. However, they didn't know the FULL EXTENT to what Hitler planned to do.

Articles of Confederation (v important)

Took effect in 1781. Said that Congress would only exercise its powers that had been delegated by the Articles of the Declaration of Independence, so as to ensure that power was not CENTRALIZED. Allowed for the union of the new states, and was a TEMPORARY GOVERNMENT. There was a very WEAK central government under the Articles of Confederation, this had to be fixed.

Jefferson's Treaty with Tripoli

This treaty ended the practice of "paying tribute" to allow American ships to travel through the Mediterranean Sea. Unsafe after the *Barbary Pirates* problem of 1801 .

Why didn't "specie circular" work when there was inflation during Jackson's second presidency?

This was because "hard currency" (paying for lands w/ hard metal=specie circular) couldn't cover an OVERHEATED market in the West (so much inflation!!)

Why were the Cherokee forced off their land in Georgia? (v important)

This was because GOLD was discovered in their their territory and Georgians demanded that the *Indian Removal Act* be enforced (Indian Removal Act=removing all Indians beyond the Mississippi River to Oklahoma)

Why were the Spanish more successful than the Portuguese concerning the "New World"?

This was because of the Treaty of Tordesillas 1494, that said that Spain would get the Western portions while Portugal would get the Eastern part, which was less PROFITABLE.

Why was there a recession in 1937 (at the end/during the Great Depression)?

This was because there were people in FDR's cabinet who cut spending from WPA and other New Deal projects because of the way these projects were seen (negatively)

Cowboys

Those who would ride horses and let large herds of cattle graze on the open prairie.

Garrisonians

Those who, during the Civil War, were constantly calling for Lincoln to free the slaves (think of William Lloyd Garrison)

Gettysburg Address

Though before Lincoln had said that blacks were not equal but deserved to be treated equally, in the Address he then said that "all men are created equally", as stated by *democracy*.

What did Timothy Leary think of LSD?

Thought it was able to create the experiences of self-knowledge and contentment (inner peace) that Eastern holy men sought.

Herbert Hoover's prediction for the future of the US economy, as said in 1928

Thought that they'd finally end poverty and continue to be prosperous.

Even though "laissez-faire" was pretty common in the government, there were some ways that the government served to aid the industries during the Gilded Age. How did it?

Through HIGH protective tariffs and subsidies on railroads.

How did big businesses succeed during the Roaring Twenties?

Through an increase in *efficiency*, a weak union movement, and a vital *consumer* sector.

How did John D Rockefeller push out competition in his oil-refining business?

Through arranging rebates (discounts, getting refunds) with freight lines.

How did railroad companies + stockholders in the railroads abuse power?

Through the *Credit Mobilier Scandal* and through charging exorbitant fees and fixed prices that hurt farmers that NEEDED to get their crops around.

How did abolitionists distribute their sentiments against slavery (through which medium)?

Through the mail

How did corporations raise most of their money in the 1920s? (v important)

Through the sale of stocks and bonds.

How did Bush plan to prevent terror-sponsoring regimes from threatening the US (thru which medium)?

Thru weapons of mass destruction.

What were women expected to do when the men returned from WWII?

To give up their wartime jobs and devote themselves to childrearing

"All the President's Men" by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward

Told the story of Watergate

Meat Inspection Act

Took effect because of Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle". Aimed towards protecting consumers from unscrupulous or dangerous business practices.

Custom Racketeering

Took place under the Townshend Acts/Duties when customs officials claimed that small items stored in a sailor's chest were violating these acts, based on the ambiguity of the wording of the Townshend Acts/Duties.

Treaty that gave Nevada, California, Utah, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and parts of Colorado to the US

Treaty fo Guadalupe-Hidalgo *1848*

Chattel Slavery

Treaty slaves as property :(

Were Kennedy's attempts at the betterments of health care, education, etc. accepted or turned down by Congress? What happened to them ultimately, though?

Turned down :( However, many of these proposals were passed later in the Johnson administration.

How many houses did the majority of colonial democracies have?

Two (2)

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Two Italian workers with ANARCHIST sympathies who were arrested in 1920 for the murder of a factory paymaster and a guard, and for stealing the payroll (murder and theft). The case against the two was weak and the judge made prejudicial comments, found guilty anyway. Death penalty carried out in 1927 :( Demonstrations about this at home and abroad.

Hartford Convention 1814 Effects on the Federalist Party

Virtual death of the party (some states getting powerful af) [remember this is AFTER the War of 1812]

Office that patented inventions: Gilded Age

US Patent Office

Insular Cases

US Supreme Court ruled the "The Constitution doesn't follow the flat"-meaning, constitutional rights don't apply to people living in *US TERRITORIES*. Nowadays, Puerto Rico has its own government and has US citizen rights.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963

US and the USSR agreed to stop nuclear testing in the atmosphere, in space, and underwater. Over 100 other nations also signed the treaty, the only nations that didn't sign this were France and communist China. Otherwise (+)

Consequences of the Tet Offensive to the US

US gov and Army immediately DISCREDITED, LBJ's "wise men" saw the war as unwinnable, Clark Clifford wanted to get the US out of the war, LBJ agreed.

Convention of 1800 (v important)

US negotiation with the French toward preventing another war between the two. Adams created this. Prevented war, but cost Adams his spot as president in 1800 because Federalists wanted him to fight France (whereas Democratic-Republicans didn't want a war w/ the French)

Boxer Rebellion in China: How does it relate to the US?

US seen as powerful/influential as it helped to suppress the anti-Western Boxer Rebellion.

"Vietnamization"

US troops would train the South Vietnamese to fight on their own, while the US would support them w/ BOMBING RAIDS. Would try to win the "hearts and minds" of the Vietnamese.

Battle of the Philippine Sea: Which side won? Japan or USA?

USA

Berlin Blockade

USSR's blocking of Western goods from coming into Berlin. People stranded and starved.

Warsaw Pact 1955

USSR's response to West Germany's entry into NATO. Military alliance w/ Eastern bloc and USSR. Yugoslavia, under Tito, REFUSED TO JOIN!!

President after Andrew Johnson

Ulysses S. Grant

Who was the general that Lincoln finally found after firing so many?

Ulysses S. Grant

Lincoln's 3 Generals during the Civil War

Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, Phillip Sheridan

War Hawks examples, who was, who wasn't? Regions where they predominated?

Was: Calhoun, Clay. Wasn't: Madison. Predominated: South and West

Abortion: Clinton Administration

Used his executive (big power) power to ease some of the RESTRICTIONS on abortion counseling and the importation and use of RU-486, a French "abortion pill".

Where did construction on the National Road end?

Vandalia, Illinois

Black Panthers

Very contradictory! Inspiration to many white and black radicals because they seemed ready to put their LIVES on the line. Demanded a SOCIALIST America that would protect all its citizens from violence and poverty (even though Huey Newton carried a weapon unconcealed). They protected their community and provided free breakfasts for poor black children so they could go to school and learn. Some were into heroin and did some serious crimes. They had weird speeches that went on forever and were kinda funny and weird.

Were ex-Confederate states and Kansas quick or slow to implement the idea of white-and-blacks in schools together?

Very slow

By the midterm elections in November 1994 (2 yrs after being elected), was Clinton very popular or unpopular w/ voters?

Very very unpopular, so much so that the *Republicans* gained control of Congress for the first time in FORTY YEARS!!

Who strongly influenced the Bush administration when it came to decisions?

Vice Prez Dick Cheney.

What was the first "television war"?

Vietnam War

What did the Native American "Ghost Dance" include (ideologically)?

Violence, the use of magic to neutralize the effectiveness of WHITES' weaponry,

Which states seceded after the Battle of Fort Sumter?

Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Arkansas

VISTA (1965)

Volunteers in Service to America. Served as a DOMESTIC Peace Corps. Volunteers trained to assist groups such as the mentally ill, the elderly, and migrant workers. An OEO agency!

What made people start to pay attention to AIDS in the 1980s?

WHen the Center for DIsease Control (CDC) determined that AIDS spread by INFECTED BLOOD and celebrities like Rock Hudson died of it.

Whereas the South employed free labor in the form of slaves, the North employed free labor in the form of...

Wage (free) labor

Populist Party arguments/thoughts

Wanted more help for farmers, which would occur through an INCREASE IN THE MONEY SUPPLY that was currently low. Wanted to back money with SILVER as well as gold. Wanted a graduated income tax, direct election of senators, an eight-hour day, restrictions on immigration, and secret ballots (all of which were eventually adopted). Also wanted to nationalize the bank, railroads, and telegraph lines (none of that happened).

American Civil Liberties Union and evolution (important)

Wanted to challenge Bryan's law that said that evolution couldn't be taught in high schools. Used John Scopes, a high school teacher, who was willing to break the law, to create a case.

Ike's Farewell Address: What was his main point?

Warned against the power of the *military-industrial* complex.

Who replaced Chief Justice Earl Warren after he resigned?

Warren Burger.

U-Boat

Wartime technology that the Germans had perfected.

Eleanor Roosevelt and civil rights

Was a champion of civil rights during the 1930s. Organized a concert by African American singer *Marian Anderson* on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial after Anderson was blocked by the Daughters of the American Revolution for performing at their concert hall.

Washington's Farewell Address

Washington urged US to REMAIN NEUTRAL, to be FRIENDLY to all nations, and to take advantage of its GEOGRAPHICAL DISTANCE from Europe (isolationism=key)

1873 Slaughterhouse Cases

Weakened the rights of African Americans under the 14th Amendment, said that the 14th and 15th Amendments do NOT guarantee federal protection for individual rights against discrimination BY THEIR OWN STATE GOVERNMENTS!

Webster's *Second Reply to Hayne*

Webster DENOUNCED slavery and argued that the Union was formed by the WHOLE PEOPLE in *conventions*, meaning that state governments were actually NOT parties to a compact (no say in nullification). Webster essentially saw all the states as a WHOLE, no separation was allowed between one and another state.

Clarence Darrow

Well-known lawyer who defended John Scope's right to teach evolution in high schools despite what William Jennings Bryan and the Fundamentalists said about this.

Political machines: Gilded Age

Well-run party organizations that got their people elected, and ideology was unimportant/irrelevant. Good political machines helped the poor and immigrants. Bad political machines used thievery, kickbacks, and intimidation to amass money.

Which area, East or West, of the US demonstrated the first successes of the suffragette movement?

West, since 11 states, by 1914, had voting rights for women.

"100 percent Americanism"

What the KKK was devoted to. Entailed opposition to African Americans and Catholics, as well as to Jews and immigrants in general. Stood for *Protestantism, Prohibition, and traditional moral values* (two P's and morals).

Actual Representation

What the colonials desired concerning how they'd be represented in Parliament. There they could REPRESENT COLONIAL INTERESTS!

"Voodoo Economics"

What George HW Bush considered Reaganomics and "supply-side policies" to be.

"Light at the end of the tunnel"-Vietnam War

What Robert McNamara said about the idea that victory was near for the US in the Vietnam War. McNamara was really wrong about this.

Great Migration

Where half a million African-Americans moved from the rural South to the urban North after there was a "drying up" of immigrants to the US. Went from 1910s-1920s. Also fueled by Jim Crow discrimination and low-paying jobs in the South. Also because of *bad cotton crops* in the South in 1915 and 1916.

Washington Declaration of 2007

Where the G8 (Group of Eight) countries, along w/ 5 other nations, agreed that global warming is scientific *fact* and efforts should be made toward a worldwide system of emissions caps and carbon emissions trading.

Muller v. Oregon

Where the Supreme Court upheld the law in Oregon that limited women to a 10-hour workday.

Mercantilism

Where the colony exists for the good of the MOTHER COUNTRY by providing raw materials for the mother country and a market for its products. Said that there would be "control of hard currency" and "positive trade balance". Capitalism went after this.

Laissez-Faire government

Where the gov. played little or no role in intervening in the economy. "Hands-off"

"Good Morning Vietnam": Movie

Where the main character discovers that his best friend in Saigon is a member of the Vietcong.

Sharecropping system

Wherein African-Americans and poor whites would farm a few acres of a large estate and give a share (about 1/2) of the crops to the owner. This showed subserviency.

Redemption during the period of Reconstruction

Wherein Southern Democrats regained power despite the measures taken against this by the Radical Republicans

Elected President in 1840, and Political Party

William Henry Harrison, Whig.

Who appealed the Populist movement?

William Jennings Bryan

What marked the *end* of the Populist Party

William Jennings Bryan's loss in the election for Prez.

Levittown

William Levitt's creation. First one built on Long Island.

NYC's Democratic Party "boss"

William M Tweed (think "wearing tweed"=fancy). Tweed eventually brought down.

Government Minister appointed in 1757 (middle of F+I War) who helped British win

William Pitt

Chief Justice of the Monica Lewinsky Impeachment case

William Rehnquist

Federal Reserve Act 1913

Woodrow Wilson's. Meant to address four WEAKNESSES in the American banking system: the lack of a flexible currency, the lack of stability in times of crisis (periodic "panics"), the lack of central *control* over banking practices, and the concentration of financial power in NYC.

Underwood-Simmons Tariff 1913 (v important)

Woodrow's lowering of the tariff. Succeeded. Argued that lower tariffs would increase trade and force businesses to be more efficient and competitive.

"Looking Backward 2000-1887"

Written by *Edward Bellamy* about someone looking back from the future and find the problems caused by industrialization in the Gilded Age that had been solved by SOCIALISM.

"Steal this Book"

Written by Abbie Hoffman

"How the Other Half Lives" (1890)

Written by Jacob Riis, drew attention to the way many poor people lived along with wrenching photographs

Ernest Hemingway

Wrote "A Farewell to Arms", which critiqued the GLORIFICATION OF WAR.

Paul Goodman: Author

Wrote "Growing up Absurd", which critiqued the expected roles for young people. Leftist (New Left) text.

Malvina Reynolds: Author

Wrote "Little Boxes", which criticized the monotony of suburban homes and the conformity of the suburban lifestyle.

Willa Cather

Wrote "O Ioneers! and My Ántonia", which portrayed life on the PLAINS.

John Spago: Author

Wrote "The Bitter Cry of Children", which drew attention to the issue of child labor.

Alexander Hamilton

Wrote "The Federalist Papers", was a federalist. Secretary of the treasury under President George Washington. Tried to unify the country, which was very state-oriented. Helped to economically reshape to US so that they could repay debts to foreign nations by creating a *financial program*.

F Scott Fitzgerald

Wrote "The Great Gatsby", which portrayed the emptiness of the lives of the wealthy and privileged.

Upton Sinclair

Wrote "The Jungle", a book that graphically described the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry (Sinclair=muckraker). His novel led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act (both 1906)

Sloan Wilson: Author

Wrote "The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit", which criticized the idea that the ideal 1950s man had to be the breadwinner who did not make waves at work (conformity).

Frank Norris

Wrote "The Octopus", which described the power of the *railroads* over the farmers of the West.

C Wright Mills: Author

Wrote "The Power Elite", which examined the methods used by the "ruling class" to dominate society. Leftist (New Left) text. He questioned post-war society!

Stephen Crane

Wrote "The Red Badge of Courage", which depicted the horrors of the Civil War

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Wrote "The Scarlet Letter", a psychological novel about Puritan MORES (morals) set in 17th-century Massachusetts.

Early and significant national parks that came from desires to PRESERVE land in the West (1800s)

Yellowstone 1872 and Yosemite 1890

Was the National Road federal or not?

Yep, federal.

Did Clinton support the establishment of a World Trade Organization?

Yes!

Were any women in the armed forces in WWII?

Yes, but none of them were included in the draft (it was their choice)

Did the AFL and CIO ultimately merge? When?

Yes, in 1955.

Where did the British surrender and when in the American Revolution? And why?

Yorktown, October 1781. Because of "French threat" and "fatigue".

Yuppies

Young urban professionals who graduated from law and business schools and created a FLAMBOYANT lifestyle not seen since the GILDED AGE.

What were some of JFK's "firsts" as seen in his presidency?

Youngest and first Roman Catholic

Yippies: What does that stand for? What did they do?

Youth International Party led by Abbie Hoffman. Poured garbage bags full of dollar bills from the balcony onto the floor of the NY Stock Exchange. Also protested Vietnam War by marching w/ pics of LBJ upside down.