Saunders chapter 11 nutrition

each kilogram (2.2 lb) of weight gained or lost is equal to

1 liter of fluid retained or lost

AHA says the ideal limit of sodium is

1500mg/day

Calorie intake for a toddler/preschooler

1800 calories

A high fiber diet provides how much dietary fiber per day?

20-35 g

AHA recommends to eat no more than ____ of sodium per day

2300mg/day

carbs provide ____________ Kcalories per 1 gram

4 kcal/g

How many grams of protein per day on a protein restricted diet?

40-60 g/day

Consume and additional _____kcal to support adequate production of breast milk

500

During pregnancy, protein requirements increase to

60 g per day

Fats provide ___________ Kcalories per 1 gram.

9 kcal/g

Fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

The onset of eating disorders commonly occur during

Adolescence

food source of potassium

All meats, soy, veggie burgers, broccoli, pecans, Lima beans, tomatoes, potatoes, sweet potatoes, winter squash, cantaloupe, bananas, kiwi, prunes, dried apricot, milk, yogurt, nuts

low purine foods

Anchovies, herring, mackerel, sardines, scallops, organ meats, gravies, meat extracts, wild game, goose, sweetbreads

gas forming foods

Apples, artichokes, barley, beans, bran, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, celery, figs, melons, milk, molasses, nuts, onions, radishes, soy beans, wheat, yeast

water soluble vitamins

B, C

food sources of zinc

Beef, pork, lamb, nuts, whole grains, legumes, yeast

A postoperative client has been placed on a clear liquid diet. The nurse provide the client with which items that are allowed to be consumed on this diet?

Broth Coffee Gelatin Rationale: a clear liquid diet consists of foods that are relatively transport to light and are clear and liquid at room temperature.

During pregnancy what needs to increase to promote fetal bone mineralization?

Calcium

In older adults, what can help prevent osteoporosis?

Calcium and Vitamin D

Foods containing larg amounts of sodium

Canned, frozen, instant, smoked, pickled, and boxed foods, lunch meat, soy sauce, salad dressings, fast foods, soups, snacks

For the cardiac diet what is restricted?

Cholesterol, fat, sodium

Foods sources of vitamin C

Citrus fruits, tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage

A fecal fat test determines a stool has 8 grams of fat. What can this result imply? B-12 deficiency Diarrhea Lactose intolerance Steatorrhea

Correct answer: Steatorrhea Steatorrhea is a consequence of malabsorption, in which fat is not absorbed and lost in the stool. A fecal fat test can determine steatorrhea by testing the amount of fat in the stool. Normal stool fat is 2-5 grams, and more than 7 grams of fat is indicative of malabsorption. Diarrhea is indicated by three or more loose stools in a day. Lactose intolerance is indicated by the lactose tolerance test, or the inability to break lactase into glucose and galactose. B-12 deficiency is indicated by a blood test to show vitamin deficiencies.

The nurse instructs a client with chronic kidney disease who is receiving hemodialysis about dietary modifications. The nurse determines if the client understands dietary modifications, if the client selects which of the item from the dietary menu?

Cream of wheat Blueberries Coffee Rationale: The diet for a client with chronic kidney disease who is receiving hemodialysis should include controlled amounts of sodium, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and fluids, which is indicated in the correct option. The food items in the remaining options are high in sodium, phosphorus, or potassium.

The client who is recovering from surgery has been advanced from a clear liquid diet to full liquid diet. The client is looking forward to the diet change because they have been bored with the clear liquid diet. The nurse would prepare to offer which full liquid item to the client?

Custard Rationale:

What is a cardiac diet

DASH diet (Dietary approaches to stop htn) DASH diet (fruits/veggies, whole grains, low fat dairy foods, meat, fish, poultry, nuts and beans→ limited in sugar, red meat, sodium and added fats)

Food sources of vitamin A

Dairy products, fish, liver, green or orange veggies, fruits

food sources of calcium

Dairy, tofu, green leafy veggies, salmon, sardines, almonds, Brazil nuts, sunflower seeds, tahini, dried beans, blackstrap molasses

High potassium diet

Diarrhea, vomiting, intracellular shifts, diuretics, antibiotics, Cushing's syndrome, exogenous corticosteroid use

What do health professionals use to assist people in consuming a healthy, nutritionally adequate diet?

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

food sources of iron

Dried beans, dried fruits, egg yolks, liver, meat (lean red meet and poultry), oysters, salmon, tuna, whole grains

Clear liquid diet is deficient in

Energy and many nutrients

What do vitamins do?

Facilitate the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbs

Carbs promote normal ...

Fat metabolism

What is required during pregnancy for DNA synthesis and red cell production?

Folic acid

pureed diet

Food is placed into a blender and made into a pulp-like mixture. This type of diet is used for persons who cannot safely chew or swallow solid food. The addition of raw eggs, nuts, and seeds should be avoided.

What is a fat-restricted diet, and what might it include?

For reducing symptoms of fat malabsorption; avoid whole milk dairy, gravies, creams, fatty meat, nuts, chocolate, and oils

High fiber foods are:

Fruits and veggies and whole grain products

What fruit alters absorption of many meds?

Grapefruit

Food that provide folic acid

Green leafy veggies, liver, beef, fish, legumes, grapefruit, oranges

Foods sources of vitamin K

Green leafy veggies, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil, olive oil

diabetes plate method

Half plate of non-starchy veggies, quarter plate of lean proteins, quarter plate of carbs, drink water or low calorie drink

Milk is a poor source of

Iron

The nurse is caring for a client with cirrhosis of the liver to minimize the effects of the disorder. The nurse teaches the client about foods that are high in thiamine. The nurse determines that the client has the best understanding of the dietary measures to follow if the client states in intention to increase the intake of which food?

Legumes

Children who consume >24oz of milk per day are at risk for what

Milk anemia

A client is recovering from abdominal surgery and has a large abdominal wound. The Nurse would encourage the client to eat which food item that is naturally high in vitamin C to promote wound healing?

Oranges

The nurse is teaching a client who has iron deficiency anemia about foods the client needs to include in the diet. The nurse determines the client understands the dietary modifications if which items are selected from the menu?

Oranges and dark green leafy veggies

The nurse is reviewing laboratory results and notes that a client's serum sodium level is 150 mEq/L. The nurse reports the serum sodium level to the primary healthcare provider, and the primary healthcare provider provides dietary instructions based on the sodium level which acceptable food items does the nurse instruct the client to consume

Peas, nuts, cauliflower

What does the Dietary Guidelines for Americans do?

Provides a description of a balanced diet

Gluten Free Diet (ROW)

R- Rye O- Oats W- Wheat

The nurse prepares to provide instructions to a client with low potassium level about the foods that are high in potassium and plans to tell the client to consume which foods?

Raisins Potatoes Cantaloupe Strawberries

renal diet

Restrict potassium, sodium, protein, and phosphorus intake. Fresh fruits (except bananas) and vegetables are excellent dietary choices for individuals on a renal diet.

Most _______ contain large amounts of potassium.

Salt substitutes

food sources of magnesium

Seeds, whey, cheese, corn meal, beans, salt free nuts

Inadequate intake of essential fatty acids leads to

Sensitivity to cold, skin lesions, increased risk of infection, amenorrhea in women

The nurse is preparing to instruct the client with hypertension on the important of choosing foods low in sodium the nurse will plan to teach the client to limit intake which food?

Smoked salami Rationale: smoked foods are high in sodium, which is noted in the correct option.

good sources of sodium

Sodium chloride, milks, beets, celery, processed meats, fast foods, canned foods, processed baked goods

Low fiber/low residue diet

Supplies foods that are least likely to form a GI obstruction. avoid high fruit and vegetable intake. (Except bananas). Dairy intake should be limited to 2 servings/day

Why are essential amino acids required?

The body can not manufacture them

gluten free diet

This diet includes: Rice, corn, soy flour, fruit, veggies, meat, egg, milk.

high fiber diet

Used for constipations, IBS when it's alternating from constipation to diarrhea, and asymptomatic diverticular disease.

sodium restricted diet

Used for hypertension, heart failure, renal disease, cardiac disease, and liver disease

fat restricted diet

Used for patients who are experiencing problems with fat malabsorption, such as those with disorders affecting the gallbladder, liver, lymphatic system, pancreas, or intestines.

Protein restricted diet

Used for renal disease and end-stage liver disease

Cardiac Diet

Used to control the dietary intake of certain foods that contribute to conditions that affect the cardiovascular system. They typically consist of low cholesterol and low sodium dietary items. Cardiac diets minimize the intake of animal products, which contain cholesterol, and soups and processed foods such as pickles and lunch meats, which are high in sodium.

Why is enteral nutrition used?

Used when patient is unable to consume adequate nutrients and calories orally. • Must have a functioning gastrointestinal tract. • Patient may have difficulty chewing or swallowing, burns, trauma, radiation therapy or chemo therapy, liver or renal dysfunction, infection, or inflammatory bowel disease. • Must maintain head of bed up 30-45 degrees to prevent aspiration

Foods that provide vitamin E

Veggie oils, fruits, veggies, grains, almonds, hazelnuts, seeds, fortified cereals

The nurse is conducting a dietary assessment on a client who is on a vegan diet. The nurse plans to provide dietary teaching and focus on foods high in which vitamin that may be lacking in a vegan diet?

Vitamin B12 Rationale: Vegans do not consume any animal products. Vitamin B12 is found in animal products and therefore would most likely be lacking in a vegan diet. Vitamin A, C, and E are found in fresh fruits and vegetables, which are consumed in a vegan diet.

What enhances the absorption iron?

Vitamin C

What is critical for cell function?

Water

low fiber foods

White bread, refunded cook cereals, cooked potatoes without skins, white rice, refined pasta

High-calorie, high-protein diet foods

Whole milk, peanut butter, nuts and seeds, feed, chicken, pork, eggs

vegan diet

a plant-based diet that eliminates all animal products and byproducts

What is purine?

a precursor for uric acid, which forms stones and crystals

Preferred source of energy

carbohydrates

full liquid diet

clear liquids + liquid dairy products, all juice, strained fruits, vegetables, and cereals

High calcium diet foods

dairy products, broccoli, carrots, cheese, collard greens, green beans, rhubarb, spinach, tofu, yogurt

lacto-vegetarian diet

eliminates poultry, meats, fish, and eggs, but allows dairy products

potential deficiencies in vegetarian diets

energy protein vitamin B12 zinc iron calcium omega-3 fatty acids vitamin D (if sun exposure is limited)

lacto-ovo-vegetarian

excludes all animal meat but does include eggs and dairy products such as milk and cheese

Low potassium foods

include applesauce, green beans, cabbage, lettuce, peppers, grapes, blueberries, cooked summer squash, cooked turnip greens, pineapple and raspberries.

Low potassium diet

indicated for hyperkalemia which may be caused by impaired renal function, hypoaldosteronism, Addison's disease, ACE inhibitor meds, immunosuppressive meds, potassium sparing diuretics and chronic hyperkalemia.

I&O

intake/output: the amount of fluids a patient has taken in (by IV or mouth) and produced (urine, vomit, liquid stool, drainage, blood or urine soaked materials)

Milk anemia

iron-deficiency anemia that develops when an excessive milk intake displaces iron-rich foods from the diet

mechanical soft diet

is recommended for people with difficulty in chewing or swallowing.

The nurse is planning to teach a client with malabsorption syndrome about the necessity of following a low fat diet. The nurse develops a list of high fat foods to avoid, and would include which food items on the list? Oranges Broccoli Margarine Cream cheese Luncheon meats Broiled haddock

margarine, cream cheese, luncheon meats Rationale: fruits and vegetables tend to be lower in fat because they do not come from animal source. Broiled Haddock is also naturally lower in fat. Margarine, cream cheese, and luncheon meats are high-fat foods.

Major food sources of carbs

milk, grains, fruits, and vegetables

high calcium diet

needed during bone growth and in adulthood to prevent osteoporosis and to facilitate vascular contraction, and nerve transmission.

What is enteral nutrition?

nutrition goes directly into the stomach via some devise PEG tube or NGT

food sources of vitamin D

oily fish, egg yolks, fortified milk, most cereals

ovo-vegetarian diet

omits all meats, fish, poultry and dairy products but allows eggs

food sources of chloride

salt

High-calorie, high-protein diet

severe stress, burns, cancer, HIV infection, AIDS, COPD, respiratory failure

soft diet

special diet containing only foods that are soft in texture. foods must require little chewing and be easy to digest

clear liquid diet

used for a short period of time. Clear juices that do not contain pulp. Examples: apple or cranberry juice, gelatin, popsicles, and clear broths.

high iron diet

used for anemia

Carbohydrate consistent diet

used for clients with diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia and obesity

Low purine diet

used for gout, kidney stones, and elevated uric acid levels

How to calculate BMI

weight (kg) / height (m^2) Dividing weight in kg by height in meters squared